Ibice birinda pompe byagaragaye ko birinda pompe umucanga kandi byongera igihe cyo gukora kwa ESP mu byobo bidasanzwe. Iki gisubizo kigenzura urujya n'uruza rw'umucanga wa frac n'ibindi bintu bikomeye bishobora gutera umurego mwinshi no kudakora. Ikoranabuhanga rifasha rikuraho ibibazo bifitanye isano no kudasobanukirwa ingano y'uduce.
Uko amariba menshi ya peteroli yishingikiriza kuri ESP, kongera igihe cy'imikorere ya sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu mazi (ESP) birushaho kuba ingenzi. Ubuzima n'imikorere ya pompe z'ubukorano birushaho kwitabwaho n'ibintu bikomeye biri mu mazi akorwa. Ubuzima n'imikorere ya ESP byagabanutse cyane bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'uduce tw'ibintu bikomeye. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bikomeye byongera igihe cyo kudakora kw'iriba n'umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa ry'imashini bikenerwa kugira ngo isimburwe ESP.
Uduce duto duto dukunze gutembera mu mashini zikora zirimo umucanga, ibikoresho byo gucomekaho amazi, sima, n'uduce tw'icyuma twangiritse cyangwa twangiritse. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucomekaho amazi rigamije gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye riva ku nkubi z'umuyaga zidakora neza kugeza ku nsinga z'icyuma zitagira umugese za 3D. Uduce duto duto tw'amazi twakoreshejwe mu mwobo usanzwe mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, kandi dukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kurinda imashini uduce duto mu gihe cyo gukora. Ariko, ibyobo bidasanzwe bikunze gutemba buhoro buhoro, bigatuma ikoranabuhanga risanzwe rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gucomekaho amazi ya downhole rikora buhoro buhoro.
Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho byo kugenzura umucanga hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu mazi bicukura imiyoboro y'amazi byatanzwe kugira ngo birinde ESP. Ariko, hari icyuho mu kurinda no gukora ipompo zose bitewe n'uko ingano yazo ikwirakwira neza n'ingano y'ibintu bikomeye biva muri buri riba. Kutamenya neza byongera uburebure bw'ibice bigenzura umucanga, bityo bikagabanya uburebure bw'aho ESP ishobora gushyirwa, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ingano y'ikigega cya ESP, kandi bikagira ingaruka mbi ku bukungu bw'ikigega. Ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bwo gushyiraho ni bwo bukundwa mu byumba bidasanzwe. Ariko, gukoresha ibikoresho byo gukuramo imiyoboro n'ibikoresho by'ibumba by'abagabo kugira ngo bihagarike amashami maremare kandi akomeye yo kugenzura umucanga mu bice by'isanduku bifite uburemere bwinshi bwo kugenda, kunoza ESP MTBF. Kwangirika kw'umuyoboro w'imbere ni ikindi gice cy'iyi miterere kitarasuzumwa neza.
Abanditsi b'inyandiko yo mu 2005 bagaragaje ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bw'imashini igabanya umucanga ikoresheje umuyoboro w'umuyaga (Ishusho ya 1), yashingiye ku bikorwa by'umuyaga n'uburemere bw'amazi, kugira ngo bagaragaze ko ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya bushingiye ku bucucike bw'amavuta, umuvuduko w'amazi, n'ingano y'uduce. Bagaragaza ko ubushobozi bw'imashini igabanya umuvuduko bushingiye ahanini ku muvuduko w'utuce. Ubuhanga bwo gutandukanya bugabanuka uko umuvuduko w'amazi ugabanuka, ingano y'uduce tw'ibintu bikomeye igabanuka, kandi ubucucike bw'amavuta bwiyongera, Ishusho ya 2. Ku imashini isanzwe igabanya umuyoboro w'amazi igabanya umuvuduko w'amazi, ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya bugabanuka kugeza kuri ~ 10% uko ingano y'uduce igabanuka ikagera kuri ~ 100 µm. Byongeye kandi, uko umuvuduko w'amazi wiyongera, imashini igabanya umuvuduko w'amazi irangirika, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry'ibice by'ingenzi.
