Njengoba izingcindezi zemakethe ziphoqa abakhiqizi bamashubhu ukuthi bathole izindlela zokwandisa umkhiqizo ngenkathi belandela amazinga aqinile ekhwalithi, ukukhetha indlela yokuhlola engcono kakhulu kanye nohlelo lokusekela kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngenkathi abakhiqizi abaningi bamashubhu bethembele ekuhlolweni kokugcina, ezimweni eziningi abakhiqizi basebenzisa ukuhlolwa okungaphezulu enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ukuthola izinto noma izinqubo ezinephutha kusenesikhathi. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunciphisa udoti, kodwa futhi kunciphisa nezindleko ezihlobene nokuphatha izinto ezinephutha. Le ndlela ekugcineni ihumusha ibe yinzuzo ephezulu. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukwengeza uhlelo lokuhlola olungabhubhisi (NDT) efektri kunengqondo enhle yezomnotho.
Izici eziningi—uhlobo lwezinto, ububanzi, ukujiya kodonga, isivinini senqubo kanye nendlela yokushisela noma yokwenza ithubhu—zinquma isivivinyo esingcono kakhulu. Lezi zici ziphinde zithonye ukukhethwa kwezici endleleni yokuhlola esetshenziswayo.
Ukuhlolwa Kwamanje kwe-Eddy (ET) kusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamapayipi. Lokhu kuhlolwa okungabizi kakhulu futhi kungasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezincane zamapayipi odongeni, ngokuvamile kufikela ku-0.250 intshi ubukhulu bodonga. Kufanelekile ezintweni ezisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe kanye nezingezona amandla kazibuthe.
Ama-sensor noma ama-test coil ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-wraparound kanye ne-tangential. Ama-encircle coil ahlola yonke ingxenye yepayipi, kuyilapho ama-tangential coil ehlola kuphela indawo ehlanganisiwe.
Ama-coil ajikelezayo athola amaphutha kulo lonke ucezu olungenayo, hhayi nje indawo yokushisela, futhi avame ukusebenza kangcono lapho kuhlolwa osayizi abangaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-2 ububanzi. Aphinde abekezelele ukukhukhuleka kwephedi. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi ukudlulisa ucezu olungenayo emshinini wokugaya kudinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe kanye nokunakekela okwengeziwe ukuze kudlule kucezu lokuhlola. Futhi, uma i-coil yokuhlola ilingana kahle nobubanzi, i-weld ehlulekile ingabangela ukuthi ithubhu livuleke, kulimaze i-coil yokuhlola.
Amakhoyili alengayo ahlola ingxenye encane yomjikelezo wethubhu. Ezisetshenzisweni ezinkulu zobubanzi, ukusebenzisa amakhoyili alengayo esikhundleni samakhoyili azungezile ngokuvamile kuveza isilinganiso esingcono sesignali-kuya-kumsindo (isilinganiso samandla esignali yokuhlola uma kuqhathaniswa nesignali engaguquki ngemuva). Amakhoyili alengayo awadingi imicu futhi kulula ukuwalinganisa ngaphandle kwesigayo. Inkinga ukuthi ahlola kuphela indawo yokushisela. Ifanele amapayipi amakhulu obubanzi futhi ingasetshenziswa ngobukhulu obuncane uma indawo yokushisela ilawulwa kahle.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwekhoyili lungahlola ukungaqhubeki ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuhlolwa kokukhubazeka, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-void noma kokungafani, kuqhathanisa njalo i-weld nengxenye eseduze yensimbi eyisisekelo futhi kuyazwela ezinguqukweni ezincane ezibangelwa ukungaqhubeki. Kuhle kakhulu ukuthola amaphutha amafushane njengemigodi noma ama-jump welds, indlela eyinhloko esetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yokugoqa.
Ukuhlolwa kwesibili, indlela ephelele, kutholakale amaphutha amaningi. Lolu hlobo olulula lwe-ET ludinga ukuthi opharetha alinganisele uhlelo ngogesi ezintweni ezinhle. Ngaphezu kokuthola izinguquko ezijwayelekile neziqhubekayo, luphinde luthole izinguquko ekujiyeni kodonga.
Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela ezimbili ze-ET akudingeki kube nzima kakhulu. Uma ithuluzi lifakwe, lingasetshenziswa kanyekanye nekhoyili eyodwa yokuhlola.
Okokugcina, indawo yangempela yomhloli ibalulekile. Izici ezifana nokushisa okuzungezile kanye nokudlidliza kwesigayo (okudluliselwa epayipini) kungathinta indawo. Ukubeka ikhoyili yokuhlola eduze kwebhokisi lesigayo kunikeza opharetha ulwazi olusheshayo mayelana nenqubo yokugoqa. Kodwa-ke, kungase kudingeke izinzwa ezingamelana nokushisa noma ukupholisa okwengeziwe. Ukubeka ikhoyili yokuhlola eduze kokuphela kwesigayo kungabona amaphutha alethwa yinqubo yosayizi noma yokubumba; noma kunjalo, kunethuba elikhulu lokuvela okungamanga ngoba le ndawo iletha inzwa eduze kohlelo lokusika, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi ibone ukudlidliza ngesikhathi sokusika noma ukugunda.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic (UT) kusebenzisa ama-pulse wamandla kagesi futhi kuwuguqula ube amandla omsindo ophindaphindwayo. Lawa magagasi omsindo adluliselwa ezintweni ezivivinywayo ngokusebenzisa imithombo efana namanzi noma i-mill coolant. Umsindo uqondisa ngqo; ukuqondiswa kwenzwa kunquma ukuthi uhlelo lufuna amaphutha noma ukulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga. Isethi yama-transducer ingadala uhlaka lwendawo yokushisela. Indlela ye-UT ayinqunyelwe ubukhulu bodonga lweshubhu.
