Imiyoboro gakondo ya hydraulic ikoresha impera imwe kandi akenshi ikorwa hakurikijwe SAE-J525 cyangwa ASTM-A513-T5, ibikoresho bigoye kubona mu gihugu. Abacuruzi ba OEM bashaka abatanga ibikoresho mu gihugu bashobora gusimbuza imiyoboro yakozwe na SAE-J356A kandi igafungwa n'udupfundikizo twa O-ring, nk'uko bigaragazwa. Byakozwe na Tru-Line.
Icyitonderwa cy'umwanditsi: Iyi nkuru ni iya mbere mu bice bibiri ivuga ku isoko no gukora imiyoboro y'amazi yo kohereza amazi mu bikorwa bitanga umuvuduko mwinshi. Igice cya mbere kivuga ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa bisanzwe byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Igice cya kabiri kivuga ku bisobanuro birambuye ku bicuruzwa bidasanzwe byibasira iri soko.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyateje impinduka zitunguranye mu nganda nyinshi, harimo n'uruhererekane rw'imiyoboro y'ibyuma n'uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro. Kuva mu mpera za 2019 kugeza ubu, isoko ry'imiyoboro ryahuye n'impinduka zikomeye haba mu bikorwa by'uruganda ndetse no mu bijyanye n'ibikoresho. Ikibazo kimaze igihe kinini kigaragara cyane.
Ubu abakozi ni ingenzi cyane kurusha mbere hose. Icyorezo ni ikibazo cyugarije abantu, kandi akamaro k'ubuzima kahinduye uburinganire bw'akazi n'ubuzima kuri benshi, niba atari bose. Umubare w'abakozi bafite ubumenyi waragabanutse kubera ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru, bamwe mu bakozi badashobora gusubira ku mirimo yabo ya kera cyangwa kubona imirimo mishya mu nganda zimwe n'ibindi bintu byinshi. Mu ntangiriro z'icyorezo, ibura ry'abakozi ryibanzwe cyane cyane mu nganda zishingiye ku kazi kari imbere, nko mu buvuzi no mu maduka, mu gihe abakozi bakora mu nganda bari mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru cyangwa amasaha y'akazi yagabanutse cyane. Abakora ubu bafite ikibazo cyo gushaka no kugumana abakozi, harimo n'abakora uruganda rw'imiyoboro bafite uburambe. Gukora imiyoboro ahanini ni akazi gakorwa n'abantu benshi, gasaba imbaraga nyinshi ahantu hatagenzurwa n'ikirere. Ambara ibikoresho byihariye byo kwirinda (ni ukuvuga udupfukamunwa) kugira ngo ugabanye ubwandu no gukurikiza amategeko y'inyongera, nko kugumana metero 1.5 z'uburebure. Intera iri hagati y'abandi ishobora kongera imihangayiko ku kazi gasanzwe gafite ibintu byinshi bigabanya imihangayiko.
Ibiciro by'ibikoresho by'icyuma n'iby'icyuma fatizo nabyo byarahindutse mu gihe cy'icyorezo. Ku bijyanye n'imashini nyinshi zo mu mazi, icyuma ni cyo giciro kinini cyane. Nk'uko bisanzwe, icyuma kigira 50% by'igiciro kuri buri metero y'umuyoboro. Kugeza mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2020, ibiciro by'ibyuma byo mu gihugu muri Amerika byari bifite impuzandengo ya $800/toni mu myaka itatu. Mu mpera za 2021, ibiciro byagabanutse bigera ku $2,200 kuri toni.
Ukurikije uburyo ibi bintu bibiri byahindutse muri iki gihe cy'icyorezo, ni gute ibigo biri ku isoko ry'imiyoboro y'amazi biri kwitwara? Ni izihe ngaruka izi mpinduka zigira ku ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho by'amazi, kandi ni ubuhe buyobozi bw'ingirakamaro buhari kugira ngo inganda zishobore kuva muri iki kibazo?