Ubundi buryo bushoboka ni ugukoresha ecran yo kugenzura umucanga ya 2D ifite ubugari bw'umwanya wagenwe. Ingano y'uduce duto n'uko dukwirakwira ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu guhitamo ecran zo kuyungurura ibintu bikomeye mu ikorwa ry'amariba risanzwe cyangwa ridasanzwe, ariko bishobora kuba bitazwi. Ibintu bikomeye bishobora kuva mu kigega, ariko bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'agatsinsino; ubundi, ecran ishobora gukenera kuyungurura umucanga uva mu gushwanyagurika kw'amazi. Uko biri kose, ikiguzi cyo gukusanya, gusesengura no gupima ibintu bikomeye gishobora kuba kinini.
Iyo ecran ya 2D idakozwe neza, ibisubizo bishobora kwangiza ubukungu bw'iriba. Imyanya y'imashini z'umucanga ari mito cyane ishobora gutuma ifunga imburagihe, igafungwa ndetse igasaba ko hakosorwa ibikorwa. Iyo ari minini cyane, ituma ibintu bikomeye byinjira mu buryo bwihuse mu musaruro, bishobora kwangiza imiyoboro y'amavuta, kwangiza ipompo zikora, gukuraho imiyoboro y'amazi no kuzuza ibikoresho bitandukanya ubuso, bigasaba guturitsa no gutabwamo. Iki kibazo gisaba igisubizo cyoroshye kandi gihendutse gishobora kongera igihe cyo gukora ipompo no gukwirakwiza ingano nyinshi z'umucanga.
Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, hakozwe inyigo ku ikoreshwa ry’udukingirizo tw’icyuma gifunganye hamwe n’icyuma gifunganye, ibyo bikaba bitabangamira ikwirakwira ry’ibintu bikomeye bivamo. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko icyuma gifunganye gifite ingano ihindagurika y’imyenge n’imiterere ya 3D gishobora kugenzura neza ibintu bikomeye by’ingano zitandukanye hatabayeho kumenya ingano y’uduce tw’ibintu bikomeye bivamo. Igikoresho gifunganye cya 3D gishobora kugenzura neza uduce tw’umucanga tw’ingano zose, hatabayeho kuyungurura by’inyongera.
Iteranya ry'ingufu rishyizwe hasi kuri ecran rituma ikorwa rikomeza kugeza igihe ESP ikuwemo. Ribuza ESP kuboneka ako kanya nyuma yuko ecran ishyizwe ku kiziba. Iteranya ry'umucanga ujyamo n'iteranya ry'ingufu ririnda ESP, ipompo zizamura inkoni, n'impeta zizamura gazi mu bintu bikomeye mu gihe cyo gukora binyuze mu gusukura amazi atemba kandi ritanga igisubizo gihendutse cyo kongera igihe cyo gukora Pompe idakeneye guhindura imiterere y'ikigega mu bihe bitandukanye.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy’uburinzi bw’ipompo yo mu gisekuru cya mbere. Iteraniro ry’uburinzi bw’ipompo rikoresheje ecran z’ubwoya bw’icyuma kitagira umugese ryashyizwe mu mwobo w’amazi ukoreshwa n’umwuka mu Burengerazuba bwa Kanada kugira ngo hirindwe ESP ibintu bikomeye mu gihe cyo gukora. Ecran ziyungurura ibintu bikomeye byangiza biva mu mazi akorwa iyo byinjiriye mu mugozi w’imashini. Mu mugozi w’imashini, amazi atemba ajya mu mwobo wa ESP, aho ajyanwa hejuru. Udupaki dushobora gukoreshwa hagati ya ecran na ESP kugira ngo hatangwe umwihariko hagati y’agace k’imashini n’aho hejuru hakorerwa.
Mu gihe cyo gukora, umwanya uri hagati y’ikirahure n’agasanduku ukunda kwihuza n’umucanga, ibyo byongera ubudahangarwa bw’amazi. Amaherezo, ikiraro cya annulus kirahagarika burundu amazi atemba, kandi bigatuma habaho itandukaniro ry’umuvuduko hagati y’aho amazi atemba n’umugozi ukorwa, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3. Kuri iyi ngingo, amazi ntashobora gukomeza gutemba ajya kuri ESP kandi umugozi urangiye ugomba gukururwa. Bitewe n’ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano no gukora ibintu bikomeye, igihe gisabwa kugira ngo amazi atemba mu kiraro cy’ibintu bikomeye kiri kuri ecran gishobora kuba gito ugereranyije n’igihe cyatuma ESP ibasha kuvoma amazi yuzuye ibintu bikomeye hagati y’igihe cyangiritse ku butaka, bityo hakorwa icyiciro cya kabiri cy’ibice.
