Mizere yachikhalidwe ya hydraulic imagwiritsa ntchito mbali imodzi yowala ndipo nthawi zambiri imapangidwa mogwirizana ndi SAE-J525 kapena ASTM-A513-T5, zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupeza m'dziko. Ma OEM omwe akufuna ogulitsa m'nyumba amatha kusintha machubu opangidwa ndi SAE-J356A ndikusindikizidwa ndi zisindikizo za nkhope za O-ring, monga momwe zasonyezedwera. Yopangidwa ndi Tru-Line.
Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Nkhaniyi ndi yoyamba pa mndandanda wa magawo awiri pamsika komanso kupanga mizere yosamutsa madzi kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuthamanga kwambiri. Gawo loyamba likufotokoza za momwe zinthu zachikhalidwe zimagwirira ntchito m'dziko muno komanso kunja. Gawo lachiwiri likufotokoza tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zomwe sizili zachikhalidwe zomwe zikuyang'ana pamsika uno.
Mliri wa COVID-19 wabweretsa kusintha kosayembekezereka m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo njira zopangira mapaipi achitsulo ndi mapaipi. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019 mpaka pano, msika wamapayipi wakumana ndi kusintha kosokoneza pa ntchito zonse za fakitale ndi zoyendera. Nkhani yomwe yakhala ikupitirira kwa nthawi yayitali yadziwika kwambiri.
Anthu ogwira ntchito tsopano ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Mliriwu ndi vuto la anthu, ndipo kufunika kwa thanzi kwasintha mgwirizano wa ntchito ndi moyo wawo wonse kwa ambiri, ngati si onse. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito aluso chatsika chifukwa chopuma pantchito, antchito ena sangathe kubwerera kuntchito zakale kapena kupeza ntchito zatsopano m'makampani omwewo ndi zinthu zina zambiri. M'masiku oyambirira a mliriwu, kusowa kwa antchito kunali makamaka m'mafakitale omwe amadalira ntchito zam'tsogolo, monga chisamaliro chamankhwala ndi malo ogulitsira, pomwe ogwira ntchito opanga anali pa tchuthi kapena maola ogwira ntchito ochepa kwambiri. Opanga tsopano akuvutika kulemba ndi kusunga antchito, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito odziwa bwino ntchito yopanga mapaipi. Kupanga machubu nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito, yachangu yomwe imafuna khama lochita khama m'malo opanda nyengo. Valani zida zowonjezera zodzitetezera (monga masks) kuti muchepetse matenda ndikutsatira malamulo owonjezera, monga kukhala mtunda wa mamita 6. Kutalikirana ndi ena kumatha kuwonjezera nkhawa kuntchito yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zochotsera nkhawa.
Kupereka zitsulo ndi mitengo yachitsulo chosaphika nazonso zasintha panthawi ya mliriwu. Pa machubu ambiri, chitsulo ndiye mtengo waukulu kwambiri wa zigawo zake. Monga lamulo, chitsulo chimawerengera 50% ya mtengo pa phazi lililonse la chitoliro. Mpaka kotala lachinayi la 2020, mitengo yachitsulo chozizira cha ku US inali pafupifupi $800/t kwa zaka zitatu. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2021, mitengo inatsika kufika pa $2,200 pa tani.
Popeza zinthu ziwirizi zasintha bwanji panthawi ya mliriwu, kodi makampani omwe ali pamsika wa machubu akuyankha bwanji? Kodi kusinthaku kukukhudza bwanji unyolo wopereka machubu, ndipo pali malangizo otani othandiza kuti makampaniwa atuluke muvutoli?
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, mkulu wa fakitale ya mapaipi anafotokoza mwachidule udindo wa kampani yake mumakampaniwa motere: “Timachita zinthu ziwiri zokha pano - timapanga mapaipi, ndipo timawagulitsa.” , zinthu zambiri zosokoneza, zinthu zambiri zomwe zimafooketsa mfundo zazikulu za kampaniyo, kapena vuto lomwe lilipo (kapena zinthu zonsezi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo) ndizofunikira kwa oyang'anira omwe atopa kwambiri.
Ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa ndi kusunga ulamuliro poyang'ana kwambiri pa zomwe zili zofunika: zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kupanga ndi kugulitsa machubu abwino. Ngati khama la kampani silikuyang'ana kwambiri pa ntchito ziwirizi, ndi nthawi yoti tibwerere ku zoyambira.
