Ityhubhu yokupolisha yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-AISI 304
Ityhubhu yokupolisha yentsimbi engagqwali engama-304:
ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
ikhoyili yetyhubhu yentsimbi engatyiwayo
ityhubhu yekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
umbhobho wekhoyili yentsimbi engatyiwayo
abathengisi beetyhubhu zekhoyili yentsimbi engagqwaliyo
abavelisi beetyhubhu ze-coil zentsimbi engagqwaliyo
ikhoyili yombhobho wentsimbi engatyiwayo
Iipropati eziQhelekileyo
I-alloy 304Li-T-300 series stainless steel austenitic, enobuncinci be-18% chromium kunye ne-8% nickel. Uhlobo lwe-304L lunomlinganiselo ophezulu wekhabhoni yi-0.030. Luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-"18/8 stainless" olufumaneka rhoqo kwiipani nakwizixhobo zokupheka. I-Alloys 304L yeyona alloy isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kusapho lwe-stainless steel. Ilungele iintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zasekhaya nezezorhwebo, i-Alloys 304L ibonakalisa ukumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo kwaye ilula kakhulu ukuyila, iyakwazi ukwakheka kakuhle. I-austenitic stainless steels ikwathathwa njengezona zidityaniswa kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezine-alloy ephezulu kwaye zinokudityaniswa ngazo zonke iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kunye nokuxinana.
Iinkcukacha: UNS S30403
Izicelo:
I-Alloy 304L Stainless Steel isetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zasekhaya nezezorhwebo, kuquka:
Izixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, ngakumbi ekwenzeni ubhiya, ukulungisa ubisi, nokwenza iwayini
Iibhentshi zasekhitshini, izinki, imigqomo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo
Uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nokubumba
Ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo zeemoto kunye neenqwelo moya
Izinto zokwakha kwizakhiwo ezinkulu
Izikhongozeli zeekhemikhali, kuquka nezothutho
Izitshintshi zobushushu
Amantongomane, iibholiti, izikrufu, kunye nezinye izinto zokubopha kwindawo yolwandle
Ishishini lokudaya
Izikrini ezilukiweyo okanye ezitshixiweyo zemigodi, ukumba imigodi kunye nokuhluza amanzi
Imigangatho:
I-ASTM/ASME: S30403
I-EURONORM: 1.4303
I-AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
I-DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11
Ukumelana nokugqwala:
Ukuxhathisa ukugqwala kwiindawo ezikhupha ioksijini kubangelwa yi-18 ukuya kwi-19% ye-chromium equlethwe zii-alloys ezingama-304.
Ukuxhathisa ii-organic acids ezirhabaxa ngokuphakathi kubangelwa yi-9 ukuya kwi-11% ye-nickel equlethwe zii-alloys ezingama-304.
Ngamanye amaxesha, i-alloy 304L ingabonisa izinga lokugqwala eliphantsi kune-carbon Alloy 304 ephezulu; kungenjalo, i-304, i-304L, kunye ne-304H zinokuthathwa njengezisebenza ngokufanayo kwiindawo ezininzi zokugqwala.
I-Alloy 304L ikhethwa ukuba isetyenziswe kwiindawo ezinomhlwa ngokwaneleyo ukubangela umhlwa phakathi kwee-welds kunye neendawo ezichaphazeleka bubushushu kwii-alloys ezisengozini.
Ukumelana nobushushu:
Ukumelana kakuhle kwe-oxidation kwinkonzo eqhubekayo ukuya kwi-1600°F nakwinkonzo eqhubekayo ukuya kwi-1690°F.
Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-304 kuluhlu lwe-800-1580°F akukhuthazwa ukuba ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi okulandelayo kubalulekile.
I-Grade 304L iyakwazi ukumelana nemvula ye-carbide kwaye ingafudunyezwa kubushushu obungaphezulu.
Iipropati ze-304 Alloy
Iimpawu zokuWelda:
Iimpawu ezintle kakhulu zokuwelda; akufuneki ukuwelda emva kokuwelda xa kudityaniswa iindawo ezincinci. Izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusenziwa amajoyinti okuwelda kwiintsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zezi:
ukugcinwa kokumelana nokugqwala
ukuphepha ukuqhekeka
Ukucubungula – Ukwenziwa Okushushu:
Ukuze wenze i-furbish, shushu ngokulinganayo ukuya kwi-2100 / 2300 °F
Musa ukwenza i-foiling engaphantsi kwe-1700 °F
I-Forging ingapholiswa ngumoya ngaphandle kwengozi yokuqhekeka
Ukucubungula – Ukwenziwa Kokubanda:
Ulwakhiwo lwayo oluthambileyo luvumela ukuba lutsalwe nzulu ngaphandle kokufakwa kwe-annealing ephakathi, nto leyo eyenza olu hlobo lwentsimbi engenasici lukhethwe kakhulu ekwenzeni izinki, izinto ezingenanto kunye neembiza.
