Umuyoboro wo gusiga icyuma kitagira umugese wa AISI 304
Umuyoboro wo gusiga icyuma kitagira umugese 304:
umuyoboro w'icyuma gifunganye
umuyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umugese
umuyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umugese
umuyoboro w'icyuma gifunganye
abatanga imiyoboro y'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma kidakoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese
abakora imiyoboro ya coil y'icyuma kidashonga
umuyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umugese
Imitungo Rusange
Aloi 304LIcupa rya T-300 series stainless steel austenitic, rifite nibura 18% ya chromium na 8% ya nikeli. Ubwoko bwa 304L bufite uburebure bwa karuboni ni 0.030. Ni "stainless steel" isanzwe iboneka mu masafuriya no mu bikoresho byo guteka. Alloys 304L ni yo aluminiyumu ikoreshwa cyane kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu muryango w'icyuma kitarakira. Ni nziza ku bikoresho bitandukanye byo mu rugo no mu bucuruzi, Alloys 304L ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese kandi yoroshye kuyikora, ifite ubushobozi bwo kuyitunganya neza cyane. Icupa rya stainless steel austenitic naryo rifatwa nk'iry'ibyuma bishobora gusukwa cyane mu byuma bifite alloy nyinshi kandi rishobora gusukwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwose bwo gusukwa no gusukwa.
Ibisobanuro: UNS S30403
Porogaramu:
Ibyuma bita "Alloy 304L Stainless Steel" bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo mu rugo no mu bucuruzi, harimo:
Ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiribwa, cyane cyane mu gukora inzoga, gutunganya amata no gukora divayi
Intebe zo mu gikoni, amasinki, imiyoboro, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho
Imitako n'imitako by'ubwubatsi
Imikoreshereze y'imiterere y'imodoka n'indege
Ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi mu nyubako nini
Ibikoresho bya shimi, harimo n'ibyo gutwara
Ibikoresho byo guhinduranya ubushyuhe
Imbuto, bolts, vis, n'ibindi bikoresho byo gufata mu mazi
Inganda zo gusiga amarangi
Ibikoresho biboshye cyangwa bisutsweho ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'amazi
Amahame ngenderwaho:
ASTM/ASME: S30403
EURONORM: 1.4303
AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11
Ubudahangarwa ku ngaruka:
Ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu mu bidukikije bitanga ogisijeni ni ingaruka za chromium iri hagati ya 18 na 19% iri muri alloys 304.
Ubudahangarwa bw'aside organic ikarishye cyane ni ingaruka za nikeli iri hagati ya 9 na 11% irimo alloys 304.
Hari igihe alloy 304L ishobora kugaragaza igipimo cyo kwangirika kiri hasi ugereranyije na alloy 304 ya karuboni iri hejuru; bitabaye ibyo, 304, 304L, na 304H bishobora gufatwa nk'aho bikora kimwe mu bidukikije byinshi byakwangirika.
Alloy 304L irakunzwe gukoreshwa ahantu hashobora kwangirika bihagije ku buryo hatera kwangirika hagati y’uduce duto tw’ingufu n’uduce twagizweho ingaruka n’ubushyuhe ku duce dushobora kwangirika.
Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe:
Ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bugera kuri 1600°F no mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bugera kuri 1690°F.
Gukoresha dogere 304 buri gihe mu rugero rwa dogere 800-1580 F ntibyemewe niba uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese mu mazi ari ngombwa.
Ingano ya 304L irwanya cyane imvura ya karuboni kandi ishobora gushyushywa mu bushyuhe buri hejuru.
Imiterere ya 304 Alloy
Ibiranga gusudira:
Imiterere myiza yo gusudira; gukurura nyuma yo gusudira ntibikenewe mu gusudira ibice bito. Ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu gukora imiyoboro yo gusudira mu byuma bitagira umugese ni ibi bikurikira:
kubungabunga uburyo bwo kurwanya ingese
kwirinda gucikagurika
Gutunganya – Gutunganya Ibiryo Bishyushye:
Kugira ngo uhinge, shyushya ubushyuhe bungana kugeza kuri 2100 / 2300 °F
Ntugakore filime iri munsi ya 1700 °F
Gushongesha bishobora gukonjeshwa n'umwuka nta kaga ko gucika
Gutunganya – Gutunganya Ibicurane:
Imiterere yayo ituma ikururwa mu buryo bwimbitse nta gukururwa hagati, ibi bikaba ari byo byuma bitagira umugese bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora amasafuriya, ibikoresho bidafite aho bibohera n'amasafuriya.