Iteraniro ry’ipompo yo mu gisekuru cya kabiri. Iteraniro ry’umucanga wo mu bwoko bwa PumpGuard* rigenzura umucanga n’uburyo bwo guteranya valve bihagaze munsi ya pompe ya REDA* ku Ishusho ya 4, urugero rw’irangira rya ESP ridasanzwe. Iyo iriba rimaze gukora, iteraniro riyungurura ibintu bikomeye biri mu gukora, ariko rizatangira kugenda buhoro buhoro n’umucanga rigakora itandukaniro ry’umuvuduko. Iyo iri hinduka ry’umuvuduko rigeze ku muvuduko wa valve urimo guturika, valve irakinguka, bigatuma amazi atembera mu mugozi w’umuyoboro ugana kuri ESP. Iri hinduka ry’umuvuduko ringana n’ihinduka ry’umuvuduko ku gikoresho, rigatuma imifuka y’umucanga iri hanze ya ecran ifunguka. Umucanga ushobora gusohoka mu cyuma, bigabanya imbaraga zo kwirinda gutemba binyuze muri ecran kandi bigatuma amazi yongera gutemba. Uko umuvuduko ugabanuka, valve isubira mu mwanya wayo ufunze kandi imiterere isanzwe y’amazi ikongera gutemba. Subiramo uru rugendo kugeza igihe bibaye ngombwa gukura ESP mu mwobo kugira ngo ikoreshwe. Inyigo zagaragajwe muri iyi nkuru zigaragaza ko sisitemu ishobora kongera igihe cy’ubuzima bwa pompe ugereranije no kurangiza gukora gusa.
Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho vuba aha, hashyizweho uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu mu buryo buhendutse kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gutandukanya ahantu hagati y’icyuma gifunga icyuma kidashonga na ESP. Hari agakoresho gafunga icyuma gahagaze hejuru y’agace ka ecran. Hejuru y’agakoresho gafunga igikombe, hari andi mayobera y’umuyoboro wo hagati atanga inzira yo gutemba amazi ava imbere muri ecran ajya mu mwanya uri hejuru y’agakoresho gafunga, aho amazi ashobora kwinjira mu mwobo wa ESP.
Akayunguruzo k'icyuma kitagira umugozi katoranijwe kuri iki gisubizo gatanga inyungu nyinshi ugereranyije n'ubwoko bwa mesh ya 2D ishingiye ku cyuho. Akayunguruzo ka 2D gashingira cyane cyane ku duce duto dufata icyuho cyangwa icyuho cya kayunguruzo kugira ngo yubake imifuka y'umucanga kandi gatange uburyo bwo kugenzura umucanga. Ariko, kubera ko agaciro kamwe gusa k'icyuho gashobora gutoranywa kuri ecran, ecran iba ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihuta cyane ku ngano y'uduce tw'amazi yakozwe.
Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, agace k'umuyoboro kanini k'ibyuma biyungurura insinga gatanga imyenge myinshi (92%) n'ahantu hanini hafunguye (40%) ku mazi asohoka. Aka gasanduku k'umuyoboro kakozwe hakoreshejwe gukanda imiyoboro y'ubwoya bw'icyuma kitagira umugozi no kuyizingira ku muyoboro wo hagati ufite imyenge, hanyuma kagafungirwa mu gipfundikizo kirinda imyenge gihambiriwe ku muyoboro wo hagati ku mpera zose. Ikwirakwizwa ry'imyenge mu gasanduku k'umuyoboro, icyerekezo kidahuje (kuva kuri µm 15 kugeza kuri µm 600) cyemerera ibintu bitagira ingaruka mbi gutembera mu nzira ya 3D igana ku muyoboro wo hagati nyuma y'uko uduce tunini kandi twangiza dufatiwe mu muyoboro. Isuzuma ry'umucanga ku bipimo by'aka gasanduku ryagaragaje ko aka gasanduku gakomeza kwinjira cyane kuko amazi aturuka mu gasanduku. Mu buryo bufatika, aka gasanduku kamwe "gafite ingano" gashobora guhangana n'ikwirakwizwa ry'utundi duce tw'amazi twakozwe. Aka gasanduku k'ubwoya bw'icyuma kitagira umugozi kakozwe n'umuntu ukomeye mu myaka ya 1980 by'umwihariko kugira ngo gakoreshwe mu byuma bikoresha umwuka kandi gafite amateka menshi yo gushyiraho neza.
