Imigca ye-hydraulic yendabuko isebenzisa isiphelo esinye esivuthayo kwaye idla ngokwenziwa ngokwe-SAE-J525 okanye i-ASTM-A513-T5, izinto ekunzima ukuzifumana apha ekhaya. Ii-OEM ezifuna abathengisi basekhaya zinokuthatha indawo yeetyhubhu ezenziwe ngokweemfuno ze-SAE-J356A kwaye zitywinwe ngee-O-ring face seals, njengoko kubonisiwe. Zenziwe yiTru-Line.
Inqaku loMhleli: Eli nqaku lelokuqala kuthotho olunamacandelo amabini kwimarike kunye nokuveliswa kwemigca yokudlulisa ulwelo kwizicelo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Inxalenye yokuqala ixoxa ngemeko yeziseko zobonelelo lwemveliso eqhelekileyo yasekhaya neyangaphandle. Inxalenye yesibini ixoxa ngeenkcukacha zeemveliso ezingaqhelekanga ezijolise kule marike.
Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 ubangele utshintsho olungalindelekanga kumashishini amaninzi, kubandakanya inkqubo yokubonelela ngemibhobho yentsimbi kunye nenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemibhobho. Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-2019 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imakethi yeetyhubhu ibone utshintsho oluphazamisayo kwimisebenzi yefektri kunye neyezothutho. Ingxaki ende eshushu iye yavela.
Abasebenzi ngoku babaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ubhubhane yingxaki yoluntu, kwaye ukubaluleka kwempilo kutshintshe ulungelelwaniso lomsebenzi-ubomi-umdlalo kwabaninzi, ukuba ayibo bonke. Inani labasebenzi abanezakhono liye lehla ngenxa yomhlalaphantsi, abanye abasebenzi abakwazi ukubuyela kwimisebenzi emidala okanye ukufumana imisebenzi emitsha kushishino olufanayo nakwezinye izinto ezininzi. Kwimihla yokuqala yobhubhane, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kwakugxile kakhulu kumashishini axhomekeke kwimisebenzi ephambili, njengonyango kunye nokuthengisa, ngelixa abasebenzi bemveliso babekwikhefu okanye bencitshiswa kakhulu iiyure zokusebenza. Abavelisi ngoku banengxaki yokuqesha nokugcina abasebenzi, kuquka nabaqhubi abanamava bomatshini wombhobho. Ukuveliswa kweetyhubhu ngumsebenzi osebenza ngezandla, osebenza nzima ofuna umgudu onzima kwindawo engenamozulu ilawulwayo. Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezongezelelweyo (oko kukuthi iimaski) ukunciphisa usulelo kunye nokulandela imithetho eyongezelelweyo, efana nokuhlala iimitha ezi-6 ubude. Umgama othe tyaba ukusuka kwabanye unokongeza uxinzelelo kumsebenzi osele unezixhobo ezininzi zokuphakamisa uxinzelelo.
Ukunikezelwa kwentsimbi kunye neendleko zentsimbi eluhlaza nazo zitshintshile ngexesha lobhubhane. Kwiityhubhu ezininzi, intsimbi yeyona ndleko inkulu yecandelo. Ngokomthetho, intsimbi ithatha i-50% yexabiso ngenyawo nganye yombhobho. Kude kube yikota yesine ka-2020, amaxabiso entsimbi yasekhaya e-US ayemalunga ne-$800/t kangangeminyaka emithathu. Ekupheleni kuka-2021, amaxabiso ehla aya kwi-$2,200 ngetoni nganye.
Njengoko ezi zinto zimbini zitshintshe njani ngexesha lobhubhane, iinkampani ezikwimarike yeetyhubhu zisabela njani? Olu tshintsho lunefuthe elinjani kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngeetyhubhu, kwaye loluphi ulwalathiso oluluncedo olukhoyo kushishino ukuze luphume kule ngxaki?
Kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, umphathi omkhulu wefektri yeepayipi wachaza indima yenkampani yakhe kweli shishini: “Senza izinto ezimbini kuphela apha – senza iipayipi, size sizithengise.” , izinto ezininzi eziphazamisayo, izinto ezininzi ezibuthathaka iinqobo eziphambili zenkampani, okanye ingxaki ekhoyo ngoku (okanye zonke ezi zinto, ezihlala zisenzeka) zibalulekile kubaphathi abaphetheyo abaxinezelekileyo.
Kubalulekile ukufezekisa nokugcina ulawulo ngokugxila kwizinto ezibalulekileyo: izinto ezichaphazela ukwenziwa nokuthengiswa kweetyhubhu ezisemgangathweni. Ukuba imizamo yenkampani ayijoliswanga kwezi misebenzi zimbini, lixesha lokubuyela kwiziseko.
Njengoko ubhubhane usasazeka, imfuno yeepayipi kwamanye amashishini iye yehla yaya kuthi ga kwi-zero. Iifektri zeemoto kunye neenkampani kwamanye amashishini athathwa njengangabalulekanga azisebenzi. Kwakukho ixesha apho uninzi lwamashishini lungazange luzenze iipayipi kwaye lungazithengisi. Imarike yeepayipi iyaqhubeka ikho kumashishini ambalwa abalulekileyo.
Ngethamsanqa, abantu bayayenza into yabo. Abanye abantu bathenga iifriji ezongezelelweyo ukugcina ukutya. Imakethi yezindlu iqalisa kamva kwaye abantu badla ngokuthenga ezinye okanye izixhobo ezintsha ezininzi xa bethenga ikhaya, ngoko ke zombini ezi ndlela zixhasa imfuno yeetyhubhu ezincinci. Ishishini lezixhobo zezolimo liqala ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, kunye nabanini abaninzi abafuna iitrektara ezincinci okanye ii-mower zengca ezingaguqukiyo. Imakethi yeemoto yaqala kwakhona, nangona ngesantya esiphantsi ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nokunqongophala kweetships.
Umfanekiso 1. I-SAE-J525 kunye ne-ASTM-A519 zimiselwe njengezitshintshi ngokubanzi ze-SAE-J524 kunye ne-ASTM-A513T5. Umahluko ophambili kukuba i-SAE-J525 kunye ne-ASTM-A513T5 zidibeneyo, azikho mthungo. Ubunzima bokufumana izinto ezifana nexesha lokufumana izinto kwiinyanga ezintandathu budale amathuba kwezinye iimveliso ezimbini zeetyhubhu, i-SAE-J356 (eziswa kwityhubhu ethe tye) kunye ne-SAE-J356A (eziswa kwikhoyili), ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi ezifanayo.
Imakethi itshintshile, kodwa izikhokelo ziyafana. Akukho nto ibaluleke ngaphezu kokugxila ekwenzeni nasekuthengiseni imibhobho ngokweemfuno zemakethi.
Umbuzo othi “yenza okanye uthenge” uvela xa imisebenzi yokuvelisa ijongene neendleko eziphezulu zabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zangaphakathi ezizinzileyo okanye ezinciphayo.
Ukuvelisa iimveliso zetyhubhu ezifakwe emva kokuwelda kufuna izixhobo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimveliso kunye nemveliso yesityalo, ngamanye amaxesha kuyinzuzo engabiziyo ukusika imicu ebanzi ngaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqumla ngaphakathi kunokuba ngumthwalo, xa kujongwa iimfuno zabasebenzi, iimfuno zezixhobo kunye neendleko zokugcina izinto ze-broadband.
Kwelinye icala, ukusika iitoni ezingama-2,000 ngenyanga kubangela iitoni ezingama-5,000 zentsimbi ekhoyo, nto leyo ethatha imali eninzi. Kwelinye icala, kufuneka imali encinci kakhulu ukuze kuthengwe intsimbi ebanzi ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni, ekubeni umvelisi weetyhubhu enokuxoxisana ngemibandela yetyala nomthengisi wenkunkuma, oku kunokulibazisa imali echithwayo. Yonke i-tube mill yahlukile kule nkalo, kodwa kukhuselekile ukuthi phantse wonke umvelisi weetyhubhu uchatshazelwe yi-COVID-19 xa kuthelekiswa nokufumaneka kwabasebenzi abanobuchule, iindleko zentsimbi, kunye nokuhamba kwemali.
