Kubera ko igitutu cy’isoko gihatira abakora imiyoboro gushaka uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro mu gihe bakurikiza amahame y’ubuziranenge, guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura no gushyigikira ni ingenzi kurusha mbere hose. Nubwo abakora imiyoboro benshi bishingikiriza ku igenzura rya nyuma, akenshi abakora imiyoboro bakoresha ibizamini byo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu gikorwa cyo gukora kugira ngo bamenye ibikoresho cyangwa inzira bifite inenge hakiri kare. Ibi ntibigabanya gusa ibisigazwa, ahubwo binagabanya ikiguzi cyo gucunga ibikoresho bifite inenge. Ubu buryo butuma inyungu ziyongera. Kubera izo mpamvu, kongeramo sisitemu yo gupima idasenya (NDT) ku ruganda bifite ishingiro ryiza mu bukungu.
Ibintu byinshi—ubwoko bw'ibikoresho, umurambararo, ubugari bw'urukuta, umuvuduko w'ibikorwa n'uburyo bwo gusudira cyangwa gukora umuyoboro—bigena ikizamini cyiza. Ibi bintu kandi bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo imiterere mu buryo bwo kugenzura bukoreshwa.
Ikizamini cya Eddy Current (ET) gikoreshwa mu miyoboro myinshi. Iki ni ikizamini gihendutse kandi gishobora gukoreshwa mu miyoboro mito yo ku rukuta, ubusanzwe ifite ubugari bwa santimetero 0.250. Kirakwiriye ibikoresho bya rukuruzi n'ibitari rukuruzi.
Utumashini two gupima cyangwa utumashini two gupima turi mu byiciro bibiri by'ibanze: gupfunyika n'utumashini duto. Utumashini duto two gupima tugenzura igice cyose cy'umuyoboro, mu gihe utumashini duto two gupima gusa agace gasutswemo.
Imashini zizunguruka zigaragaza inenge mu gice cyose cy’umugozi, atari agace ko gusudira gusa, kandi zikunda kugira akamaro cyane iyo zipima ingano ntoya zirenze santimetero 2 z’umurambararo. Zihanganira kandi guhindagurika kw’amapine. Ingorane ikomeye ni uko kunyura mu ruganda bisaba intambwe zidasanzwe no kwitonda cyane kugira ngo zinyure mu ruganda rwo gupima. Nanone, niba uruziga rw’igerageza ruhuye neza n’umurambararo, isudi yangiritse ishobora gutuma umuyoboro ufunguka, bikangiza uruziga rw’igerageza.
Ingunguru za Tangent zisuzuma igice gito cy'uruziga rw'umuyoboro. Mu mikoreshereze minini y'umurambararo, gukoresha ingunguru za tangential aho gukoresha ingunguru zizunguruka muri rusange bitanga igipimo cyiza cy'urusaku (igipimo cy'imbaraga z'ikimenyetso cy'igerageza ugereranyije n'ikimenyetso kidahinduka inyuma). Ingunguru za Tangent nazo ntizikenera imigozi kandi zoroshye kuyitunganya hanze y'urusyo. Ingorane ni uko zigenzura gusa agace k'ubusode. Zikwiriye imiyoboro minini y'umurambararo kandi zishobora gukoreshwa ku bunini buto niba aho ubusode buherereye hagenzuwe neza.
Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa coil bushobora gupima ko hari aho ibintu bihagarara. Isuzuma ry’ibitagenda neza, rizwi kandi nka void or difference testing, rigereranya buri gihe icupa ry’icyuma n’igice cyegereye cy’icyuma cy’ibanze kandi rishobora kwitabwaho n’impinduka nto ziterwa no kutagira aho ibintu bihagarara. Ni ryiza mu kubona inenge ngufi nk’imyenge cyangwa icupa ry’icyuma, uburyo bw’ibanze bukoreshwa mu gukoresha imashini nyinshi zizunguruka.
