Ukugqwala kwangaphakathi kubangele ukuba i-ADNOC ilahlekelwe kukugcinwa kwayo kwindawo enkulu yeoyile engaselunxwemeni. Umnqweno wokuphelisa le ngxaki kunye nesidingo sokuchaza iinkcukacha kunye nesicwangciso solawulo oluchanekileyo lwexesha elizayo olulungelelanisiweyo kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni kovavanyo lwasentsimini kobuchwepheshe be-polyethylene ephezulu (HDPE) kwimibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni. Eli phepha lichaza inkqubo yovavanyo lwasentsimini ephumeleleyo yeminyaka emi-5 kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-HDPE kwimibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokunciphisa ukugqwala kwangaphakathi kwimibhobho yeoyile ngokwahlula imibhobho yesinyithi kulwelo olugqwalisayo. Le teknoloji ingabizi kakhulu ekulawuleni ukugqwala ngaphakathi kwimibhobho yeoyile.
Kwi-ADNOC, iiFlowlines zenzelwe ukuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Oku kubalulekile ekuqhubekeni kweshishini kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina ezi ntambo zenziwe ngentsimbi yekhabhoni kuba nzima kuba zichaphazeleka kukugqwala kwangaphakathi okuvela kulwelo olugqwalisayo, iibhaktheriya, kunye neemeko ezimileyo ezibangelwa kukuhamba okuphantsi. Umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kobunyani uyanda ngokukhula kunye notshintsho kwiimpawu zolwelo lwedama.
I-ADNOC isebenzisa imibhobho kuxinzelelo lwe-30 ukuya kwi-50 bar, amaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-69°C kunye nokunqunyulwa kwamanzi okungaphezulu kwe-70%, kwaye ifumene iimeko ezininzi zokulahlekelwa kukugcinwa ngenxa yokugqwala kwangaphakathi kwimibhobho kwiindawo ezinkulu ezikunxweme. Iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba iiasethi ezikhethiweyo zodwa zinemibhobho yeoyile yendalo engaphezulu kwe-91 (iikhilomitha ezingama-302) kunye nemibhobho yokuphakamisa igesi engaphezulu kwe-45 (iikhilomitha ezili-100) enogqwala olukhulu lwangaphakathi. Iimeko zokusebenza ezilawula ukuphunyezwa kokunciphisa ukugqwala kwangaphakathi zaziquka i-pH ephantsi (4.8–5.2), ubukho be-CO2 (>3%) kunye ne-H2S (>3%), umlinganiselo wegesi/oyile ongaphezulu kwe-481 scf/bbl, ubushushu bomgca obungaphezulu kwe-55°C, ukuhamba koxinzelelo lomgca ngaphezu kwe-525 psi. Umxholo wamanzi aphezulu (>46%), isantya sokuhamba esiphantsi (ngaphantsi kwe-1 m/sec), ulwelo olumileyo, kunye nobukho beebhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-sulfate nazo zichaphazele iindlela zokunciphisa. Izibalo zokuvuza ezilungelelanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba uninzi lwale migca yayineengxaki, kunye nokuvuza okungaphezulu kwe-14 ngaphezulu. ixesha leminyaka emi-5. Oku kubangela ingxaki enkulu kuba kukhokelela ekuvuzeni nasekuphazamisekeni okuchaphazela kakubi imveliso.
Ukulahleka kokuqina kunye nesidingo sobungakanani kunye nesicwangciso solawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-flowline ingqibelelo yexesha elizayo kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni kovavanyo lwasentsimini lwetekhnoloji ye-HDPE lining efakwe i-slotted ne-flangeless kwi-3.0 km yeShedyuli 80 API 5L Gr.B 6 intshi. Yenza kube lula ukuphelisa le ngxaki. Uvavanyo lwasentsimini luqale lwasetyenziswa kwi-3.527 km yemibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni kwiimpahla ezikhethiweyo, kwalandela uvavanyo olunzulu kwi-4.0 km yemibhobho.
I-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) oil major kwi-Arabian Peninsula yayifake ii-HDPE liners kwasekuqaleni kowama-2012 kwiipayipi zeoyile eluhlaza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. I-GCC oil major esebenza kunye neShell ibisoloko isebenzisa ii-HDPE linings kwiifayili zamanzi kunye neoyile kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-20, kwaye ubuchwepheshe bukhulile ngokwaneleyo ukujongana nokugqwala kwangaphakathi kwiipayipi zeoyile.
