Chitsulo chopukutira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha AISI 304
Chitoliro chopukutira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304:
chubu chosapanga dzimbiri chachitsulo chozungulira
choyimbira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri cha koyilo
ogulitsa chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
opanga chubu chosapanga dzimbiri chopangira koyilo
choyimbira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Katundu Wamba
Aloyi 304LChitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha T-300, chomwe chili ndi 18% chromium ndi 8% nickel. Mtundu wa 304L uli ndi carbon maximum ndi 0.030. Ndi "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 18/8" chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri m'mapoto ndi zida zophikira. Chitsulo cha Alloys 304L ndi chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'banja la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi osiyanasiyana, Chitsulo cha Alloys 304L chili ndi kukana dzimbiri kwabwino kwambiri ndipo chimakhala chosavuta kupanga, komanso chimapangidwa bwino kwambiri. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chimaonedwanso kuti ndi chomwe chimatha kusunthidwa bwino kwambiri pazitsulo zokhala ndi alloy yambiri ndipo chimatha kusunthidwa ndi njira zonse zosakanikirana komanso zotsutsana.
Zofotokozera: UNS S30403
Mapulogalamu:
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Alloy 304L chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi, kuphatikizapo:
Zipangizo zopangira chakudya, makamaka popanga mowa, kukonza mkaka, ndi kupanga vinyo
Mabenchi a kukhitchini, masinki, ziwiya zophikira, zida, ndi zipangizo zina
Kukongoletsa ndi kuumba mapulani
Kugwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka magalimoto ndi ndege
Zipangizo zomangira m'nyumba zazikulu
Zidebe za mankhwala, kuphatikizapo zonyamulira
Zosinthira kutentha
Mtedza, maboluti, zomangira, ndi zomangira zina m'nyanja
Makampani opanga utoto
Zophimba zolukidwa kapena zolukidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'migodi, kukumba miyala ndi kusefa madzi
Miyezo:
ASTM/ASME: S30403
EURONORM: 1.4303
AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11
Kukana Kudzikundikira:
Kukana dzimbiri m'malo ophikira ndi chifukwa cha 18 mpaka 19% ya chromium yomwe ili mu 304 alloys.
Kukana kwa ma organic acid amphamvu pang'ono kumachitika chifukwa cha 9 mpaka 11% ya nickel yomwe ili mu 304 alloys.
Nthawi zina, alloy 304L ikhoza kuwonetsa kutsika kwa dzimbiri kuposa carbon Alloy 304 yokwera; apo ayi, 304, 304L, ndi 304H zitha kuonedwa kuti zimagwira ntchito mofanana m'malo ambiri owononga.
Aloyi 304L ndi yabwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo owononga mokwanira kuti awononge ma welds ndi madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha pa ma aloyi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha.
Kukana Kutentha:
Kukana kwa okosijeni bwino pakagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi mpaka 1600°F komanso pakagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mpaka 1690°F.
Kugwiritsa ntchito 304 mosalekeza pa kutentha kwa 800-1580°F sikuvomerezeka ngati kukana dzimbiri m'madzi pambuyo pake ndikofunikira.
Gulu la 304L limalimbana kwambiri ndi mvula ya carbide ndipo limatha kutenthedwa mpaka kutentha komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa.
Katundu wa 304 Alloy
Makhalidwe Owotcherera:
Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri owotcherera; kulowetsedwa kwa annealing pambuyo pa kuwotcherera sikofunikira powotcherera zigawo zoonda. Zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira popanga zolumikizira zowetcherera mu zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic ndi izi:
kusunga kukana dzimbiri
kupewa kusweka
Kukonza - Kutentha Kwambiri:
Kuti mupange, tenthetsani mofanana mpaka 2100 / 2300 °F
Musapange zinthu zotentha zosakwana 1700 °F
Kupangira zinthu kungaziziritsidwe ndi mpweya popanda kusweka
Kukonza - Kupanga Kozizira:
Kapangidwe kake ka austenitic kamalola kuti ikokedwe mozama popanda kulowetsedwa pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimasankhidwa popanga masinki, ziwiya zopanda kanthu ndi ma saucepan.