Ezi zigaba zisebenza nzima ngokukhawuleza. Ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukwakheka okanye ukujikeleza okunzima, iindawo kufuneka zifakwe ngokupheleleyo okanye zincitshiswe ngokukhawuleza emva kokwakheka.
Ubuchule bokusebenza:
Kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa ii-chip breakers kuba ii-chips zinokuba ziintambo. Intsimbi engatyiwayo mayiqine ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izixhobo eziqinileyo, izixhobo ezibukhali, kunye nokuseta okuqinileyo.
Iipropati zeKhemikhali:
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | N | |
| 304L | 0.03 ubuninzi | 2.0ubuninzi | 0.75ubuninzi | 0.45ubuninzi | 0.03 ubuninzi | ubuncinci: 18.0 ubuninzi: 20.0 | ubuncinci: 8.0 ubuninzi: 12.0 | Ubuninzi be-0.10 |
Iipropati zoomatshini:
| Ibanga | Amandla okuThamba ksi (umzuzu) | Amandla emveliso yi-0.2% ksi (umzuzu) | Ukwandiswa % | Ubunzima (Brinell) MAX | Ubunzima (Rockwell B) MAX |
| 304L | 70 | 25 | 40 | 201 | 92 |
Iimpawu Zomzimba:
| Uxinano lbm/ngaphakathi3 | Ukuqhuba kweThermal (BTU/h ft. °F) | Zombane Ukuxhathisa (kwi-x 10-6) | Imodulus ye Ukuthamba (i-psi x 106 | I-Coefficient ye Ukwandiswa kobushushu (ngaphakathi/ngaphakathi)/ °F x 10-6 | Ubushushu obuthile (BTU/lb/ °F) | Ukunyibilika Uluhlu (°F) |
| kwi-68°F: 0.285 | 9.4 kwi-212°F | 28.3 kwi-68°F | 28 | 9.4 kwi-32 - 212°F | 0.1200 kwi-68°F ukuya kwi-212°F | 2500 ukuya kwi-2590 |
| 12.4 kwi-932 °F | 39.4 kwi-752°F | 10.2 kwi-32 - 1000°F | ||||
| 49.6 kwi-1652 °F | 10.4 kwi-32 - 1500°F |
Inkcazo:
Into: umbhobho wokupholisha intsimbi engatyiwayo
Uhlobo: i-welded okanye ingenamthungo
Umgangatho: ASTM A554 JIS, DIN
Ibanga: 201,202, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 409, 430, njl.
Ubungakanani: Umbhobho ojikelezayo: OD 8-219m
Umbhobho wesikwere: OD 10x10mm -150x150mm
Umbhobho woxande: 10x20mm ukuya kwi-120x180mm
Ubukhulu: 0.2-4.0mm
Umphezulu wombhobho: 180G, 320G, 400G, 500G, 600G, iSatin, umgca weenwele, 2B, i-BA, isibuko, 8K
Ubude bombhobho: 5.8m 6M 11.85M 12m
Isicelo:
1. Ukusetyenziswa kwemihlobiso (indlela, ibhulorho yokuphatha, isitishi, indawo yokumisa ibhasi, isikhululo seenqwelo-moya kunye nejimu
2. Ulwakhiwo kunye nokuhombisa
3. Indawo yemizi-mveliso (ipetroli, ukutya, iikhemikhali, iphepha, isichumisi, ilaphu, uhambo ngenqwelomoya kunye nenyukliya.
| Ityhubhu yentsimbi yesikwere (mm) | Ityhubhu yentsimbi engunxande (mm) | Ityhubhu yentsimbi ejikelezileyo (mm) |
| 10×10×0.6~3.0 | 10×20×0.6~3.0 | 6×0.6~1.0 |
| 15×15×0.6~3.0 | 20×30×0.6~3.0 | 12×0.6~1.5 |
| 20×20×0.6~3.0 | 20×40×0.6~3.0 | 13×0.6~1.5 |
| 25×25×0.6~3.0 | 25×50×0.6~3.5 | 16×0.6~2.0 |
| 30×30×0.6~3.5 | 30×50×0.6~3.5 | 19×0.6~3.0 |
| 40×40×0.6~3.5 | 40×60×0.6~3.5 | 20×0.6~3.0 |
| 50×50×0.6~3.5 | 40×80×0.6~3.5 | 22×0.6~3.0 |
| 60×60×0.6~3.5 | 60×80×1.0~6.0 | 25×0.6~3.0 |
| 70×70×0.6~3.5 | 50×100×1.0~6.0 | 27×0.6~3.0 |
| 75×75×0.6~3.5 | 60×120×1.0~6.0 | 32×0.6~3.0 |
| 80×80×1.0~6.0 | 80×120×2.0~8.0 | 40×0.6~3.5 |
| 100×100×2.0~8.0 | 80×160×2.0~8.0 | 38×0.6~3.0 |
| 120×120×2.0~8.0 | 100×150×2.0~8.0 | 48×0.6~3.5 |
| 150×150×2.0~8.0 | 100×200×2.0~8.0 | 60×0.6~3.5 |
| 200×200×4.0~16.0 | 150×250×4.0~12.0 | 76×0.6~3.5 |
| 250×250×4.0~16.0 | 200×300×4.0~16.0 | 89×1.0~6.0 |
| 300×300×4.0~16.0 | 300×400×4.0~16.0 | 104×1.0~6.0 |
| 400×400×4.0~16.0 | 300×500×4.0~16.0 | 114×1.0~6.0 |
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zombhobho wokupholisha intsimbi engagqwaliyo:
| Ibanga | Ulwakhiwo, % | |||||||||
| Ikhabhoni, | IManga- | I-Phos- | Isalfure, | I-silicon, | I-Nickel | I-Chromium | I-Molybdenum | I-Titanium | IColumbium + iTantalum | |
| I-Austenitic | ||||||||||
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 6.0–8.0 | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–10.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 304L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–13.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 305 | 0.12 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–13.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 309S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | ... |
| 309S-Cb | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | B |
| 310S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 19.0–22.0 | 24.0–26.0 | … | … | … |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–14.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 316L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–15.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 317 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.0–14.0 | 18.0–20.0 | 3.0–4.0 | … | … |
| 321 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | C | … |