Kunjalo nangokwenziwa kweetyhubhu ngokwazo, kuxhomekeke kwimeko. Iinkampani ezineekhonkco ezinkulu zexabiso elongezelelekileyo zinokukhetha ukuphuma kwishishini lokuvelisa iipayipi. Endaweni yokwenza iipayipi zize emva koko ziwugobe, ziwugqume kwaye zenze ii-sub-assembly kunye nee-assembly, thenga ipayipi kwaye ugxile kweminye imisebenzi.
Iinkampani ezininzi ezivelisa izinto ze-hydraulic okanye ii-automotive fluid handling tube bundles zazo zine-tube mills zazo. Ezinye zezi fektri ngoku zizinto ezibangela uxanduva endaweni yokuba zizinto zexabiso. Abathengi kwixesha lobhubhane badla ngokunciphisa iindleko, kwaye uqikelelo lokuthengiswa kweemoto luhluke kakhulu kumanqanaba angaphambi kobhubhane. Imarike yeemoto inxulunyaniswa namagama amabi afana nokuvalwa, ukwehla okukhulu kunye nokunqongophala. Akukho nto ibonisa ukuba imeko yobonelelo lwee-OEM zeemoto kunye nababoneleli bazo iya kutshintsha kakhulu kwixesha elizayo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ii-EV ezininzi kule marike zinezinto ezimbalwa ze-powertrain tube yentsimbi.
Ii-tube mills ezibanjwayo zihlala zakhiwe ngoyilo oluqhelekileyo. Le yinzuzo yokusetyenziswa kwayo - ukwenza iipayipi zesicelo esithile - kodwa ingxaki ngokwemilinganiselo yobungakanani. Umzekelo, cinga nge-tube mill eyenzelwe ukwenza iimveliso ze-OD ze-10mm kwiprojekthi eyaziwayo yeemoto. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa useto olusekelwe kubungakanani. Kamva, inkqubo encinci kakhulu yongezwa kwenye i-tube enobubanzi obufanayo bangaphandle. Ixesha lidlulile, isicwangciso sokuqala saphelelwa lixesha, kwaye inkampani yayingenalo ivolumu eyaneleyo yokuxhasa isicwangciso sesibini. Iindleko zokuseta nezinye ziphezulu kakhulu ukuba zingathethelelwa. Kule meko, ukuba inkampani inokufumana umthengisi ofanelekileyo, kufuneka izame ukunikezela iprojekthi ngaphandle.
Kakade ke, ukubala akupheleli nje ekuphelisweni. Amanyathelo okugqiba anjengokugquma, ukusika ubude kunye nokupakisha kongeza iindleko ezinkulu. Njengoko kuthethwa, ixabiso elikhulu elifihlakeleyo lokwenziwa kwemibhobho kukuphatha. Ityhubhu isuswa kwindawo yokugaya iye kwindawo yokugcina impahla, apho isuswa khona kwaye ilayishwe kwibhentshi yokusebenzela ukuze inqunyulwe ubude bokugqibela, emva koko iityhubhu ziyabekwa kumgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba iityhubhu zifakwa kumatshini wokusika nganye nganye - konke oku onke amanyathelo afuna umsebenzi. Eli xabiso lomsebenzi lisenokungabonwa ngumgcini-zincwadi, kodwa liza ngendlela yomqhubi we-forklift eyongezelelweyo okanye umntu owongezelelweyo kwicandelo lezothutho.
Umfanekiso 2. Iikhemikhali ze-SAE-J525 kunye ne-SAE-J356A ziphantse zifane, zinceda le yokugqibela ukuba ithathe indawo yeyokuqala.