Iprojekthi ye-ADNOC yaqaliswa kwikota yesibini ka-2011 yaza yafakwa kwikota yesibini ka-2012. Ukubeka esweni kwaqala ngo-Epreli 2012 kwaza kwagqitywa kwikota yesithathu ka-2017. Iispools zovavanyo emva koko zithunyelwa kwiZiko loBuchule boBuchule laseBorouge (BIC) ukuze livavanywe kwaye lihlalutywe. Iikhrayitheriya zempumelelo kunye nokungaphumeleli ezibekwe kwi-HDPE liner pilot yayikukuvuza okungekhoyo emva kokufakwa kwe-liner, ukungena kwegesi okuphantsi kwi-HDPE liner, kunye nokungawi kwe-liner.
Iphepha le-SPE-192862 lichaza amaqhinga anegalelo kwimpumelelo yovavanyo lwasemasimini. Ingqwalasela ikukucwangcisa, ukubeka imibhobho, kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwee-HDPE liners ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi olufunekayo lokufumana amaqhinga olawulo lokuthembeka kokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho ye-HDPE kwimibhobho yeoyile kwimihlaba yonke. Le teknoloji isetyenziswa kwimibhobho yeoyile kunye nemigca yokudlulisela. Ukongeza kwimibhobho yeoyile ekhoyo, ii-HDPE liners ezingezizo zesinyithi zinokusetyenziswa kwimibhobho yeoyile emitsha. Igxininisa iindlela ezilungileyo zokuphelisa ukusilela kokuthembeka kwemibhobho ngenxa yomonakalo ovela kukonakala kwangaphakathi.
Iphepha elipheleleyo lichaza iikhrayitheriya zokusetyenziswa kwee-gasket ze-HDPE; ukukhethwa kwezinto ze-gasket, ukulungiswa, kunye nolandelelwano lokufakwa; ukuvuza komoya kunye novavanyo lwe-hydrostatic; ukukhupha umoya kunye nokubeka iliso kwigesi ye-annular; ukuqaliswa komgca; kunye neziphumo zovavanyo oluneenkcukacha emva kovavanyo. Itheyibhile yoHlalutyo lweNdleko yoBomi be-Streamline ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko zentsimbi yekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa nee-linings ze-HDPE kwezinye iindlela zokunciphisa ukugqwala, kubandakanya ukufakwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokufakwa kweengulube, iipayipi ezingezizo zesinyithi, kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni engenanto. Isigqibo sokwenza uvavanyo lwesibini oluphuculweyo lwasentsimini emva kovavanyo lokuqala sichaziwe. Kuvavanyo lokuqala, uqhagamshelo olune-flange lwasetyenziswa ukudibanisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo omgca ohambayo. Kuyaziwa ukuba ii-flanges zinokungaphumeleli ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Ukukhupha umoya ngesandla kwiindawo ze-flange akudingi nje kuphela ukujonga rhoqo, okwandisa iindleko zokusebenza, kodwa kukwakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwegesi ephumayo emoyeni. Kwivavanyo lwesibini, ii-flanges zatshintshwa zizihlanganisi eziwelded, ezingena-flanges ezinenkqubo yokuzalisa ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye ne-liner ene-slotted ene-vent ekupheleni kwesikhululo sokukhupha igesi esikude esiza Kuphela kumsele ovaliweyo.
Uvavanyo lweminyaka emi-5 luqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-HDPE linings kwimibhobho yentsimbi yekhabhoni kunokunciphisa ukugqwala kwangaphakathi kwimibhobho yeoyile ngokwahlula imibhobho yesinyithi kulwelo olugqwalisayo.
Yongeza ixabiso ngokubonelela ngenkonzo yomgca engaphazanyiswayo, ukuphelisa ukufunxwa kweengulube ngaphakathi ukuze kususwe iidiphozithi kunye neebhaktheriya, ukonga iindleko ngokuphelisa isidingo seekhemikhali ezilwa nokukhula kunye ne-biocides, kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi.
Injongo yolu vavanyo yayikukunciphisa ukugqwala kwangaphakathi kombhobho kunye nokuthintela ukulahleka koxinzelelo oluphambili.