Mu myaka myinshi ishize, umuyobozi mukuru w’uruganda rw’imiyoboro yavuze mu ncamake uruhare rw’ikigo cye mu nganda: “Dukora ibintu bibiri gusa hano - dukora imiyoboro, kandi turayigurisha.” , ibintu byinshi bibangamira, ibintu byinshi bigabanya indangagaciro z’ingenzi z’ikigo, cyangwa ikibazo kiriho ubu (cyangwa ibi bintu byose, nk’uko bikunze kubaho) ni ingenzi ku bayobozi bakuru baremerewe.
Ni ngombwa kugera ku buyobozi no kubukomeza hibandwa ku by'ingenzi: ibintu bigira ingaruka ku gukora no kugurisha imiyoboro myiza. Niba imbaraga z'ikigo zidashingiye kuri ibi bikorwa bibiri, ni cyo gihe cyo gusubira ku by'ibanze.
Uko icyorezo gikomeza kwiyongera, ibyifuzo by'imiyoboro mu nganda zimwe na zimwe byagabanutse bigera kuri zeru. Inganda z'imodoka n'ibigo byo mu zindi nganda bifatwa nk'ibidafite agaciro biri gukora. Hari igihe benshi mu nganda batakoze imiyoboro cyangwa ngo bayigurishe. Isoko ry'imiyoboro rikomeje kubaho ku bucuruzi buke bw'ingenzi.
Ku bw'amahirwe, abantu barimo gukora ibyo bashaka. Hari abantu bagura ibyuma bikonjesha byo kubikamo ibiryo. Isoko ry'amazu riratangira nyuma kandi abantu bakunda kugura ibikoresho bishya cyangwa byinshi iyo baguze inzu, bityo ibyo byombi bishyigikira icyifuzo cy'imiyoboro mito. Inganda z'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi zitangiye kuzamuka, aho ba nyirabyo benshi bashaka traktori nto cyangwa imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi zitagira umuvuduko. Isoko ry'imodoka ryatangiye kongera gukora, nubwo ryari rigenda buhoro bitewe n'ibintu nko kubura imashini.
Ishusho ya 1. SAE-J525 na ASTM-A519 byashyizweho nk'ibisimbura SAE-J524 na ASTM-A513T5. Itandukaniro rikomeye ni uko SAE-J525 na ASTM-A513T5 bisukwa, ntabwo ari umugozi. Ingorane zo gushakisha nk'igihe cyo gutumiza mu mezi atandatu zatanze amahirwe ku bindi bicuruzwa bibiri bya tube, SAE-J356 (bitangwa mu muyoboro ugororotse) na SAE-J356A (bitangwa mu muyoboro), bihuye n'ibyo byinshi bisabwa.
Isoko ryarahindutse, ariko amabwiriza ni amwe. Nta kintu cy'ingenzi kuruta kwibanda ku gukora no kugurisha imiyoboro hakurikijwe ibyo isoko risaba.
Ikibazo cyo "gukora cyangwa kugura" kivuka iyo ibikorwa by'inganda bihura n'ibiciro by'abakozi biri hejuru ndetse n'umutungo w'imbere uhoraho cyangwa ugabanuka.
Gukora ibikoresho bya tubule nyuma yo gusudira bisaba amikoro menshi. Bitewe n'umusaruro n'umusaruro w'uruganda, rimwe na rimwe ni inyungu ihendutse guca imirongo migari imbere mu nzu. Ariko, gukata imbere bishobora kuba umutwaro, bitewe n'ibisabwa n'abakozi, ibisabwa mu mikoreshereze y'ibikoresho ndetse n'ikiguzi cy'ububiko bwa interineti.
Ku ruhande rumwe, gukata toni 2.000 ku kwezi bituma toni 5.000 z'ibyuma ziboneka mu bubiko, zigatwara amafaranga menshi. Ku rundi ruhande, amafaranga make cyane arasabwa kugira ngo ugure ibyuma binini mu buryo bwihuse. Mu by'ukuri, bitewe nuko uruganda rukora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi rushobora kumvikana n'urufunguzo rw'inguzanyo, bishobora gutinza amafaranga. Buri ruganda rukora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ni urw'umwihariko muri uru rwego, ariko nta gushidikanya ko hafi ya buri ruganda rukora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi rwagizweho ingaruka n'icyorezo cya COVID-19 ugereranyije n'abakozi babifitiye ubumenyi, ikiguzi cy'ibyuma, n'amafaranga yinjira.