Iityhubhu ze-hydraulic bezikho kangangeminyaka engamawaka. AmaYiputa asebenzisa ucingo lobhedu kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-4,000 eyadlulayo. Intambo ye-bamboo yayisetyenziswa eTshayina ngexesha leXia Dynasty, malunga nowama-2000 BC, kwaye kamva iinkqubo zemibhobho zamaRoma zakhiwa ngee-conduits ze-lead, imveliso ephuma kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa isilivere.
ingenamthungo. Iipayipi zentsimbi ezingenamthungo zanamhlanje zaqala ukusebenza eMntla Melika ngo-1890. Ukusukela ngo-1890 ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, izinto ezisetyenziswa kule nkqubo zi-billet eqinileyo ejikelezayo. Utshintsho olwenziwe ngokuphoswa rhoqo ngeminyaka yoo-1950 lwakhokelela ekuguqulweni kweetyhubhu ezingenamthungo ukusuka kwii-ingots ukuya kwinto eyayiyimpahla eluhlaza yentsimbi engabizi kakhulu, ii-billets. Kwixesha elidlulileyo nelangoku, iityhubhu ze-hydraulic zenziwa ngokutsala imingxunya engenamthungo eveliswe yile nkqubo. Kwimarike yaseMntla Melika, ihlelwa njenge-SAE-J524 yi-Society of Automotive Engineers kunye ne-ASTM-A519 yi-American Society for Testing and Materials.
Ukuvelisa iityhubhu ze-hydraulic ezingenamthungo kudla ngokuba yinkqubo enzima, ingakumbi kwiidayamitha ezincinci. Ifuna amandla amaninzi kwaye ifuna indawo eninzi.
Ukuwelda. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, imakethi yatshintsha. Emva kokuba ilawula imakethi yemibhobho yentsimbi kangangeminyaka ephantse ibe yi-100, ukutyibilika okungenamthungo. Yasuswa ngumbhobho owelding, owafunyaniswa ukuba ufanelekile kwiimfuno ezininzi zoomatshini kwiimarike zokwakha nezeemoto. Yade yathatha indawo ethile kwindawo eyayisakuba yindawo engcwele - icandelo lemibhobho yeoyile negesi.
Izinto ezimbini ezintsha ezinegalelo kolu tshintsho kwimarike. Enye yazo ibandakanya ukuphoswa kweslab okuqhubekayo, okuvumela iifektri zentsimbi ukuba zivelise ngokufanelekileyo umtya othe tyaba osemgangathweni ophezulu. Enye inkqubo eyenza ukuwelda okuxhathisayo rhoqo kube yinkqubo efanelekileyo kushishino lweepayipi. Isiphumo yimveliso entsha: ukusebenza kakuhle njengombhobho wesinyithi ongenamthungo xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso ezifanayo ezingenamthungo, kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi. Le tube isaveliswa nanamhlanje kwaye ihlelwe njenge-SAE-J525 okanye i-ASTM-A513-T5 kwimarike yaseMntla Melika. Ngenxa yokuba le tube itsalwa kwaye ifakwa i-anneal, yimveliso efuna izixhobo ezininzi. Ezi nkqubo azidingi abasebenzi kunye nemali eninzi njengeenkqubo ezingenamthungo, kodwa iindleko ezinxulumene nazo zisephezulu.
Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lweepayipi ze-hydraulic line ezisetyenziswa kwimarike yasekhaya, nokuba zitsalwe ngaphandle komthungo (SAE-J524) okanye zitsalwe nge-welded (SAE-J525), zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Oku kusenokuba ngumphumo womahluko omkhulu kwiindleko zabasebenzi kunye nentsimbi phakathi kwe-US kunye namazwe athumela ngaphandle. Kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 edlulileyo, ezi mveliso bezifumaneka kubavelisi basekhaya, kodwa azikaze zikwazi ukuzibeka njengezona zibalaseleyo kule marike. Ixabiso elihle leemveliso ezingeniswayo ngumqobo omkhulu.
Imarike yangoku. Ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso engenamthungo, etsaliweyo netshisiweyo i-J524 kuye kwehla kule minyaka idlulileyo. Isafumaneka kwaye inendawo kwimarike yemigca ye-hydraulic, kodwa ii-OEM zihlala zikhetha i-J525 ukuba imveliso etshisiweyo, etsaliweyo netshisiweyo i-J525 ifumaneka ngokulula.