Ikizamini cya kabiri, uburyo busanzwe, cyasanze hari inenge nyinshi. Ubu buryo bworoshye bwa ET busaba ko umukoresha akoresha ikoranabuhanga mu kuringaniza sisitemu ku bikoresho byiza. Uretse kubona impinduka rusange kandi zihoraho, inagaragaza impinduka mu bunini bw'urukuta.
Gukoresha ubu buryo bubiri bwa ET ntibigomba kuba ikibazo gikomeye. Iyo igikoresho gifite ibikoresho, gishobora gukoreshwa icyarimwe n'umuyoboro umwe wo gupima.
Amaherezo, aho icyuma gipima giherereye ni ingenzi cyane. Ibiranga nk'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere n'ihindagurika ry'icyuma (byoherezwa mu muyoboro) bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ishyirwa ryacyo. Gushyira icyuma gipima hafi y'agasanduku k'icyuma gipima biha umukozi amakuru yihuse yerekeye inzira yo gusora. Ariko, sensor zirwanya ubushyuhe cyangwa ubukonje bw'inyongera bishobora kuba ngombwa. Gushyira icyuma gipima hafi y'iherezo ry'icyuma bishobora kugaragaza inenge zatewe n'uburyo bwo gushushanya ingano cyangwa imiterere; icyakora, hari amahirwe menshi yo kugira ibimenyetso bitari byo kuko aha hantu hegera icyuma gipima hafi ya sisitemu yo gukata, aho gishobora kubona Ihindagurika mu gihe cyo gukata cyangwa gukata.
Isuzuma rya Ultrasonic (UT) rikoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi maze rikayihinduramo ingufu z'amajwi zigenda ziyongera cyane. Izi ngaruka z'amajwi zoherezwa mu bikoresho biri kugeragezwa binyuze mu buryo nk'amazi cyangwa icyuma gikonjesha. Amajwi areba icyerekezo; icyerekezo cya sensor ni cyo gipima niba sisitemu ishaka inenge cyangwa ipima ubugari bw'urukuta. Itsinda rya transducers rishobora gukora imiterere y'agace ko gusudira. Uburyo bwa UT ntibugengwa n'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro.
Kugira ngo ukoreshe uburyo bwa UT nk'igikoresho cyo gupima, umukoresha agomba kwerekeza transducer ku buryo iba igororotse kuri tube. Amajwi yinjira muri OD kuri tube, agahita ava kuri ID, hanyuma agasubira kuri transducer. Sisitemu ipima igihe cyo kuguruka - igihe bifata kugira ngo umuraba w'amajwi uve kuri OD ugere kuri ID - kandi igahindura igihe mo ubunini. Bitewe n'imiterere y'icyuma gisya, iyi gahunda ishobora gupima ubunini bw'urukuta ku buryo bungana na santimetero ± 0.001.
Kugira ngo amenye inenge z'ibikoresho, umukozi ukoresha ashyira transducer ku nguni y'urukiramende. Amajwi yinjira ava kuri OD, akajya kuri ID, agasubira kuri OD, hanyuma akagenda ku rukuta muri ubwo buryo. Kudakomeza gusudira bituma urukiramende rusubira; rufata inzira imwe rugana kuri sensor, ruyihinduramo ingufu z'amashanyarazi kandi rugakora ikimenyetso kigaragaza aho inenge iri. Ikimenyetso kandi kinyura mu irembo ry'ikosa, rituma habaho inzogera imenyesha umukozi cyangwa rigatera sisitemu y'irangi igaragaza aho inenge iri.
Sisitemu za UT zishobora gukoresha transducer imwe (cyangwa transducer nyinshi za crystal imwe) cyangwa transducer za phased array.
Ut zisanzwe zikoresha transducer imwe cyangwa nyinshi za crystal. Umubare w'ibipimo biterwa n'uburebure bw'ikosa ryitezwe, umuvuduko w'umurongo n'ibindi bisabwa mu isuzuma.
