Njengoko uxinzelelo lwemarike lunyanzela abavelisi beetyhubhu ukuba bafumane iindlela zokunyusa imveliso ngelixa belandela imigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho, ukukhetha indlela engcono yokuhlola kunye nenkqubo yokuxhasa kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ngelixa abavelisi abaninzi beetyhubhu bexhomekeke kuhlolo lokugqibela, kwiimeko ezininzi abavelisi basebenzisa uvavanyo oluphezulu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ukuze bafumane izixhobo okanye iinkqubo ezineziphene kwangethuba. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela ukulahla izinto ezilahliweyo, kodwa kunciphisa neendleko ezinxulumene nokuphatha izixhobo ezineziphene. Le ndlela ekugqibeleni iguqulela kwinzuzo ephezulu. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukongeza inkqubo yovavanyo olungonakalisiyo (NDT) kumzi-mveliso kunengqiqo elungileyo kwezoqoqosho.
Izinto ezininzi—uhlobo lwezinto, ububanzi, ubukhulu bodonga, isantya senkqubo kunye nendlela yokuwelda okanye yokwenza ityhubhu—zimisela uvavanyo olufanelekileyo. Ezi zinto zikwachaphazela ukukhethwa kweempawu kwindlela yokuhlola esetyenzisiweyo.
Uvavanyo lwangoku lwe-Eddy (ET) lusetyenziswa kwiindlela ezininzi zokufaka iipayipi. Olu luvavanyo olungabizi kakhulu kwaye lungasetyenziswa kwiindlela ezincinci zokufaka iipayipi eludongeni, ngokuqhelekileyo ubukhulu bodonga obufikelela kwi-intshi eziyi-0.250. Lufanelekile kwizixhobo zemagnethi nezingezizo zemagnethi.
Iisensors okanye ii-test coils zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini ezisisiseko: i-wraparound kunye ne-tangential. Ii-encircled coils zihlola lonke icandelo elinqamlezileyo letyhubhu, ngelixa ii-tangential coils zihlola kuphela indawo edibeneyo.
Iikhoyili ezijikelezayo zibona iziphene kuyo yonke i-strip engenayo, kungekuphela nje kwindawo ye-weld, kwaye zihlala zisebenza ngakumbi xa kuvavanywa ubungakanani obungaphantsi kwe-intshi ezi-2 ububanzi. Zikwanyamezela ukushukuma kwephedi. Ingxaki enkulu kukuba ukudlula i-strip engenayo kwi-mill kufuna amanyathelo ongezelelweyo kunye nononophelo olongezelelweyo ukuze idlule kwi-volunteer coil. Kwakhona, ukuba i-volunteer coil ilingana kakuhle nobubanzi, i-weld engaphumelelanga inokubangela ukuba ityhubhu ivuleke, yonakalise i-volunteer coil.
Iikhoyili ezirhangqiweyo zihlola inxalenye encinci yomjikelezo wetyhubhu. Kwizicelo ezinkulu zobubanzi, ukusebenzisa iikhoyili ezirhangqiweyo endaweni yeekhoyili ezirhangqiweyo ngokubanzi kuvelisa umlinganiselo ongcono wesignali-kwingxolo (umlinganiselo wamandla esignali yovavanyo xa kuthelekiswa nesignali engashukumiyo ngasemva). Iikhoyili ezirhangqiweyo nazo azidingi misonto kwaye kulula ukuzilinganisa ngaphandle kwesixhobo sokugalela. Ingxaki kukuba zijonga kuphela indawo yokugalela. Ifanelekile kwiipayipi ezinkulu zobubanzi kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ubungakanani obuncinci ukuba indawo yokugalela ilawulwa kakuhle.
Nokuba loluphi uhlobo lwekhoyili lunokuvavanya ukungaqhubeki okungapheliyo. Uvavanyo lweziphene, olukwaziwa njengovavanyo lwe-void okanye i-difference, luhlala luthelekisa i-weld nenxalenye ekufutshane yesinyithi esisisiseko kwaye lunovelwano kutshintsho oluncinci olubangelwa kukungakwazi ukuqhubeka. Lulungele ukubona iziphene ezimfutshane ezifana nee-pinholes okanye ii-jump welds, indlela ephambili esetyenziswa kuninzi lwezicelo ze-rolling mill.