Pamene mliriwu ukufalikira, kufunikira kwa mapaipi m'mafakitale ena kwatsika kufika pa zero. Mafakitale a magalimoto ndi makampani m'mafakitale ena omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi osafunika akukhala chete. Panali nthawi yomwe ambiri m'mafakitale sanapange mapaipi kapena kuwagulitsa. Msika wa mapaipi ukupitirirabe kukhalapo kwa mabizinesi ochepa ofunikira.
Mwamwayi, anthu akuchita zomwe akufuna. Ena amagula mafiriji ena kuti asunge chakudya. Msika wa nyumba umayamba pambuyo pake ndipo anthu amakonda kugula zida zatsopano kapena zambiri akagula nyumba, kotero zonsezi zimathandizira kufunikira kwa machubu ang'onoang'ono. Makampani opanga zida zaulimi akuyamba kuchira, ndi eni ake ambiri akufuna mathirakitala ang'onoang'ono kapena makina odulira udzu osatembenuka. Kenako msika wamagalimoto unayambiranso, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha zinthu monga kusowa kwa ma chip.
Chithunzi 1. SAE-J525 ndi ASTM-A519 zakhazikitsidwa ngati zolowa m'malo mwa SAE-J524 ndi ASTM-A513T5. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti SAE-J525 ndi ASTM-A513T5 zimalumikizidwa, osati mopanda msoko. Mavuto opeza zinthu monga nthawi yotsogolera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi apanga mwayi pazinthu zina ziwiri zamachubu, SAE-J356 (yoperekedwa mu chubu cholunjika) ndi SAE-J356A (yoperekedwa mu coil), zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri zomwezo.
Msika wasintha, koma malangizo ndi omwewo. Palibe chofunika kwambiri kuposa kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga ndi kugulitsa mapaipi malinga ndi zomwe msika ukufuna.
Funso lakuti “pangani kapena gulani” limabuka pamene ntchito zopangira zinthu zikukumana ndi ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso ndalama zokhazikika kapena zotsika zamkati.
Kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi machubu opangidwa pambuyo pa welded kumafuna zinthu zambiri. Kutengera ndi zomwe fakitale imatulutsa komanso momwe imapangira, nthawi zina zimakhala bwino kudula mipiringidzo yayikulu mkati mwa nyumba. Komabe, kudula mkati kungakhale kovuta, poganizira zofunikira pantchito, zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zida, komanso ndalama zosungiramo zinthu zapaintaneti.
Kumbali imodzi, kudula matani 2,000 pamwezi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale matani 5,000 achitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri. Kumbali ina, ndalama zochepa zimafunika kuti mugule chitsulo chodulidwa mwachangu. Ndipotu, popeza wopanga machubu amatha kukambirana za ngongole ndi wodula, zimatha kuchedwetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mphero iliyonse yamachubu ndi yapadera pankhaniyi, koma n'zosakayikitsa kunena kuti pafupifupi wopanga machubu aliyense wakhudzidwa ndi mliri wa COVID-19 poyerekeza ndi kupezeka kwa akatswiri pantchito, mtengo wachitsulo, ndi ndalama zomwe zimayenda.
Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito popanga machubu okha, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Makampani omwe ali ndi maunyolo akuluakulu owonjezera phindu angasankhe kuchoka mu bizinesi yopanga machubu. M'malo mopanga chitoliro kenako nkuchipinda, kuchipaka utoto ndikupanga ma sub-assembly ndi ma assemblies, gulani chitolirocho ndikuyang'ana kwambiri pazinthu zina.
Makampani ambiri opanga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kapena machubu ogwiritsira ntchito madzi a magalimoto ali ndi machubu awoawo. Ena mwa mafakitale awa tsopano ndi ngongole osati katundu. Ogula munthawi ya mliri amakonda kuchepetsa ndalama, ndipo zolosera zogulitsa magalimoto ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mliriwu. Msika wamagalimoto umagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawu oipa monga kutsekedwa, kuchepa kwakukulu ndi kusowa. Palibe chomwe chikusonyeza kuti mkhalidwe wamagetsi a OEMs zamagalimoto ndi ogulitsa awo udzasintha kwambiri posachedwa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ma EV ambiri pamsikawu ali ndi zida zochepa zamagetsi achitsulo.
Ma chubu opangidwa ndi anthu nthawi zambiri amamangidwa kuchokera ku mapangidwe apadera. Izi ndi zabwino pa ntchito yake - kupanga mapaipi a ntchito inayake - koma vuto pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za chubu chopangidwa kuti chipange zinthu za 10mm OD za polojekiti yodziwika bwino yamagalimoto. Pulogalamuyi imatsimikizira makonda otengera kuchuluka. Pambuyo pake, njira yaying'ono kwambiri idawonjezedwa pa chubu china chokhala ndi mainchesi ofanana akunja. Nthawi idapita, pulani yoyamba idatha, ndipo kampaniyo sinali ndi voliyumu yokwanira yotsimikizira pulani yachiwiri. Kukhazikitsa ndi ndalama zina ndizokwera kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire. Pankhaniyi, ngati kampaniyo ingapeze wogulitsa wodziwa bwino ntchito, iyenera kuyesa kupereka ntchito kwa ena.