Ibyo ni nako bigenda no mu gukora imiyoboro ubwayo, bitewe n'uko ibintu bimeze. Amasosiyete afite imiyoboro minini yongereye agaciro ashobora guhitamo kuva mu bucuruzi bw'imiyoboro. Aho gukora imiyoboro hanyuma bakayigonda, bakayisiga irangi hanyuma bagakora uduce duto n'uduteraniro, kugura umuyoboro no kwibanda ku bindi bikorwa.
Amasosiyete menshi akora ibikoresho bya hydraulic cyangwa ibikoresho bitwara amazi by’imodoka afite inganda zabo bwite. Zimwe muri izi nganda ubu ni imyenda aho kuba imitungo. Abaguzi bo mu gihe cy’icyorezo bakunze kugabanya amafaranga, kandi ibiteganyijwe ku kugurisha imodoka bitandukanye cyane n’ibipimo byabanjirije icyorezo. Isoko ry’imodoka rifitanye isano n’amagambo mabi nko guhagarika imodoka, kugabanuka gukomeye no kubura. Nta kintu na kimwe kigaragaza ko imiterere y’ibikoresho by’imodoka bitanga umusaruro izahinduka cyane mu gihe cya vuba. Ikigaragara ni uko imodoka nyinshi zitwara amashanyarazi muri iri soko zifite ibikoresho bike by’amashanyarazi by’icyuma.
Ubusanzwe imashini zikora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ziba zubatswe mu buryo bwihariye. Ibi ni inyungu ku ikoreshwa ryazo - gukora imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye - ariko ni ikibazo mu bijyanye n'ubushobozi bw'ingufu. Urugero, tekereza ku mashini ikora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi yagenewe gukora ibicuruzwa bya 10mm OD ku mushinga uzwi w'imodoka. Iyi gahunda yemeza ko ingano ishingiye ku bipimo. Nyuma, hongeweho uburyo buto cyane ku yindi miyoboro ifite umurambararo umwe wo hanze. Igihe cyarashize, gahunda ya mbere yararangiye, kandi ikigo nta bunini buhagije cyari gifite kugira ngo gishyigikire gahunda ya kabiri. Ibiciro byo gushyiraho n'ibindi birahanitse cyane ku buryo bitaba ngombwa. Muri iki gihe, niba ikigo gishobora kubona umutanga serivisi ushoboye, kigomba kugerageza guha umushinga abandi bantu.
Birumvikana ko kubara bitagarukira aho bigarukira. Intambwe zo kurangiza nko gusiga irangi, gutema uburebure no gupakira byongera ikiguzi kinini. Nk'uko bivugwa, ikiguzi kinini cyihishe cyo gukora imiyoboro ni ugukora. Umuyoboro wimurwa uva mu ruganda ujya mu bubiko, aho ukurwa ugashyirwa ku ntebe yo gukoreraho kugira ngo ucibwe uburebure bwa nyuma, hanyuma imiyoboro igashyirwa ku byiciro kugira ngo imiyoboro ishyirwe mu mashini ikata imwe imwe - ibi byose Intambwe zose zisaba abakozi. Iki giciro cy'umurimo gishobora kutabonwa n'umucungamari, ariko kiza mu buryo bw'umucuruzi w'inyongera cyangwa undi muntu mu ishami rishinzwe gutwara abantu.
Ishusho ya 2. Imiterere y'imiti ya SAE-J525 na SAE-J356A hafi ya yose, bifasha iyi ya nyuma gusimbuza iya mbere.
Imiyoboro y'amazi imaze imyaka ibihumbi ihari. Abanyamisiri bacukuye insinga z'umuringa mu myaka irenga 4,000 ishize. Insinga z'umugano zakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Xia, ahagana mu 2000 mbere ya Yesu, hanyuma sisitemu z'amazi z'Abaroma zubatswe hakoreshejwe imiyoboro y'amazi, umusaruro w'uburyo bwo gushongesha ifeza.