Uvavanyo lwesibini, indlela egqibeleleyo, lufumene iimpazamo ezininzi. Olu hlobo lulula lwe-ET lufuna ukuba umqhubi alinganise inkqubo nge-elektroniki kwizixhobo ezilungileyo. Ukongeza ekufumaneni utshintsho oluqhelekileyo noluqhubekayo, ikwabona utshintsho kubukhulu bodonga.
Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zimbini ze-ET akufuneki kube yingxaki kakhulu. Ukuba isixhobo sixhotyisiwe, singasetyenziswa ngaxeshanye nekhoyili yovavanyo enye.
Okokugqibela, indawo ebonakalayo yomvavanyi ibalulekile. Iimpawu ezifana nobushushu obuphakathi kunye nokungcangcazela kwesixhobo (okudluliselwa kwityhubhu) zinokuchaphazela indawo. Ukubeka ikhoyili yovavanyo kufutshane nebhokisi yesixhobo solder kunika umqhubi ulwazi olukhawulezileyo malunga nenkqubo yokutywina. Nangona kunjalo, iisensa ezimelana nobushushu okanye ukupholisa okongeziweyo kunokufuneka. Ukubeka ikhoyili yovavanyo kufutshane nesiphelo sesixhobo sokugaya kunokufumanisa iziphene ezivezwa yinkqubo yobukhulu okanye yokubumba; nangona kunjalo, kukho ithuba elikhulu leempembelelo ezingezizo kuba le ndawo isondeza isixhobo sokuvavanya kwinkqubo yokunqunyulwa, apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba sibone ukungcangcazela ngexesha lokusarha okanye ukucheba.
Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic (UT) lusebenzisa iipulse zamandla ombane kwaye luyiguqula ibe ngamandla esandi esiphezulu. La maza esandi adluliselwa kwizinto ezivavanywayo ngemidiya efana namanzi okanye i-mill coolant. Isandi sijolise kwicala; indlela i-sensor ejolise ngayo imisela ukuba inkqubo ifuna iziphene okanye ukulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga. Iseti yee-transducers inokwenza umphandle wendawo ye-weld. Indlela ye-UT ayithintelwanga bubukhulu bodonga lwetyhubhu.
Ukuze usebenzise inkqubo ye-UT njengesixhobo sokulinganisa, umqhubi kufuneka aqondise i-transducer ukuze ihlale imile kwityhubhu. Amaza esandi angena kwi-OD kwityhubhu, atsibe kwi-ID, aze abuyele kwi-transducer. Inkqubo ilinganisa ixesha lokubhabha — ixesha elithathwayo ukuze igagasi lesandi lihambe ukusuka kwi-OD ukuya kwi-ID — kwaye iguqula ixesha libe ngumlinganiselo wobukhulu. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ze-mill, olu seto lunokulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga ngokuchaneka kwe-± 0.001 intshi.
Ukuze abone iziphene zezinto ezibonakalayo, umqhubi ubeka i-transducer kwi-engile ethe tyaba. Amaza esandi angena kwi-OD, aye kwi-ID, abuyele kwi-OD, aze ahambe eludongeni ngaloo ndlela. Ukungaqhubeki kwe-welding kubangela ukuba amaza esandi abonakale; athatha indlela efanayo ebuyela kwi-sensor, eyiguqula ibe ngamandla ombane kwaye idale umboniso obonakalayo obonisa indawo yesiphene. Isignali ikwadlula kwisango lesiphene, eliye liqalise i-alamu yokwazisa umqhubi okanye liqalise inkqubo yokupenda ephawula indawo yesiphene.
Iinkqubo ze-UT zingasebenzisa i-transducer enye (okanye ii-transducers ezininzi zekristale enye) okanye ii-transducers ze-array eziphased.