Zachidziwikire, kuwerengera sikumathera pa nthawi yomaliza. Kumaliza masitepe monga kuphimba, kudula kutalika ndi kulongedza kumawonjezera ndalama zambiri. Monga mwambi umanenera, mtengo wobisika kwambiri wopanga mapaipi ndi kusamalira. Chubucho chimasunthidwa kuchokera ku mphero kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu, komwe chimachotsedwa ndikuyikidwa pa benchi yogwirira ntchito kuti chidulidwe chomaliza chikhale chomaliza, kenako machubuwo amaikidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti machubuwo alowetsedwa mu makina odulira amodzi ndi amodzi - zonsezi Masitepe onsewa amafunikira antchito. Ndalama zogwirira ntchitozi sizingadziwike ndi akauntanti, koma zimabwera ngati woyendetsa forklift wowonjezera kapena munthu wowonjezera mu dipatimenti yoyendetsa.
Chithunzi 2. Mankhwala a SAE-J525 ndi SAE-J356A ndi ofanana kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti yomalizayi ilowe m'malo mwa yoyambayo.
Machubu a hydraulic akhalapo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Aigupto ankapanga waya wamkuwa zaka zoposa 4,000 zapitazo. Ulusi wa nsungwi unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Xia, cha m'ma 2000 BC, ndipo pambuyo pake machitidwe a mapaipi a Aroma adamangidwa ndi njira zoyendetsera zitsulo, zomwe zinapangidwa kuchokera ku njira yosungunula siliva.
Mapaipi amakono achitsulo chosasunthika anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku North America mu 1890. Kuyambira mu 1890 mpaka lero, zinthu zopangira izi ndi billet yozungulira yolimba. Zatsopano mu kuponyedwa kosalekeza m'zaka za m'ma 1950 zinapangitsa kuti machubu osasinthika asinthe kuchoka ku ingots kupita ku zomwe zinali zitsulo zotsika mtengo, billets. Kale komanso masiku ano, machubu a hydraulic amapangidwa pokoka mozizira mabowo osasinthika omwe amapangidwa ndi njirayi. Mumsika wa North America, umagawidwa ngati SAE-J524 ndi Society of Automotive Engineers ndi ASTM-A519 ndi American Society for Testing and Materials.
Kupanga machubu osasunthika a hydraulic nthawi zambiri kumakhala ntchito yovuta, makamaka pa mainchesi ang'onoang'ono. Kumafuna mphamvu zambiri ndipo kumafuna malo ambiri.
Kuwotcherera. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, msika unasintha. Pambuyo polamulira msika wa mapaipi achitsulo kwa zaka pafupifupi 100, kutsetsereka kopanda msoko. Unachotsedwa ndi chitoliro chowotcherera, chomwe chinapezeka kuti chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina ambiri m'misika yomanga ndi yamagalimoto. Chinatenga gawo lina m'dziko lomwe kale linali lopatulika - gawo la mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.
Zinthu ziwiri zatsopano zinathandiza kusintha kumeneku pamsika. Chimodzi mwa izo chimaphatikizapo kuponyera miyala mosalekeza, komwe kumathandiza kuti mphero zachitsulo zipange bwino kwambiri mzere wosalala wapamwamba. Njira ina yomwe imapangitsa kuti kuwotcherera kwamphamvu kwambiri kukhale njira yothandiza kwambiri pamakampani opanga mapaipi. Zotsatira zake ndi chinthu chatsopano: kugwira ntchito bwino ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chosasalala poyerekeza ndi zinthu zofanana zosasalala, komanso pamtengo wotsika. Chitolirochi chikupangidwabe mpaka pano ndipo chimagawidwa ngati SAE-J525 kapena ASTM-A513-T5 pamsika waku North America. Chifukwa chitolirocho chimakokedwa ndikulumikizidwa, ndi chinthu chogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Njirazi sizimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri komanso ntchito zambiri ngati njira zosasalala, koma ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nazo zikadali zapamwamba.