Iiliner zeHDPE ezinee-slotted ezinee-flangeless joints ezidityanisiweyo zisetyenziswa kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela i-injection njengophuculo olusekelwe kwizifundo ezifunyenweyo ekusetyenzisweni kokuqala kweeliner zeHDPE ezicacileyo ezinee-clips kwi-flanged terminals.
Ngokweekhrayitheriya zempumelelo kunye nokusilela ezibekwe kwi-pilot, akukho kuvuza kubikwe kwipayipi ukususela ekufakweni kwayo. Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo kunye nohlalutyo lwe-BIC lubonise ukwehla kobunzima be-3-5% kwi-liner esetyenzisiweyo, engabangeli ukuwohloka kweekhemikhali emva kweminyaka emi-5 yokusetyenziswa. Kufunyenwe eminye imikrwelo engazange ifikelele kwiimfanta. Ke ngoko, kucetyiswa ukuba kuqwalaselwe umahluko ekulahlekeni koxinano kuyilo lwexesha elizayo. Ukuphunyezwa kwemiqobo yokugqwala kwangaphakathi kufuneka kube yeyona nto iphambili, apho ukhetho lwe-HDPE lining (kuquka ukuphuculwa okusele kuchongiwe njengokutshintsha ii-flanges ngezihlanganisi kunye nokuqhubeka ne-lining kunye nokusebenzisa i-check valve kwi-lining ukoyisa ukuvuza kwegesi kwi-lining) zisisombululo esithembekileyo.
Le teknoloji isusa umngcipheko wokugqwala kwangaphakathi kwaye ibonelela ngokonga okukhulu kwiindleko zokusebenza ngexesha leenkqubo zonyango lweekhemikhali, njengoko kungekho mfuneko yonyango lweekhemikhali.
Ukuqinisekiswa kweteknoloji kwintsimi kube nefuthe elihle kulawulo lokuthembeka komgca wokuhamba kwamanzi, okubonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zolawulo lokugqwala kwangaphakathi komgca wokuhamba kwamanzi, ukunciphisa iindleko zizonke kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-HSE. Ii-liners ze-HDPE ezingenama-groove ezingenama-flange zicetyiswa njengendlela entsha yokulawula ukugqwala kwiindawo ze-oyile.
Itekhnoloji ye-HDPE lining iyacetyiswa kwiindawo ezikhoyo zeoyile negesi apho ukuvuza kwemibhobho kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemigca yokufaka amanzi kuxhaphakileyo.
Olu setyenziso luza kunciphisa inani lokusilela kwemigca ephumayo ebangelwa kukuvuza kwangaphakathi, lwandise ubomi bemigca ephumayo, kwaye lwandise imveliso.
Uphuhliso olutsha olupheleleyo lwesiza lungasebenzisa obu buchwephesha ekulawuleni ukugqwala okukwi-intanethi kunye nokonga iindleko kwiinkqubo zokubeka esweni.
Eli nqaku libhalwe nguMhleli wezoBugcisa beJPT uJudy Feder kwaye liqulathe izinto ezibalulekileyo kwiphepha le-SPE 192862, elithi “Iziphumo zovavanyo lweField Trial ezintsha zeFlangeless Grooved HDPE Liner Application kwiSuper Gigantic Field for Oil Flowline Internal Corrosion Management” ngu-Abby Kalio Amabipi, SPE, Marwan Hamad Salem, Siva Prasada Grandhe kunye noTijender Kumar Gupta be-ADNOC; Mohamed Ali Awadh, Borouge PTE; Nicholas Herbig, Jeff Schell kunye noTed Compton beUnited Special Technical Services kwi-2018 2018 e-Abu Dhabi, nge-12-15 kaNovemba Lungiselela uMboniso wePetroleum weHlabathi wase-Abu Dhabi kunye neNkomfa. Eli phepha alikaphononongwa ngontanga.
I-Journal of Petroleum Technology yijenali ephambili ye-Society of Petroleum Engineers, enika iingxelo ezichanekileyo kunye neempawu malunga nokuqhubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bokuhlola nokuvelisa, imiba yeshishini leoyile negesi, kunye neendaba malunga ne-SPE kunye namalungu ayo.