Iteraniro rya valve rigizwe na valve ifite isoko ijyana n'imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi, ituma igana mu mugozi uva mu gace gakorerwamo. Mu guhindura uburyo imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi mbere yo kuyishyiraho, valve ishobora guhindurwa kugira ngo igere ku gitutu cyifuzwa cyo kuyikoresha. Ubusanzwe, valve ikoreshwa munsi y'umuyoboro w'icyuma gifunga kugira ngo habeho inzira y'amazi hagati y'ikigega na ESP. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, valve nyinshi n'imiyoboro y'icyuma gifunga ikora ku buryo bukurikiranye, aho valve yo hagati ifite igitutu gito cyo kuyikoresha ugereranyije n'iya hasi.
Uko igihe kigenda gihita, uduce tw’ibumba twuzuza agace k’inyuma k’inyuma k’ikirahure cy’ipompe n’urukuta rw’aho imashini ikorera. Uko umwobo wuzuyemo umucanga n’uduce tw’ibumba, umuvuduko ugabanuka mu isakoshi y’umucanga uriyongera. Iyo uku kugabanuka k’umuvuduko kugera ku gaciro kagenwe, valve y’ibumba irakinguka kandi yemerera gutemba mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu ipompe yinjira. Muri iki cyiciro, umuvuduko unyura mu muyoboro urashobora gusenya umucanga wari warahujwe inyuma y’ikirahure. Kubera itandukaniro ry’umuvuduko rigabanuka, umuvuduko uzongera kugenda unyuze mu kirahure kandi valve y’injira irafunga. Kubwibyo, pompe ishobora kubona gusa umuvuduko uturutse muri valve igihe gito. Ibi byongera igihe cy’ubuzima bwa pompe, kuko igice kinini cy’umuvuduko ari amazi yayunguruwe binyuze mu kirahure cy’umucanga.
Sisitemu yo kurinda pompe yakoreshejwe n'ibikoresho byo gupakira mu byobo bitatu bitandukanye byo mu kibaya cya Delaware muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Intego nyamukuru ni ukugabanya umubare w'itangira n'ihagarara rya ESP bitewe n'umucanga mwinshi ukabije no kongera ESP kugira ngo kunoze umusaruro. Sisitemu yo kurinda pompe ihagaze ku mpera yo hasi y'umugozi wa ESP. Ibisubizo by'iryo riba ry'amavuta bigaragaza imikorere ihamye ya pompe, kugabanuka kw'ihindagurika n'ubukana bw'amashanyarazi, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo kurinda pompe. Nyuma yo gushyiraho sisitemu nshya, igihe cyo kudakora kw'umucanga n'ibintu bikomeye cyagabanutseho 75% kandi ubuzima bwa pompe bwiyongereyeho ibirenga 22%.
Iriba. Sisitemu ya ESP yashyizwe mu iriba rishya ryo gucukura no gushwanyagurika mu Ntara ya Martin, muri Texas. Igice gihagaze cy'iriba gifite metero zigera ku 2.000 kandi igice kitambitse kigera kuri metero 12.000, ubujyakuzimu bupimwe (MD). Mu kurangiza kabiri kwa mbere, sisitemu yo gutandukanya umucanga wo mu mwobo ufite imiyoboro itandatu yashyizweho nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'irangiza rya ESP. Mu gushyiraho kabiri gakurikiranye hakoreshejwe ubwoko bumwe bw'itandukanya umucanga, hagaragaye imyitwarire idahwitse y'ibipimo by'imikorere ya ESP (ubukana bw'ubukonje n'ihindagurika ry'amazi). Isesengura rya ESP ryakozwe ryagaragaje ko ihuriro ry'itandukanya gazi yo mu mwobo ryari ryuzuyemo ibintu byo hanze, byagaragaye ko ari umucanga kuko udafite ingufu kandi udakora neza hamwe na aside.