Ii-UT zemveli zisebenzisa i-transducers enye okanye ezingaphezulu zekristale. Inani lee-sensors lixhomekeke kubude obulindelekileyo besiphako, isantya somgca kunye nezinye iimfuno zovavanyo.
Ii-UT ze-Phased array zisebenzisa izinto ezininzi ze-transducer emzimbeni. Inkqubo yolawulo ilawula amaza esandi nge-elektroniki ngaphandle kokubeka kwakhona izinto ze-transducer ukuze ziskena indawo ye-weld. Inkqubo inokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, efana nokufumanisa iziphene, ukulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga, kunye nokujonga utshintsho ekucoceni indawo ye-weld. Ezi ndlela zokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa zinokwenziwa ngaxeshanye. Okubalulekileyo, indlela ye-phased-array inokunyamezela ukushukuma kwe-welding kuba i-array inokugubungela indawo enkulu kunee-sensors zendabuko ze-fixed-position.
Indlela yesithathu ye-NDT, iMagnetic Leakage (MFL), isetyenziselwa ukuhlola imibhobho emikhulu, enodonga olutyebileyo, enomgangatho wemagnethi. Ilungele ukusetyenziswa kweoyile negesi.
Ii-MFL zisebenzisa i-DC magnetic field enamandla edlula eludongeni lwetyhubhu okanye lwetyhubhu. Amandla e-magnetic field afikelela kwi-full saturation, okanye kwindawo apho naluphi na ukwanda kwamandla e-magnetizing kungabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwi-magnetic flux density. Xa imigca ye-magnetic field idibana nesiphene kwizinto, ukuphazamiseka kwe-magnetic flux okubangelwayo kunokubangela ukuba iphume okanye iqhume kumphezulu.
Iprobe elula yentsimbi edlula kwi-magnetic field inokuzibona ezo bhamuza. Njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye iinkqubo ze-magnetic induction, inkqubo ifuna intshukumo phakathi kwezinto ezivavanywayo kunye neprobe. Le ntshukumo ifezekiswa ngokujikeleza i-magnet kunye ne-probe assembly kujikelezo lwetyhubhu okanye umbhobho. Ukwandisa isantya sokucubungula, olu seto lusebenzisa ii-probe ezongezelelweyo (kwakhona uluhlu olunye) okanye ii-array ezininzi.
Iyunithi ye-MFL ejikelezayo inokubona iziphene ezinde okanye ezinqamlezileyo. Umahluko usekwe kwindlela ezijonge ngayo izakhiwo zemagnetizing kunye noyilo lweprobe. Kuzo zombini iimeko, isihluzi sesignali siphatha inkqubo yokufumanisa iziphene kunye nokwahlula phakathi kweendawo ze-ID kunye ne-OD.
I-MFL ifana ne-ET kwaye zombini ziyahambelana. I-ET ifanelekile kwiimveliso ezinobukhulu bodonga obungaphantsi kwe-0.250 intshi, ngelixa i-MFL isetyenziselwa iimveliso ezinobukhulu bodonga obungaphezulu kolu.
Enye inzuzo ye-MFL kune-UT kukuba iyakwazi ukubona iziphene ezingafanelekanga. Umzekelo, i-MFL inokuzibona lula iziphene ze-helical. Iziphene kwezo ndlela zingacacanga zinokubonwa yi-UT, kodwa zifuna useto oluthile lwe-engile elindelekileyo.
Ngaba unomdla wokufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya ngalo mba? Umbutho wabenzi kunye nabenzi (i-FMA) unezinto ezininzi. Ababhali uPhil Meinczinger kunye noWilliam Hoffmann baza kubonelela ngolwazi olupheleleyo kunye nesikhokelo malunga nemigaqo, iindlela zokukhetha izixhobo, ukuseta kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo. Intlanganiso ibibanjwe ngoNovemba 10 kwikomkhulu le-FMA e-Elgin, e-Illinois (kufutshane neChicago). Ubhaliso luvulelekile kuluntu olusebenzayo nolubonakalayo. Funda ngakumbi.
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