Ubhubhane uyahlasela kwaye imakethi iyatshintsha kwakhona. Ukunikezelwa kwemisebenzi, intsimbi kunye ne-logistics kwihlabathi liphela kuyehla ngesantya esifanayo nokwehla kwemfuno yeemoto okukhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Kunjalo nangokunikezelwa kweetyhubhu ze-hydraulic ze-J525 ezingenisiweyo. Ngenxa yezi ziganeko, imakethi yasekhaya ibonakala ngathi ilungele olunye utshintsho kwimakethi. Ngaba ukulungele ukuvelisa enye imveliso, engasebenzi kakhulu kunetyhubhu ye-welding, drawing kunye ne-annealing? Enye ikhona, nangona ingasetyenziswa rhoqo. Yi-SAE-J356A, ehlangabezana neemfuno zezicelo ezininzi ze-hydraulic (jonga uMfanekiso 1).
Iinkcukacha ezipapashwe yi-SAE zidla ngokuba zimfutshane kwaye zilula, njengoko iinkcukacha nganye ichaza inkqubo enye kuphela yokwenza umbhobho. Ingxaki kukuba i-J525 kunye ne-J356A zinobudlelwane obukhulu ngobukhulu, iimpawu zoomatshini, njl.njl., ngoko ke iinkcukacha zidla ngokutyala imbewu yokudideka. Ukongeza, i-J356A yimveliso ebhityileyo yemigca ye-hydraulic enobubanzi obuncinci kwaye luhlobo lwe-J356, oluyimveliso yombhobho othe tye osetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni imigca ye-hydraulic enobubanzi obukhulu.
Umfanekiso 3. Nangona iityhubhu ezidityanisiweyo nezitsalwa ngokubandayo zithathwa ngabaninzi njengezingcono kuneetyhubhu ezidityanisiweyo nezibandayo, iipropati zoomatshini zeemveliso zeetyhubhu ezimbini ziyathelekiswa. Qaphela: Ixabiso lobukhosi kwi-PSI luguqulelo oluthambileyo lwenkcazo, lixabiso le-metric kwi-MPa.
Abanye oonjineli bakholelwa ukuba i-J525 igqwesile kwizicelo ze-hydraulic ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, njengalezo ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezinzima. I-J356A ayaziwa kangako, kodwa ikwayindlela yokuthwala ulwelo olunoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha iimfuno zokugqibela zokwenziwa zahlukile: I-J525 ayinayo i-ID bead, ngelixa i-J356A ilawulwa yi-flash kwaye ine-ID bead encinci.
Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zineempawu ezifanayo (jonga uMfanekiso 2). Umahluko omncinci kwimilo yeekhemikhali unxulumene neempawu zoomatshini ezifunekayo. Ukuze kufezekiswe iimpawu ezithile zoomatshini, ezifana nokuqhekeka kwamandla ekuxinezelekeni okanye amandla okuqina aphezulu (UTS), ukwakheka kweekhemikhali okanye unyango lobushushu lwentsimbi kunqunyelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezithile.
Iintlobo zeetyhubhu zabelana ngeseti efanayo yeeparamitha zokusebenza koomatshini ezifanayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zikwazi ukutshintshwa kwiindawo ezininzi (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba enye ayifumaneki, enye inokwenzeka ukuba ihlangabezane neemfuno. Akukho mntu kufuneka aphinde ayivelise ivili; eli shishini sele lineseti yamavili aqinileyo, alinganayo.
I-Tube & Pipe Journal yaba yimagazini yokuqala ezinikele ekukhonzeni ishishini leepayipi zesinyithi ngo-1990. Namhlanje, iseyiyo yodwa impapasho eMntla Melika ezinikele kweli shishini kwaye ibe ngumthombo wolwazi othembekileyo kwiingcali zeepayipi.
Ngoku ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-FABRICATOR, ukufikelela lula kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
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