I te mea kei te akiakihia ngā kaihanga ngongo e ngā pēhanga o te mākete ki te kimi huarahi hei whakapiki i te hua me te piri ki ngā paerewa kounga tino pakari, he mea nui ake i mua te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tirotiro me te pūnaha tautoko pai rawa atu. Ahakoa he maha ngā kaihanga ngongo e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tirotiro whakamutunga, i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga te whakamātautau i mua atu i te tukanga hangahanga hei kimi wawe i ngā rauemi hapa, i ngā tukanga rānei. Ehara i te mea ka whakaitihia noa e tēnei te para, engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu e pā ana ki te whakahaere i ngā rauemi hapa. Ko te mutunga, ka hua ake he hua nui ake i tēnei huarahi. Mō ēnei take, he pai te whai hua o te tāpiri i tētahi pūnaha whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT) ki tētahi wheketere.
He maha ngā āhuatanga e whakatau ana i te whakamātautau pai rawa atu—te momo rauemi, te whānui, te matotoru o te pakitara, te tere o te tukanga me te tikanga whakarewa, te hanga rānei i te ngongo. Ka pāngia hoki e ēnei āhuatanga te kōwhiringa o ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga tirotiro e whakamahia ana.
E whakamahia ana te Whakamātautau Au Eddy (ET) i roto i te maha o ngā tono paipa. He whakamātautau iti te utu tēnei, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono paipa pakitara angiangi, tae atu ki te 0.250 inihi te matotoru o te pakitara. He pai mō ngā rauemi aukume me ngā rauemi kore-aukume.
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o ngā pūoko, o ngā koiri whakamātautau rānei: te takai-a tawhio me te pātata. Ka tirotirohia e ngā koiri porowhita te wāhanga whakawhiti katoa o te ngongo, ko ngā koiri pātata ia ka tirotirohia te wāhi whakarewa anake.
Ka kitea e ngā koiri takai-a tawhio noa ngā hapa i roto i te rīpene katoa e tomo mai ana, ehara i te rohe whakarewa anake, ā, he pai ake te whai hua ina whakamātautauhia ngā rahi iti iho i te 2 inihi te whānui. Ka ātete hoki rātou ki te nekeneke o te papa. Ko tētahi ngoikoretanga nui ko te tuku i te rīpene e tomo mai ana i roto i te mira me whai hikoinga tāpiri me te tupato anō kia tukuna mā roto i te koiri whakamātautau. Waihoki, ki te piri te koiri whakamātautau ki te whānui, ka taea e te whakarewa kore te whakatuwhera i te ngongo, ka pakaru te koiri whakamātautau.
Ka tirohia e ngā koiri pātata tētahi wāhanga iti o te porowhita o te ngongo. I roto i ngā tono whānui, mā te whakamahi i ngā koiri pātata kaua ki ngā koiri takai ka puta he ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru pai ake (he ine i te kaha o te tohu whakamātautau e pā ana ki tētahi tohu pūmau i te papamuri). Kāore hoki ngā koiri pātata e hiahia ki ngā miro, ā, he māmā ake te whakatikatika i waho o te mira. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te tirotiro noa i te rohe whakarewa. He pai mō ngā paipa whānui nui, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā rahi iti mena he pai te whakahaere i te tūranga whakarewa.
Ka taea e tētahi momo koiri te whakamātautau mō ngā motumotutanga ā-wā. Ko te whakamātautau hapa, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamātautau koretake, rerekētanga rānei, ka whakataurite tonu i te whakarewa ki tētahi wāhanga tata o te konganuku turanga, ā, he tairongo ki ngā huringa iti i puta mai i ngā motumotutanga. He pai mō te kimi i ngā hapa poto pērā i ngā kōhao iti, i ngā whakarewa peke rānei, koinei te tikanga matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā tono mira hurihuri.