Izi ngeri zikora vuba cyane. Kugira ngo ugabanye imihangayiko iterwa no gukora cyangwa kuzunguruka bikomeye, ibice bigomba gupfundikirwa byuzuye cyangwa bigahita bikurwamo imihangayiko vuba bishoboka nyuma yo gukora.
Uburyo bwo gukora:
Gukoresha utumashini duto two gukata uduce duto birakwiye kuko utumashini dushobora kuba dufite imigozi. Ibyuma bito byo gukata vuba, ibikoresho bikomeye, ibikoresho bityaye, n'uburyo bukomeye bwo gukata munsi y'urwego rwo gukata rwavuye mu nzira zabanje.
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire:
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | N | |
| 304L | 0.03 max | 2.0 ntarengwa | 0.75max | 0.45 max | 0.03 max | Iminota: 18.0 ntarengwa: 20.0 | Iminota: 8.0 ntarengwa: 12.0 | 0.10 ntarengwa |
Imiterere ya mekanike:
| Icyiciro | Ingufu zo Gukurura ksi (iminota) | Imbaraga z'umusaruro 0.2% ksi (iminota) | Uburebure % | Ubukomere (Brinell) MAX | Ubukomere (Rockwell B) MAX |
| 304L | 70 | 25 | 40 | 201 | 92 |
Imiterere ifatika:
| Ubucucike lbm/muri3 | Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe (BTU/h ft. °F) | Amashanyarazi Ubushobozi bwo kwirinda (muri x 10-6) | Moduli ya Gukomera (psi x 106 | Kozayineri ya Kwaguka k'ubushyuhe (muri/muri) / °F x 10-6 | Ubushyuhe bwihariye (BTU/lb/ °F) | Gushonga Urugendo (°F) |
| kuri 68°F: 0.285 | 9.4 kuri 212°F | 28.3 kuri 68°F | 28 | 9.4 kuri 32 – 212°F | 0.1200 kuri 68°F kugeza 212°F | Kuva kuri 2500 kugeza kuri 2590 |
| 12.4 kuri 932 °F | 39.4 kuri 752°F | 10.2 kuri 32 – 1000°F | ||||
| 49.6 kuri 1652 °F | 10.4 kuri 32 – 1500°F |
Ibisobanuro:
Ikintu: umuyoboro wo gusiga icyuma kidafunze
Ubwoko: bwasudeshejwe cyangwa butarimo umushono
Igisanzwe: ASTM A554 JIS, DIN
Icyiciro: 201, 202, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 409, 430, nibindi
Ingano: Umuyoboro uzengurutse: OD 8-219m
Umuyoboro wa kare: OD 10x10mm -150x150mm
Umuyoboro w'urukiramende: 10x20mm kugeza 120x180mm
Ubunini: 0.2-4.0mm
Ubuso bw'umuyoboro: 180G, 320G, 400G, 500G, 600G, Satin, umurongo w'imisatsi, 2B, BA, indorerwamo, 8K
Uburebure bw'umuyoboro: 5.8m 6M 11.85M 12m
Porogaramu:
1. Imikoreshereze y'imitako (umuhanda, inzira yo ku kiraro, inzira y'umuhanda, aho bisi zihagarara, ikibuga cy'indege na siporo
