Pamene mavuto a msika akukakamiza opanga machubu kupeza njira zowonjezera zokolola pamene akutsatira miyezo yokhwima ya khalidwe, kusankha njira yabwino yowunikira ndi njira yothandizira ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Ngakhale opanga machubu ambiri amadalira kuwunika komaliza, nthawi zambiri opanga amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso opita patsogolo popanga zinthu kuti azindikire zinthu kapena njira zolakwika msanga. Izi sizimangochepetsa zinyalala zokha, komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zokhudzana ndi kusamalira zinthu zolakwika. Njira imeneyi pamapeto pake imapangitsa kuti pakhale phindu lalikulu. Pazifukwa izi, kuwonjezera njira yoyesera yosawononga (NDT) ku fakitale kumakhala kothandiza pazachuma.
Zinthu zambiri—mtundu wa zinthu, kukula kwake, makulidwe a khoma, liwiro la njira ndi njira yowotcherera kapena kupanga chubu—ndizo zomwe zimatsimikiza mayeso abwino kwambiri. Zinthu zimenezi zimakhudzanso kusankha zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa.
Kuyesa kwa Eddy Current (ET) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapayipi ambiri. Iyi ndi njira yotsika mtengo ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mapayipi opyapyala a khoma, nthawi zambiri mpaka makulidwe a khoma a mainchesi 0.250. Ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamaginito komanso zopanda maginito.
Masensa kapena ma coil oyesera amagawidwa m'magulu awiri oyambira: wraparound ndi tangential. Ma coil ozungulira amafufuza gawo lonse la chubu, pomwe ma coil ozungulira amafufuza malo okhawo omwe ali ndi welded.
Ma coil ozungulira amazindikira zolakwika mu mzere wonse wolowera, osati malo olumikizirana okha, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala othandiza kwambiri akamayesa kukula kochepera mainchesi awiri m'mimba mwake. Amathandizanso kulekerera kugwedezeka kwa ma pad. Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti kudutsa mzere wolowera mu mphero kumafuna masitepe owonjezera komanso kusamala kwambiri kuti udutse mu mzere woyesera. Komanso, ngati coil yoyesera ikugwirizana bwino ndi m'mimba mwake, weld yolephera ingayambitse kuti chubu chitseguke, ndikuwononga coil yoyesera.
Ma coil ozungulira amafufuza gawo laling'ono la kuzungulira kwa chubu. Mu ntchito zazikulu za mainchesi, kugwiritsa ntchito ma coil ozungulira m'malo mwa ma coil ozungulira nthawi zambiri kumapereka chiŵerengero chabwino cha chizindikiro-ku-phokoso (muyeso wa mphamvu ya chizindikiro choyesera poyerekeza ndi chizindikiro chosasunthika kumbuyo). Ma coil ozungulira safunanso ulusi ndipo ndi osavuta kuwakonza kunja kwa mphero. Vuto lake ndilakuti amangoyang'ana malo ozungulira. Ndi oyenera mapaipi akuluakulu a mainchesi ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazing'onozing'ono ngati malo ozungulira ayendetsedwa bwino.
Mtundu uliwonse wa coil ukhoza kuyesa kusagwirizana kwapakati. Kuyesa kolakwika, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kuyesa kopanda kanthu kapena kusagwirizana, kumayerekeza nthawi zonse weld ndi gawo lapafupi la chitsulo choyambira ndipo kumazindikira kusintha pang'ono komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusagwirizana. Ndikoyenera kuzindikira zolakwika zazifupi monga ma pinhole kapena ma jump welds, njira yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zambiri zopukutira.
Mayeso achiwiri, njira yeniyeni, adapeza zolakwika zambiri. Mtundu wosavuta uwu wa ET umafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchito azitha kuyendetsa bwino makinawo pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zabwino. Kuphatikiza pa kupeza kusintha kwanthawi zonse, kumazindikiranso kusintha kwa makulidwe a khoma.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwirizi za ET sikuyenera kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Ngati chipangizocho chili ndi zida, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi choyezera chimodzi.
Pomaliza, malo enieni a woyesa ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Makhalidwe monga kutentha kwa malo ndi kugwedezeka kwa mphero (komwe kumatumizidwa ku chubu) kungakhudze malo oyikidwa. Kuyika choyezera pafupi ndi bokosi la choyezera kumapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso mwachangu chokhudza njira yosokera. Komabe, masensa osatentha kapena kuzizira kwina kungafunike. Kuyika choyezera pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa mphero kumatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kukula kapena mawonekedwe; komabe, pali mwayi waukulu wa zabwino zabodza chifukwa malo awa amabweretsa choyezera pafupi ndi makina odulira, komwe nthawi zambiri amatha kuzindikira Kugwedezeka panthawi yocheka kapena kudula.
Kuyesa kwa Ultrasonic (UT) kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimasinthasintha ndipo kumasandutsa mphamvu ya mawu omveka pafupipafupi. Mafunde a mawu awa amatumizidwa kuzinthu zomwe zikuyesedwa kudzera m'ma media monga madzi kapena mphero. Phokoso limayang'ana mbali; momwe sensa ikuyendera imatsimikizira ngati makinawo akufuna zolakwika kapena kuyeza makulidwe a khoma. Gulu la ma transducer limatha kupanga mawonekedwe a malo olumikizirana. Njira ya UT siyimachepetsedwa ndi makulidwe a khoma la chubu.