I kitea e te whakamātautau tuarua, arā, te tikanga tino tika, ngā hapa nui. Ko tēnei momo ET māmā rawa atu me whakataurite e te kaiwhakahaere te pūnaha ki ngā rauemi pai mā te hiko. Haunga te kimi i ngā huringa whānui, tonu, ka kitea hoki ngā huringa o te matotoru o te pakitara.
Kāore e tino uaua te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga ET e rua. Mena kei te rite te taputapu, ka taea te whakamahi i te wā kotahi me te koiri whakamātautau kotahi.
Hei whakamutunga, he mea nui te tūnga ā-tinana o te kaiwhakamātautau. Ka pā pea ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana taiao me te wiri o te mira (ka tukuna ki te ngongo) ki te tūnga. Mā te whakanoho i te koiri whakamātautau ki te pouaka honohono ka hoatu he mōhiohio wawe ki te kaiwhakahaere mō te tukanga honohono. Heoi, me whai pūoko ātete pāmahana, me whakamatao anō rānei. Mā te whakanoho i te koiri whakamātautau ki te pito o te mira ka kitea ngā hapa i puta mai i te tukanga rahi, i te tukanga hanga rānei; heoi, he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā hua teka nā te mea ka tata ake te pūoko ki te pūnaha tapahi, ka kitea pea te wiri i te wā e kani ana, e kutikuti ana rānei.
Ka whakamahia e te whakamātautau ultrasonic (UT) ngā pāorooro o te pūngao hiko, ā, ka hurihia hei pūngao oro auau teitei. Ka tukuna ēnei ngaru oro ki te rauemi kei raro i te whakamātautau mā roto i ngā pāpāho pēnei i te wai, i te whakamatao mira rānei. He aronga te oro; ko te aronga o te pūoko te mea e whakatau ana mēnā kei te rapu hapa te pūnaha, kei te ine rānei i te matotoru o te pakitara. Ka taea e tētahi huinga o ngā transducers te hanga i te whakatakotoranga o te rohe whakarewa. Kāore te tikanga UT e herea e te matotoru o te pakitara ngongo.
Hei whakamahi i te tukanga UT hei taputapu ine, me whakatakoto e te kaiwhakahaere te whakawhiti kia poutū ki te ngongo. Ka tomo ngā ngaru oro ki te OD ki te ngongo, ka peke atu i te ID, ka hoki ki te whakawhiti. Ka ine te pūnaha i te wā rere - te wā e pau ana kia haere te ngaru oro mai i te OD ki te ID - ā, ka hurihia te wā hei ine matotoru. I runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mira, ka taea e tēnei tatūnga te ine i te matotoru o te pakitara me te tika o te ± 0.001 inihi.
Hei kite i ngā hapa o te rauemi, ka whakanoho te kaiwhakahaere i te transducer ki tētahi koki whakarara. Ka tomo mai ngā ngaru oro mai i te OD, ka haere ki te ID, ka whakaata anō ki te OD, ka haere i te pakitara i taua ara. Nā te motumotu o te whakarewatanga ka whakaata te ngaru oro; ka hoki anō ki te pūoko i te ara kotahi, ka hurihia hei pūngao hiko, ka hangaia he whakaaturanga tirohanga e tohu ana i te wāhi o te hapa. Ka haere anō te tohu mā te kuaha hapa, ka whakaoho i tētahi whakaoho hei whakamōhio atu ki te kaiwhakahaere, ka whakaoho rānei i tētahi pūnaha peita e tohu ana i te wāhi o te hapa.
Ka taea e ngā pūnaha UT te whakamahi i tētahi whakawhiti kotahi (ngā whakawhiti karaihe kotahi maha rānei) me ngā whakawhiti ara-wāhanga rānei.
Ka whakamahia e ngā UT tuku iho tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā whakawhiti tioata kotahi. Ko te maha o ngā pūoko ka whakawhirinaki ki te roa o te hapa e tumanakohia ana, te tere o te raina me ētahi atu whakaritenga whakamātautau.