Ukuze usebenzise inqubo ye-UT njengethuluzi lokulinganisa, umqhubi udinga ukuqondisa i-transducer ukuze iqonde ngqo epayipini. Amagagasi omsindo angena ku-OD epayipini, agxume ku-ID, bese ebuyela ku-transducer. Uhlelo lulinganisa isikhathi sokundiza — isikhathi esithathayo ukuze igagasi lomsindo lihambe lisuka ku-OD liye ku-ID — futhi luguqula isikhathi sibe ukulinganisa ubukhulu. Kuye ngezimo zomshini wokugaya, lokhu kusethwa kungalinganisa ubukhulu bodonga ngokunemba okungu-± 0.001 amayintshi.
Ukuze abone amaphutha ezinto ezibonakalayo, umqhubi ubeka i-transducer nge-engeli eqondile. Amagagasi omsindo angena esuka ku-OD, ahambe aye ku-ID, abuyele ku-OD, bese ehamba odongeni ngaleyo ndlela. Ukungaqhubeki kokushisela kubangela ukuthi igagasi lomsindo libonakale; lithatha indlela efanayo ebuyela ku-sensor, eliyiguqula ibe amandla kagesi futhi lidale isibonisi esibonakalayo esibonisa indawo yephutha. Isignali idlula futhi esangweni lephutha, elibangela i-alamu yokwazisa umqhubi noma libangela uhlelo lokupenda oluphawula indawo yephutha.
Izinhlelo ze-UT zingasebenzisa i-transducer eyodwa (noma ama-transducer amaningi e-crystal eyodwa) noma ama-transducer e-phased array.
Ama-UT endabuko asebenzisa i-transducer eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yekristalu. Inani lezinzwa lincike kubude besici esilindelekile, isivinini somugqa kanye nezinye izidingo zokuhlola.
Ama-UT e-Phased array asebenzisa izakhi eziningi ze-transducer emzimbeni. Uhlelo lokulawula lulawula amaza omsindo ngogesi ngaphandle kokubeka kabusha izakhi ze-transducer ukuze ziskene indawo ye-weld. Uhlelo lungenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene, njengokuthola amaphutha, ukulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga, kanye nokuqapha izinguquko ekuhlanzweni kwendawo ye-weld. Lezi zindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisa zingenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okubalulekile, indlela ye-phased-array ingabekezelela ukukhukhuleka okuthile kwe-welding ngoba i-array ingamboza indawo enkulu kunezinzwa zendabuko zesimo esinqunyiwe.
Indlela yesithathu ye-NDT, i-Magnetic Leakage (MFL), isetshenziselwa ukuhlola amapayipi amakhulu, abiyelwe ngodonga olujiyile, anezinga likamazibuthe. Ilungele ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela negesi.
Ama-MFL asebenzisa insimu enamandla yamagnetic ye-DC edlula odongeni lwepayipi noma lwepayipi. Amandla ensimu yamagnetic asondela ekugcwaleni okugcwele, noma iphuzu lapho noma yikuphi ukwanda kwamandla amagnetizing kungabangela ukwanda okukhulu kobuningi be-magnetic flux. Lapho imigqa yamagnetic field ihlangana nephutha ezintweni, ukuphambuka okubangelwa yi-magnetic flux kungabangela ukuthi iphume noma iqhume ebusweni.
I-probe elula yenxeba lensimbi edlula ensimini yamagnetic ingabona amabhamuza anjalo. Njengoba kunjalo ngezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokungenisa amandla kagesi, uhlelo ludinga ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwezinto ezivivinywayo kanye ne-probe. Lokhu kuhamba kufezwa ngokujikeleza i-magnet kanye ne-probe assembly nxazonke kwepayipi noma ipayipi. Ukuze kwandiswe isivinini sokucubungula, lokhu kusetha kusebenzisa ama-probe engeziwe (futhi i-array eyodwa) noma ama-array amaningi.
Iyunithi ye-MFL ejikelezayo ingathola amaphutha e-longitudinal noma aphambeneyo. Umehluko usekuqondeni kwezakhiwo ezidonsa amandla kanye nomklamo we-probe. Kuzo zombili izimo, isihlungi sesignali sisingatha inqubo yokuthola amaphutha nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo ze-ID kanye ne-OD.
I-MFL ifana ne-ET futhi lezi ezimbili ziyahambisana. I-ET ifaneleka emikhiqizweni enobukhulu bodonga obungaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-0.250, kuyilapho i-MFL isetshenziselwa imikhiqizo enobukhulu bodonga obukhulu kunalokhu.
Enye inzuzo ye-MFL kune-UT yikhono layo lokubona amaphutha angafaneleki. Isibonelo, i-MFL ingathola kalula amaphutha e-helical. Amaphutha ezindleleni ezinjalo ezigobile angatholakala yi-UT, kodwa adinga izilungiselelo ezithile ze-engeli elindelekile.
Unentshisekelo yolwazi olwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko? I-Association of Manufacturers and Manufacturers (FMA) inalo ulwazi oluningi. Ababhali uPhil Meinczinger noWilliam Hoffmann bazonikeza usuku lonke lolwazi kanye nesiqondiso ngezimiso, izinketho zemishini, ukusetha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinqubo. Umhlangano wabanjwa ngoNovemba 10 endlunkulu ye-FMA e-Elgin, e-Illinois (eduze kwaseChicago). Ukubhalisa kuvulelekile ukuba khona online kanye nobuso nobuso. Funda kabanzi.
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