Umugozi udafite umugozi. Imiyoboro ya none y'icyuma idafunze yatangiye gukoreshwa muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru mu 1890. Kuva mu 1890 kugeza uyu munsi, ibikoresho by'ibanze muri ubu buryo ni billet ikomeye izengurutse. Udushya mu gucukura mu buryo buhoraho mu myaka ya 1950 twatumye imiyoboro idafunze ihinduka kuva ku byuma bito bito bijya ku cyo cyari ibikoresho by'icyuma bihendutse, billets. Mu bihe byashize no muri iki gihe, imiyoboro ya hydraulic ikorwa hakoreshejwe gukurura ubukonje imyobo idafunze yakozwe n'ubu buryo. Ku isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ishyirwa mu cyiciro cya SAE-J524 n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abahanga mu by'Imodoka na ASTM-A519 n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyamerika rishinzwe Isuzuma n'Ibikoresho.
Gukora imiyoboro y'amazi idahindagurika bikunze kuba igikorwa gisaba imbaraga nyinshi, cyane cyane ku ngano nto. Bisaba ingufu nyinshi kandi bigasaba umwanya munini.
Gusudira. Mu myaka ya 1970, isoko ryarahindutse. Nyuma yo kwigarurira isoko ry'imiyoboro y'ibyuma mu gihe cy'imyaka hafi 100, habayeho kugabanuka gukomeye. Byarakuweho n'umuyoboro wasudiwe, wagaragaye ko ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu buryo bwinshi mu by'ubwubatsi n'amasoko y'imodoka. Byanafashe akarere runaka mu cyahoze ari ubutaka butagatifu - urwego rw'imiyoboro ya peteroli na gazi.
Udushya tubiri twagize uruhare muri iri hinduka ku isoko. Rimwe muri yo rikubiyemo gucukura ibyuma bihoraho, bituma inganda z'ibyuma zikora neza umurongo ugororotse kandi wujuje ubuziranenge. Indi nzira ituma gusudira imiyoboro irwanya cyane iba inzira ifatika ku nganda z'imiyoboro. Ingaruka ni umusaruro mushya: imikorere myiza nk'imiyoboro y'icyuma idafite uburinzi ugereranije n'ibindi bikoresho bisa nayo bidafite uburinzi, kandi ku giciro gito. Uyu muyoboro uracyakorwa na n'ubu kandi ushyirwa mu cyiciro cya SAE-J525 cyangwa ASTM-A513-T5 ku isoko rya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Kubera ko umuyoboro ukururwa no gushongeshwa, ni ibicuruzwa bisaba umutungo mwinshi. Ibi bikorwa ntibisaba abakozi n'amafaranga menshi nk'ibikorwa bidakoresha uburinzi, ariko ikiguzi kijyanye nabyo kiracyari hejuru.
Kuva mu myaka ya 1990 kugeza ubu, imiyoboro myinshi y'amazi ikoreshwa ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu, yaba iyoroshye kuyikoresha (SAE-J524) cyangwa iyoroshye kuyikoresha (SAE-J525), itumizwa mu mahanga. Ibi bishobora kuba biterwa n'itandukaniro rinini mu biciro by'ibikoresho fatizo by'abakozi n'iby'icyuma hagati ya Amerika n'ibihugu byoherezaga ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Mu myaka 30 kugeza kuri 40 ishize, ibi bicuruzwa byabonekaga mu bahanga bo mu gihugu, ariko ntibigeze babasha kwigaragaza nk'ibikomeye muri iri soko. Ikiguzi cyiza cy'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ni imbogamizi ikomeye.
Isoko ririho ubu. Ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa bidafite umugozi, bikururwa kandi binapfunyitse J524 ryagiye rigabanuka uko imyaka yagiye ihita. Biracyaboneka kandi bifite umwanya ku isoko ry'imiyoboro ya hydraulic, ariko abakora mu by'ubucuruzi bakunze guhitamo J525 niba ibicuruzwa byasutswe, bikururwa kandi bipfunyitse J525 biboneka byoroshye.