| 330 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 33.0–36.0 | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 347 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | … | B |
| 429 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Ubuninzi obuyi-0.50 | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Ubuninzi obuyi-0.50 | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 430-Ti | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Ubuninzi obuyi-0.075 | 16.0–19.5 | … | 5 × C imizuzu, | … |
| Ubuninzi obuyi-0.75 | ||||||||||
▼I-stainless steel coiled tubes / coiled tubes material grade:
| i-USA | JEMANI | JEMANI | FRANSI | JAPHAN | ELAMATALIYANE | SWIDEN | e-UK | i-EU | SPEYIN | RHASHIYA |
| I-AISI | I-DIN 17006 | I-WN 17007 | I-AFNOR | I-JIS | I-UNI | I-SIS | I-BSI | I-EURONORM | ||
| 201 | I-SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | I-SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | I-SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | I-SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | I-SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | I-SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | I-SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | I-SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | I-SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | I-SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | I-SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | I-SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | I-SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | I-SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | I-SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | I-SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | I-SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | I-SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | I-Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | I-SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | I-SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | I-SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | I-Z 6 CNT 18-10 | I-SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | I-SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | I-SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | I-SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | I-SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| I-UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| I-UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | I-SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | I-SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | I-SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | I-SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
Ifektri
Inzuzo yomgangatho:
Umgangatho weemveliso zethu zomgca wolawulo kwicandelo leoyile negesi uqinisekiswa kungekuphela nje ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa elawulwayo kodwa nangendlela yokuvavanywa kwemveliso egqityiweyo. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo luquka:
1. Uvavanyo olungatshabalalisiyo
2. Uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic
3. Ulawulo lokugqiba umphezulu
4. Ukulinganisa ukuchaneka kobukhulu
5. Uvavanyo lweFlare kunye ne-coning
6. Uvavanyo lweempawu zoomatshini nezekhemikhali
Isicelo setyhubhu ye-caillary
1) Ishishini lezixhobo zonyango
2) ulawulo lobushushu olukhokelwa bubushushu kwimizi-mveliso, iisensa ezisetyenzisiweyo ngepayipi, ityhubhu yethermometer
3) Ityhubhu engundoqo yoshishino lokhathalelo lweepeni
4) i-antenna ye-micro-tube, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-antenna yentsimbi engagqwali echanekileyo encinci
5) Ngeentlobo ngeentlobo ze-elektroniki ezincinci ze-capillary yentsimbi engagqwaliyo
6) Isibhakela senaliti yobucwebe
7) Iiwotshi, umfanekiso
8) Ityhubhu ye-antenna yemoto, ii-antenna zebha ezisebenzisa iityhubhu, ityhubhu ye-antenna
9) Izixhobo zokuqopha nge-laser ezisetyenziselwa ityhubhu yentsimbi engagqwaliyo
10) Izixhobo zokuloba, izixhobo, uYugan uphumile ephethe
11) Ukutya nge-capillary yentsimbi engagqwaliyo
12) zonke iintlobo zesitayile sefowuni esiphathwayo nesitayile sekhompyutha
13) Ishishini lemibhobho yokufudumeza, ishishini leoyile
14) Iiprinta, inaliti yebhokisi engathethiyo
15) Tsala ityhubhu yentsimbi engatyiwayo enyibilikisiweyo kabini esetyenziswa kwiifestile ezidityanisiweyo
16) Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeetyhubhu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezichanekileyo
17) Ukusasaza ngokuchanekileyo ngeenaliti zentsimbi engagqwaliyo
18) Imakrofoni, ii-headphones kunye nemakrofoni yokusebenzisa ityhubhu yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, njalo njalo