Kuti agwiritse ntchito njira ya UT ngati chida choyezera, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kuyang'ana transducer kuti ikhale yolunjika ku chubu. Mafunde amawu amalowa mu OD kupita ku chubu, amatuluka mu ID, ndikubwerera ku transducer. Dongosololi limayesa nthawi yowuluka — nthawi yomwe mafunde amawu amayenda kuchokera ku OD kupita ku ID — ndipo limasintha nthawi kukhala muyeso wa makulidwe. Kutengera ndi momwe mphero zilili, dongosololi limatha kuyeza makulidwe a khoma molondola ± mainchesi 0.001.
Kuti aone zolakwika za zinthu, wogwiritsa ntchito amaika transducer pa ngodya yopingasa. Mafunde amamveka amalowa kuchokera ku OD, amapita ku ID, amabwereranso ku OD, ndikuyenda pakhoma mwanjira imeneyo. Kusakhazikika kwa welding kumapangitsa kuti mafunde amamveke; amatenga njira yomweyo kubwerera ku sensa, yomwe imaisintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndikupanga chiwonetsero chowoneka chomwe chikuwonetsa komwe kuli cholakwika. Chizindikirocho chimadutsanso pachipata cha cholakwika, chomwe chimayambitsa alamu kuti chidziwitse wogwiritsa ntchito kapena kuyambitsa makina openta omwe amawonetsa komwe kuli cholakwika.
Machitidwe a UT amatha kugwiritsa ntchito transducer imodzi (kapena ma transducer angapo a kristalo imodzi) kapena ma transducer a phased array.
Ma UT achikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito transducer imodzi kapena zingapo za kristalo. Chiwerengero cha masensa chimadalira kutalika kwa cholakwika chomwe chikuyembekezeka, liwiro la mzere ndi zofunikira zina zoyesera.
Ma UT opangidwa ndi magawo amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zingapo zosinthira mawu m'thupi. Dongosolo lowongolera limalamulira mafunde amawu pakompyuta popanda kuyikanso zinthu zosinthira mawu kuti ziwone malo osinthira mawu. Dongosololi limatha kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kuzindikira zolakwika, kuyeza makulidwe a khoma, ndikuwunika kusintha kwa kuyeretsa malo osinthira mawu. Njira zowunikira ndi kuyeza izi zitha kuchitika nthawi imodzi. Chofunika kwambiri, njira yosinthira mawu imatha kulekerera kusuntha kwa mawu chifukwa gululi limatha kuphimba malo akuluakulu kuposa masensa achikhalidwe okhazikika.
Njira yachitatu ya NDT, Magnetic Leakage (MFL), imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana mapaipi akuluakulu, okhala ndi makoma okhuthala, komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Ndi yabwino kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mafuta ndi gasi.
Ma MFL amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphamvu ya maginito ya DC yomwe imadutsa mu chubu kapena khoma la chubu. Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya maginito imafika pamlingo wokwanira, kapena pamene kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa mphamvu ya maginito sikubweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa maginito. Pamene mizere ya mphamvu ya maginito ikumana ndi vuto mu chinthucho, kusokonekera kwa mphamvu ya maginito kungayambitse kutuluka kapena kuphulika kuchokera pamwamba.
Chofufuzira chosavuta chopangidwa ndi waya chomwe chimadutsa mu mphamvu ya maginito chimatha kuzindikira thovu lotere. Monga momwe zilili ndi maginito ena oyambitsa, dongosololi limafuna kuyenda pakati pa zinthu zomwe zikuyesedwa ndi chofufuzira. Kusunthaku kumachitika pozungulira maginito ndi chofufuzira mozungulira chubu kapena chitoliro. Kuti muwonjezere liwiro la kukonza, kukhazikitsa kumeneku kumagwiritsa ntchito ma probe owonjezera (kachiwiri gulu limodzi) kapena ma array angapo.
Chigawo cha MFL chozungulira chimatha kuzindikira zolakwika zakutali kapena zopingasa. Kusiyana kwake kuli mu momwe nyumba zomangira maginito zimayendera komanso kapangidwe ka probe. M'zochitika zonse ziwiri, fyuluta ya chizindikiro imayang'anira njira yopezera zolakwika ndikusiyanitsa malo a ID ndi OD.
MFL ndi yofanana ndi ET ndipo ziwirizi zimagwirizana. ET ndi yoyenera zinthu zokhala ndi makulidwe a khoma osakwana mainchesi 0.250, pomwe MFL imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zokhala ndi makulidwe a khoma ochulukirapo kuposa apa.
Ubwino umodzi wa MFL kuposa UT ndi kuthekera kwake kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe sizili bwino kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, MFL imatha kuzindikira mosavuta zolakwika za helical. Zolakwika zomwe zili m'mbali zotere zimatha kuzindikirika ndi UT, koma zimafuna makonda enaake a ngodya yomwe ikuyembekezeka.
Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri pankhaniyi? Bungwe la Opanga ndi Opanga (FMA) lili ndi zambiri. Olemba Phil Meinczinger ndi William Hoffmann apereka tsiku lonse la chidziwitso ndi chitsogozo pa mfundo, njira zogwiritsira ntchito zida, kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi. Msonkhanowu unachitika pa Novembala 10 ku likulu la FMA ku Elgin, Illinois (pafupi ndi Chicago). Kulembetsa kuli kotseguka kuti anthu azitha kupezeka pa intaneti komanso pamasom'pamaso. Dziwani zambiri.
Magazini ya Tube & Pipe Journal inakhala magazini yoyamba yodzipereka kutumikira makampani opanga mapaipi achitsulo mu 1990. Masiku ano, ikadali magazini yokhayo ku North America yodzipereka ku makampani opanga mapaipi ndipo yakhala gwero lodalirika kwambiri la chidziwitso kwa akatswiri opanga mapaipi.
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