2. Ubwubatsi n'imitako
3. Akarere k'inganda (lisansi, ibiribwa, imiti, impapuro, ifumbire, imyenda, indege na nuclear).
| Umuyoboro w'icyuma wa kare (mm) | Umuyoboro w'icyuma ufite uruziga (mm) | Umuyoboro w'icyuma uzenguruka (mm) |
| 10×10×0.6~3.0 | 10×20×0.6~3.0 | 6×0.6~1.0 |
| 15×15×0.6~3.0 | 20×30×0.6~3.0 | 12×0.6~1.5 |
| 20×20×0.6~3.0 | 20×40×0.6~3.0 | 13×0.6~1.5 |
| 25×25×0.6~3.0 | 25×50×0.6~3.5 | 16×0.6~2.0 |
| 30×30×0.6~3.5 | 30×50×0.6~3.5 | 19×0.6~3.0 |
| 40×40×0.6~3.5 | 40×60×0.6~3.5 | 20×0.6~3.0 |
| 50×50×0.6~3.5 | 40×80×0.6~3.5 | 22×0.6~3.0 |
| 60×60×0.6~3.5 | 60×80×1.0~6.0 | 25×0.6~3.0 |
| 70×70×0.6~3.5 | 50×100×1.0~6.0 | 27×0.6~3.0 |
| 75×75×0.6~3.5 | 60×120×1.0~6.0 | 32×0.6~3.0 |
| 80×80×1.0~6.0 | 80×120×2.0~8.0 | 40×0.6~3.5 |
| 100×100×2.0~8.0 | 80×160×2.0~8.0 | 38×0.6~3.0 |
| 120×120×2.0~8.0 | 100×150×2.0~8.0 | 48×0.6~3.5 |
| 150×150×2.0~8.0 | 100×200×2.0~8.0 | 60×0.6~3.5 |
| 200×200×4.0~16.0 | 150×250×4.0~12.0 | 76×0.6~3.5 |
| 250×250×4.0~16.0 | 200×300×4.0~16.0 | 89×1.0~6.0 |
| 300×300×4.0~16.0 | 300×400×4.0~16.0 | 104×1.0~6.0 |
| 400×400×4.0~16.0 | 300×500×4.0~16.0 | 114×1.0~6.0 |
Imiterere ifatika y'umuyoboro wo gusiga icyuma kidafunze:
| Icyiciro | Imiterere, % | |||||||||
| Karuboni, | Manga- | Phos- | Sulfure, | Silikoni, | Nickel | Chromium | Molybdenum | Titanium | Columbium + Tantalum | |
| Austenitic | ||||||||||
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 6.0–8.0 | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–10.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 304L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–13.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 305 | 0.12 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–13.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 309S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | ... |
| 309S-Cb | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | B |
| 310S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 19.0–22.0 | 24.0–26.0 | … | … | … |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–14.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 316L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–15.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 317 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.0–14.0 | 18.0–20.0 | 3.0–4.0 | … | … |
| 321 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | C | … |
| 330 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 33.0–36.0 | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 347 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | … | B |
| 429 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 ntarengwa | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 ntarengwa | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 430-Ti | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.075 ntarengwa | 16.0–19.5 | … | 5 × C umunota, | … |
| 0.75 ntarengwa | ||||||||||
▼Ingano y'ibikoresho by'imiyoboro ikozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese / imiyoboro ikozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese:
| Amerika | U BUDAGE | U BUDAGE | UBUFARANSA | UBUYAPANI | UBUTALIYANI | U BUSUWEDI | Ubwongereza | Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi | ESPANYA | UBURUSI |
| AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye | SIS | BSI | EURONOM | ||
| 201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
Uruganda
Akamaro k'ubwiza:
Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byacu ku murongo w'igenzura mu rwego rwa peteroli na gaze buragaragara atari mu gihe cyo kugenzura gusa, ahubwo no mu igeragezwa ry'ibicuruzwa. Ibipimo bisanzwe birimo:
1. Ibizamini bidasenya
2. Ibipimo bya Hydrostatic
3. Igenzura ry'irangira ry'ubuso
4. Ibipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'ibipimo
5. Ibizamini byo gushyuha no gufunga
6. Gupima imiterere y'ibikoresho bya mekanike n'ibinyabutabire
Umuyoboro wa caillary ukoreshwa
1) Inganda zikora ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi
2) kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'inganda bugengwa n'ubushyuhe, imiyoboro ikoreshwa n'ibikoresho, thermometer y'umuyoboro
3) Umuyoboro w'ibanze w'inganda zishinzwe kwita ku makaramu
4) antene ntoya, ubwoko butandukanye bwa antene ntoya z'icyuma kidashonga neza
5) Ifite ubwoko butandukanye bw'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bitagira umurambararo gikozwe mu byuma bitagira umurambararo
6) Umushumi w'imitako
7) Amasaha, ifoto
8) Umuyoboro wa antene y'imodoka, antene zo ku ruhande zikoresha imiyoboro, umuyoboro wa antene
9) Ibikoresho byo gushushanya hakoreshejwe laser kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu cyuma kitagira umwanda
10) Ibikoresho byo kuroba, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, Yugan nta kintu na kimwe afite
11) Indyo ikoresha umuyoboro w'icyuma kidashonga
12) ubwoko bwose bwa stylus ya terefone igendanwa na stylus ya mudasobwa
13) Inganda zishyushya imiyoboro, inganda zikora peteroli
14) Imashini zicapa, urushinge rw'agasanduku kadacecetse
15) Kura umuyoboro w'icyuma gishongeshejwe kabiri gikoreshwa mu madirishya afatanye
16) Ubwoko butandukanye bw'imiyoboro mito y'icyuma gikozwe mu nganda gifite uburebure buciriritse
17) Gutanga neza ibikoresho hakoreshejwe inshinge z'icyuma kitagira umugese
18) Mikoro, ecouteur na mikoro zo gukoresha umuyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umugese, n'ibindi