Mu ishyirwaho rya gatatu rya ESP, insinga z'icyuma kidashonga zasimbuye agace gatandukanya umucanga nk'uburyo bwo kugenzura umucanga wa ESP. Nyuma yo gushyiraho sisitemu nshya yo kurinda pompe, ESP yagaragaje imyitwarire ihamye, igabanya ihindagurika ry'umuvuduko wa moteri kuva kuri ~19 A yo gushyiraho #2 kugeza kuri ~6.3 A yo gushyiraho #3. Guhindagurika birahamye kandi icyerekezo kiragabanukaho 75%. Igabanuka ry'umuvuduko naryo ryari rihamye, rihindagurika gato cyane ugereranije n'iryashyizweho mbere kandi ryabonye igabanuka ry'umuvuduko rya psi 100. Gufunga umuvuduko wa ESP biragabanukaho 100% kandi ESP ikora neza.
B. Mu iriba rimwe riri hafi ya Eunice, muri New Mexico, irindi riba ridasanzwe ryari rifite ESP ariko nta mashini irinda ipompo. Nyuma yo kugabanuka kw'imashini ya mbere, ESP yatangiye kugaragaza imyitwarire idahwitse. Ihindagurika ry'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi n'umuvuduko bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kw'imvura. Nyuma yo kugumana ibi bihe mu minsi 137, ESP yarananiwe maze hashyirwaho irindi mashini risimbura. Ishyirwaho rya kabiri ririmo sisitemu nshya yo kurinda ipompo ifite imiterere imwe ya ESP. Nyuma y'uko iriba ritangiye gukora, ESP yari ikora neza, ifite amperage ihamye kandi ihindagurika rike. Mu gihe cyo gusohora, ESP yari imaze iminsi irenga 300 ikora, iterambere rigaragara ugereranyije n'iryari risanzwe rikorwa.
Well C. Ishyirwa rya gatatu ry’iyi sisitemu ryabereye i Mentone, muri Texas, n’isosiyete yihariye ya peteroli na gaze yahuye n’ikibazo cyo kubura no kwangirika kwa ESP bitewe n’umucanga, ikaba yarashakaga kunoza igihe cyo gukora pompe. Abakoresha bakunze gukoresha imashini zitandukanya umucanga zifite liner muri buri mashini ya ESP. Ariko, iyo liner yuzuye umucanga, imashini igabanya umucanga izemerera umucanga gutembera mu gice cya pompe, bikangiza urwego rwa pompe, bearings n’umugozi, bigatuma itakaza ubushobozi bwo kuzamura. Nyuma yo gukoresha sisitemu nshya hamwe n’icyuma kirinda pompe, ESP ifite igihe kirekire cyo gukora 22% hamwe no kugabanuka k’umuvuduko mu buryo buhamye no gukora neza bijyanye na ESP.
Umubare w’imizigo ijyanye n’umucanga n’ibintu bikomeye mu gihe cy’ikorwa wagabanutseho 75%, uva ku nshuro 8 z’umuzigo mu ishyirwaho rya mbere ugera kuri ebyiri mu ishyirwaho rya kabiri, kandi umubare w’imizigo yo kongera gutangira nyuma yo gufunga umuzigo wiyongereyeho 30%, uva ku nshuro 8 mu ishyirwaho rya mbere. Imizigo 12 yose hamwe, ku nshuro 8 zose, yakozwe mu ishyirwaho rya kabiri, bigabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi ku bikoresho kandi byongera igihe cyo gukora cya ESP.
Ishusho ya 5 igaragaza ukwiyongera gutunguranye k'umuvuduko w'amazi ujya mu kirere (ubururu) iyo umuyoboro w'icyuma kidashonga ufunze kandi ihuriro ry'imashini rifunguwe. Iki kimenyetso cy'umuvuduko gishobora kunoza umusaruro binyuze mu guhanura ko ESP ishobora gutsindwa bitewe n'umucanga, bityo ibikorwa byo gusimbuza ibikoresho byo gukora bishobora gutegurwa.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “Isesengura ry’igerageza ry’umuyoboro wa swirl nk’igikoresho cyo gukuraho umwobo,” SPE Paper 94673-MS, yatanzwe mu nama ya SPE y’ubuhanga mu by’ubutabire bwa peteroli muri Amerika y’Epfo na Karayibe, i Rio de Janeiro, muri Brezili, kuva ku ya 20 Kamena kugeza ku ya 23 Gashyantare 2005. https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
Iyi nkuru ikubiyemo ingingo zo mu nyandiko ya SPE 207926-MS, yatanzwe mu Imurikagurisha Mpuzamahanga rya Peteroli rya Abu Dhabi i Abu Dhabi, muri UAE, kuva ku wa 15 kugeza ku wa 18 Ugushyingo 2021.
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