Ut zikoresha uburyo bwa "Phased array" zikoresha ibintu byinshi bya "transducer" mu mubiri. Sisitemu yo kugenzura igenzura ry'amajwi mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga idahinduye aho ibintu bya "transducer" biherereye kugira ngo irebe agace ka "weld". Sisitemu ishobora gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye, nko kubona inenge, gupima ubugari bw'inkuta, no gukurikirana impinduka mu isuku y'agace ka "weld". Ubu buryo bwo kugenzura no gupima bushobora gukorwa icyarimwe. Icy'ingenzi ni uko uburyo bwa "phased-array" bushobora kwihanganira guhindagurika kw'amazi kuko ubwo buryo bushobora gutwikira agace kanini kurusha "fixed-position sensors" gakondo.
Uburyo bwa gatatu bwa NDT, Magnetic Leakage (MFL), bukoreshwa mu kugenzura imiyoboro minini, ifite inkuta nini kandi ifite uburebure bwa magnetic. Ni bwiza cyane mu gukoresha peteroli na gaze.
MFL zikoresha imbaraga zikomeye za DC magnetic field zinyura mu muyoboro cyangwa mu rukuta rw'umuyoboro. Imbaraga za magnetic field zerekeza ku bwinshi, cyangwa aho kwiyongera kw'imbaraga za magnetizing bitatera kwiyongera gukomeye k'ubucucike bwa magnetic flux. Iyo imirongo ya magnetic field ihuye n'inenge mu bikoresho, guhindagurika kw'amazi ya magnetic flux bishobora gutuma biva cyangwa bigaturika hejuru.
Imashini yoroshye ikoresha insinga inyura mu murima wa rukuruzi ishobora kubona bene ibyo bibuno. Nk'uko bimeze ku zindi porogaramu zikoresha rukuruzi, sisitemu isaba kugenda hagati y'ibikoresho biri kugeragezwa n'imashini. Uku kugenda kugerwaho binyuze mu kuzunguruka imashini ya rukuruzi n'imashini iteranya uruziga ku muyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro. Kugira ngo wongere umuvuduko wo gutunganya, iyi gahunda ikoresha izindi mashini (nanone imashini imwe) cyangwa izindi mashini nyinshi.
Igice cya MFL kizenguruka gishobora kubona inenge z’uburebure cyangwa iz’ubugari. Itandukaniro riri mu cyerekezo cy’imiterere ya magnetizing n’igishushanyo cy’icyuma gipima. Muri ibyo bihe byombi, akayunguruzo k’ibimenyetso gafata inzira yo kubona inenge no gutandukanya aho ID na OD ziherereye.
MFL isa na ET kandi byombi biruzuzanya. ET ikwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite ubugari bw'inkuta buri munsi ya santimetero 0.250, mu gihe MFL ikoreshwa ku bikoresho bifite ubugari bw'inkuta burenga ubu.
Imwe mu nyungu za MFL kurusha UT ni ubushobozi bwayo bwo kubona inenge zitari nziza. Urugero, MFL ishobora kubona inenge zo mu bwoko bwa helical byoroshye. Inenge muri ubwo buryo bworoshye zishobora kugaragara na UT, ariko bisaba imiterere yihariye y'inguni iteganijwe.
Urashaka kumenya byinshi kuri iyi ngingo? Ishyirahamwe ry’Abakora n’Abakora (FMA) rifite byinshi. Abanditsi Phil Meinczinger na William Hoffmann bazatanga amakuru n’ubuyobozi umunsi wose ku mahame, amahitamo y’ibikoresho, imikoreshereze n’imikoreshereze y’izi nzira. Inama yabaye ku ya 10 Ugushyingo ku cyicaro gikuru cya FMA i Elgin, muri Illinois (hafi ya Chicago). Kwiyandikisha birafunguye ku bitabiriye kuri interineti no ku imbonankubone. Menya byinshi.
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