Ka whakamahia e ngā UT whakarārangi-wāhanga ngā huānga whakawhiti maha i roto i te tinana. Ka whakahaerehia e te pūnaha whakahaere ngā ngaru oro mā te hiko me te kore e nekehia ngā huānga whakawhiti hei matawai i te rohe whakarewa. Ka taea e te pūnaha te mahi i ngā momo mahi, pēnei i te kimi hapa, te ine i te matotoru o te pakitara, me te aroturuki i ngā huringa o te horoinga rohe whakarewa. Ka taea te mahi i ēnei momo tirotiro me te ine i te wā kotahi. He mea nui, ka taea e te huarahi whakarārangi-wāhanga te aro atu ki ētahi nekehanga whakarewa nā te mea ka taea e te whakarārangi te kapi i tētahi rohe nui atu i ngā pūoko tūnga-pūmau tuku iho.
Ko te tuatoru o ngā tikanga NDT, ko te Aukume Leakage (MFL), e whakamahia ana hei tirotiro i ngā paipa aukume whānui, matotoru te pakitara. He mea tino pai mō ngā tono hinu me te hau.
Ka whakamahia e ngā MFL he papa aukume DC kaha e tika ana mā roto i te ngongo, i te pakitara ngongo rānei. Ka tata te kaha o te papa aukume ki te tino mātotoru, ki te wāhi rānei kāore e hua ake he pikinga nui o te mātotoru o te rerenga aukume i tētahi pikinga o te kaha aukume. Ina tūtaki ngā rārangi papa aukume ki tētahi hapa i roto i te rauemi, ka taea e te whakapōturitanga o te rerenga aukume te puta mai, te pupuhi rānei i te mata.
Ka taea e tētahi whakamātautau waea ngāwari e tukuna ana mā roto i tētahi papa aukume te kite i aua mirumiru. Pērā i ngā tono aukume kē atu, me hiahia te pūnaha ki te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i te rauemi kei raro i te whakamātautau me te whakamātautau. Ka tutukihia tēnei nekehanga mā te hurihuri i te aukume me te huihuinga whakamātautau huri noa i te porowhita o te ngongo, o te paipa rānei. Hei whakanui ake i te tere tukatuka, ka whakamahia e tēnei tatūnga ētahi atu whakamātautau (kotahi anō te rarangi) me ētahi rarangi maha rānei.
Ka taea e te waeine MFL hurihuri te kite i ngā hapa roa, whakawhiti rānei. Ko ngā rerekētanga kei roto i te whakatakotoranga o ngā hanganga aukume me te hoahoa o te tirotiro. I ngā take e rua, ka whakahaerehia e te tātari tohu te tukanga kite hapa me te wehewehe i waenga i ngā wāhi ID me OD.
He rite te MFL ki te ET, ā, ka tautokona e ngā mea e rua tetahi ki tetahi. He pai te ET mō ngā hua he iti iho i te 0.250 inihi te matotoru o te pakitara, ko te MFL ia e whakamahia ana mō ngā hua he nui ake i tēnei te matotoru o te pakitara.
Ko tētahi painga o te MFL i te UT ko tōna kaha ki te kite i ngā hapa kāore i te tino pai. Hei tauira, ka taea e te MFL te kite ngāwari i ngā hapa porowhita. Ka taea te kite i ngā hapa i roto i aua ahunga whakarara e te UT, engari me whai tautuhinga motuhake mō te koki e tumanakohia ana.
Kei te hiahia koe ki ētahi atu kōrero mō tēnei kaupapa? He nui ake ngā kōrero a te Rōpū Kaihanga me ngā Kaihanga (FMA). Ka whakaratohia e ngā kaituhi, e Phil Meinczinger rāua ko William Hoffmann, he rā katoa o ngā kōrero me ngā aratohu mō ngā mātāpono, ngā kōwhiringa taputapu, te whakatūnga me te whakamahinga o ēnei tukanga. I tū te hui i te 10 o Noema i te tari matua o FMA i Elgin, Illinois (e tata ana ki Chicago). Kua tuwhera te rēhitatanga mō te haere mariko me te haere kanohi ki te kanohi. Ako atu.
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