Icyorezo cyaratangiye kandi isoko ryongera guhinduka. Ingano y'abakozi, ibyuma n'ibikoresho ku isi iragabanuka ku muvuduko umwe n'igabanuka ryavuzwe haruguru ry'ibiciro by'imodoka. Ni kimwe no ku itangwa ry'imiyoboro ya J525 hydraulic. Bitewe n'ibi bintu, isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu risa nkaho riteguye indi mpinduka ku isoko. Witeguye gukora ikindi gicuruzwa, gikoresha abakozi bake cyane nk'imashini yo gusudira, gukurura no guteranya? Kimwe kirahari, nubwo kidakunze gukoreshwa. Ni SAE-J356A, yujuje ibisabwa n'ikoreshwa ry'imiyoboro myinshi ya hydraulic (reba Ishusho ya 1).
Ibisobanuro byatangajwe na SAE bikunze kuba bigufi kandi byoroshye, kuko buri bisobanuro bigena inzira imwe gusa yo gukora imiyoboro. Ingorane ni uko J525 na J356A bifitanye isano rikomeye mu bipimo, imiterere ya mekanike, nibindi, bityo ibisobanuro bikunze gutera urujijo. Byongeye kandi, J356A ni ikintu gikozwe ku mirongo mito ya hydraulic kandi ni ubwoko bwa J356, ikaba ari umuyoboro ugororotse ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora imirongo minini ya hydraulic.
Ishusho ya 3. Nubwo imiyoboro ishongeshejwe n'ishongeshejwe ikonje ifatwa na benshi nk'iruta imiyoboro ishongeshejwe n'ishongeshejwe ikonje, imiterere y'imiyoboro ibiri iragereranywa. Icyitonderwa: Agaciro k'ubwami muri PSI ni uguhinduranya ibipimo byoroshye, ni agaciro ka metric muri MPa.
Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko J525 ikora neza mu gukoresha hydraulic ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, nk'uko bikoreshwa mu bikoresho biremereye. J356A ntabwo izwi cyane, ariko nanone ni uburyo bwo gutwara amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi. Hari igihe ibisabwa mu gukora ibintu bya nyuma biba bitandukanye: J525 nta ndangamuntu ifite, mu gihe J356A igenzurwa na flash kandi ifite ndangamuntu nto.
Ibikoresho fatizo bifite imiterere isa (reba Ishusho ya 2). Itandukaniro rito mu miterere y'imiti rifitanye isano n'imiterere y'imiti yifuzwa. Kugira ngo hagerwe ku miterere imwe n'imwe y'imiti, nko kugabanya imbaraga mu gutsimbarara cyangwa imbaraga zo gukurura (UTS), imiterere y'imiti cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bw'icyuma bigarukira ku gutanga umusaruro runaka.
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi busangiye ibipimo bimwe by'imikorere isa ya mekanike, bigatuma bishobora guhindurwa mu buryo butandukanye (reba Ishusho ya 3). Mu yandi magambo, iyo kimwe kidahari, ikindi gishobora kuzuza ibisabwa. Nta muntu ukeneye kuvugurura uruziga; inganda zisanzwe zifite uruhererekane rw'amapine akomeye kandi atunganye.
Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe Journal cyabaye ikinyamakuru cya mbere cyihaye inshingano zo gukorera inganda z'imiyoboro y'ibyuma mu 1990. Ubu, ni cyo kinyamakuru cyonyine muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru cyihariye inganda kandi cyabaye isoko ryizewe cyane ry'amakuru ku bakora mu by'imiyoboro.
Ubu hamwe n'uburyo bwose bwo kubona igitabo cya The FABRICATOR gikoresha ikoranabuhanga, byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ikinyamakuru The Tube & Pipe Journal cyo kuri interineti ubu kiraboneka neza, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ishimire uburyo bwose bwo kubona STAMPING Journal yo mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, itanga iterambere rigezweho mu ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ndetse n'amakuru y'inganda ku isoko ry'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma.
Ubu dufite uburenganzira bwose bwo kubona igitabo cy’ikoranabuhanga cyitwa The Fabricator en Español, kandi byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by’agaciro by’inganda.