Kuyambira m'ma 1990 mpaka pano, mapaipi ambiri a hydraulic line omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika wamkati, kaya ndi opangidwa mopanda msoko (SAE-J524) kapena opangidwa mozungulira (SAE-J525), amatumizidwa kunja. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya zinthu zopangira ntchito ndi zitsulo pakati pa US ndi mayiko otumiza kunja. Kwa zaka 30 mpaka 40 zapitazi, zinthuzi zakhala zikupezeka kwa opanga am'nyumba, koma sizinathe kudziwonetsa ngati zotsogola pamsika uno. Mtengo wabwino wa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja ndi chopinga chachikulu.
msika wamakono. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda msoko, zokokedwa ndi zolumikizidwa J524 kwakhala kukuchepa kwa zaka zambiri. Zikupezekabe ndipo zili ndi malo pamsika wamagetsi amadzimadzi, koma makampani opanga magetsi nthawi zambiri amasankha J525 ngati zinthu zolumikizidwa, zolumikizidwa ndi zolumikizidwa J525 zilipo mosavuta.
Mliriwu wafika ndipo msika wasinthanso. Kupezeka kwa antchito padziko lonse lapansi, zitsulo ndi zinthu zina kukuchepa pamlingo womwewo monga kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa magalimoto komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa. Izi ndi zomwe zikuchitikanso pakupereka machubu a hydraulic a J525 ochokera kunja. Poganizira izi, msika wakunyumba ukuoneka kuti wakonzeka kusintha msika wina. Kodi mwakonzeka kupanga chinthu china, chomwe sichigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuposa chubu cholukira, chokoka ndi chowonjezera? Chimodzi chilipo, ngakhale sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Ndi SAE-J356A, yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira za ntchito zambiri za hydraulic (onani Chithunzi 1).
Mafotokozedwe ofalitsidwa ndi SAE nthawi zambiri amakhala afupiafupi komanso osavuta, chifukwa mafotokozedwe onse amafotokoza njira imodzi yokha yopangira chitoliro. Vuto lake ndilakuti J525 ndi J356A zimafanana kwambiri m'makulidwe, mawonekedwe a makina, ndi zina zotero, kotero mafotokozedwewo nthawi zambiri amabzala mbewu za chisokonezo. Kuphatikiza apo, J356A ndi chinthu chozungulira cha mizere yaying'ono ya hydraulic ndipo ndi mtundu wa J356, womwe ndi chinthu cholunjika cha chitoliro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mizere yayikulu ya hydraulic.
Chithunzi 3. Ngakhale kuti machubu olumikizidwa ndi okokedwa ozizira amaonedwa ndi ambiri kuti ndi abwino kuposa machubu olumikizidwa ndi okokedwa ozizira, makhalidwe a makina a zinthu ziwirizi ndi ofanana. Dziwani: Mtengo wachifumu mu PSI ndi kusintha kofewa kwa zomwe zafotokozedwazo, ndi mtengo wa metric mu MPa.
Mainjiniya ena amakhulupirira kuti J525 imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic hydraulic pressure, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zolemera. J356A sidziwika bwino, komanso ndi njira yonyamulira madzi othamanga kwambiri. Nthawi zina zofunikira pakupanga zinthu zimakhala zosiyana: J525 ilibe ID bead, pomwe J356A imayendetsedwa ndi flash ndipo ili ndi ID bead yaying'ono.
Zipangizo zopangira zili ndi makhalidwe ofanana (onani Chithunzi 2). Kusiyana pang'ono kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala kumakhudzana ndi makhalidwe a makina omwe amafunidwa. Kuti tikwaniritse makhalidwe enaake a makina, monga kusweka kwa mphamvu pakukakamira kapena mphamvu yolimba kwambiri (UTS), kapangidwe ka mankhwala kapena chithandizo cha kutentha kwa chitsulocho chimakhala chochepa kuti chipange zotsatira zinazake.
Mitundu ya machubu imagawana magawo ofanana a magwiridwe antchito a makina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisinthasintha m'magwiritsidwe ntchito ambiri (onani Chithunzi 3). Mwanjira ina, ngati imodzi palibe, inayo ikhoza kukwaniritsa zofunikira. Palibe amene amafunika kukonzanso gudumu; makampaniwa ali kale ndi magudumu olimba komanso olinganizidwa omwe ali nawo.
Magazini ya Tube & Pipe Journal inakhala magazini yoyamba yodzipereka kutumikira makampani opanga mapaipi achitsulo mu 1990. Masiku ano, ikadali magazini yokhayo ku North America yodzipereka ku makampani opanga mapaipi ndipo yakhala gwero lodalirika kwambiri la chidziwitso kwa akatswiri opanga mapaipi.
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