Magawo amenewa amagwira ntchito mwamphamvu mofulumira. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupanga kapena kupota kwambiri, ziwalo ziyenera kutsekedwa kwathunthu kapena kuchotsedwa kupsinjika mwachangu momwe zingathere mutapanga.
Kuthekera kwa Machina:
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma chip breaker kumalimbikitsidwa chifukwa ma chips amatha kukhala opyapyala. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimalimba mwachangu, ma feed olemera, zida zakuthwa, ndi kukhazikitsa kolimba kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Katundu wa Mankhwala:
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | N | |
| 304L | 0.03max | 2.0max | 0.75max | 0.45max | 0.03max | mphindi: 18.0 kupitirira apo: 20.0 | mphindi: 8.0 kupitirira apo: 12.0 | 0.10 payokha |
Katundu wa Makina:
| Giredi | Mphamvu Yokoka ksi (mphindi) | Mphamvu Yotulutsa 0.2% ksi (mphindi) | Kutalikitsa % | Kuuma (Brinell) MAX | Kulimba (Rockwell B) MAX |
| 304L | 70 | 25 | 40 | 201 | 92 |
Katundu Wachilengedwe:
| Kuchulukana lbm/mu3 | Kutentha kwa Matenthedwe (BTU/h ft. °F) | Zamagetsi Kusakhazikika (mu x 10-6) | Modulus ya Kutanuka (psi x 106 | Koyefiyira ya Kukula kwa Kutentha (mkati/mkati)/ °F x 10-6 | Kutentha Kwapadera (BTU/lb/ °F) | Kusungunuka Malo ozungulira (°F) |
| pa 68°F: 0.285 | 9.4 pa 212°F | 28.3 pa 68°F | 28 | 9.4 pa 32 - 212°F | 0.1200 pa 68°F mpaka 212°F | 2500 mpaka 2590 |
| 12.4 pa 932 °F | 39.4 pa 752°F | 10.2 pa 32 - 1000°F | ||||
| 49.6 pa 1652 °F | 10.4 pa 32 - 1500°F |
Mafotokozedwe:
Chinthu: chitoliro chopukutira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Mtundu: welded kapena wopanda msoko
Muyezo: ASTM A554 JIS, DIN
Kalasi: 201,202, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 409, 430, ndi zina zotero
Kukula: Chitoliro chozungulira: OD 8-219m
Chitoliro Chachikulu: OD 10x10mm -150x150mm
Chitoliro cha Rectangle: 10x20mm mpaka 120x180mm
Makulidwe: 0.2-4.0mm
Pamwamba pa chitoliro: 180G, 320G, 400G, 500G, 600G, Satin, mzere wa tsitsi, 2B, BA, galasi, 8K
Utali wa chitoliro: 5.8m 6M 11.85M 12m
Ntchito:
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito zokongoletsa (msewu, chogwirira cha mlatho, njanji, malo oimika basi, eyapoti ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi
2. Kapangidwe ndi kukongoletsa
3. Malo a mafakitale (mafuta, chakudya, mankhwala, mapepala, feteleza, nsalu, ndege ndi nyukiliya.
| Chitsulo chachitsulo cha Square (mm) | Chitsulo chachitsulo chozungulira (mm) | Chitsulo Chozungulira (mm) |
| 10×10×0.6~3.0 | 10×20×0.6~3.0 | 6×0.6~1.0 |
| 15×15×0.6~3.0 | 20×30×0.6~3.0 | 12×0.6~1.5 |
| 20×20×0.6~3.0 | 20×40×0.6~3.0 | 13×0.6~1.5 |
| 25×25×0.6~3.0 | 25×50×0.6~3.5 | 16×0.6~2.0 |
| 30×30×0.6~3.5 | 30×50×0.6~3.5 | 19×0.6~3.0 |
| 40×40×0.6~3.5 | 40×60×0.6~3.5 | 20×0.6~3.0 |
| 50×50×0.6~3.5 | 40×80×0.6~3.5 | 22×0.6~3.0 |
| 60×60×0.6~3.5 | 60×80×1.0~6.0 | 25×0.6~3.0 |
| 70×70×0.6~3.5 | 50×100×1.0~6.0 | 27×0.6~3.0 |
| 75×75×0.6~3.5 | 60×120×1.0~6.0 | 32×0.6~3.0 |
| 80×80×1.0~6.0 | 80×120×2.0~8.0 | 40×0.6~3.5 |
| 100×100×2.0~8.0 | 80×160×2.0~8.0 | 38×0.6~3.0 |
| 120×120×2.0~8.0 | 100×150×2.0~8.0 | 48×0.6~3.5 |
| 150×150×2.0~8.0 | 100×200×2.0~8.0 | 60×0.6~3.5 |
| 200×200×4.0~16.0 | 150×250×4.0~12.0 | 76×0.6~3.5 |
| 250×250×4.0~16.0 | 200×300×4.0~16.0 | 89×1.0~6.0 |
| 300×300×4.0~16.0 | 300×400×4.0~16.0 | 104×1.0~6.0 |
| 400×400×4.0~16.0 | 300×500×4.0~16.0 | 114×1.0~6.0 |
Kapangidwe ka chitoliro chopukutira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri:
| Giredi | Kapangidwe, % | |||||||||
| Mpweya, | Manga- | Phos- | Sulfure, | Silikoni, | Fakitoli | Chromium | Molybdenum | Titaniyamu | Columbium + Tantalum | |
| Austenitic | ||||||||||
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 6.0–8.0 | 16.0–18.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–10.0 | 17.0–19.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–20.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 304L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–13.0 | 18.0–20.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 305 | 0.12 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–13.0 | 17.0–19.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 309S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 309S-Cb | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | ... | ... | B |
| 310S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 19.0–22.0 | 24.0–26.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–14.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... |
| 316L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–15.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... |
| 317 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.0–14.0 | 18.0–20.0 | 3.0–4.0 | ... | ... |
| 321 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | ... | C | ... |
| 330 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 33.0–36.0 | 14.0–16.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 347 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | ... | ... | B |
| 429 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 pasadakhale | 14.0–16.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 pasadakhale | 16.0–18.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 430-Ti | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.075 pasadakhale | 16.0–19.5 | ... | 5 × mphindi C, | ... |
| 0.75 pasadakhale | ||||||||||
▼Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chozungulira machubu / machubu ozungulira kalasi yazinthu:
| USA | Germany | Germany | FRANCE | JAPAN | ITALY | SWEDEN | UK | EU | SPAIN | RUSSIA |
| AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNION | SIS | BSI | EURONORM | ||
| 201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
Fakitale
Ubwino wa khalidwe:
Ubwino wa zinthu zathu zoyendetsera mafuta ndi gasi umatsimikizika osati panthawi yokonza zinthu zokha komanso poyesa zinthu zomalizidwa. Mayeso wamba ndi awa:
1. Mayeso osawononga
2. Mayeso a Hydrostatic
3. Zowongolera zomaliza pamwamba
4. Miyeso yolondola ya miyeso
5. Mayeso a Flare ndi coning
6. Kuyesa katundu wa makina ndi mankhwala
Ntchito chubu cha caillary
1) Makampani opanga zida zamankhwala
2) kuwongolera kutentha kwa mafakitale kotsogozedwa ndi kutentha, masensa ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitoliro, thermometer ya chubu
3) Chitoliro chachikulu cha makampani osamalira mapeni
4) antenna ya micro-tube, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya antenna yaing'ono yolondola yosapanga dzimbiri
5) Ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi yaying'ono yamagetsi yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
6) Zodzikongoletsera zoboola ndi singano
7) Mawotchi, chithunzi
8) Chubu cha antenna ya galimoto, ma antenna ozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito machubu, chubu cha antenna
9) Zipangizo zojambula ndi laser zogwiritsira ntchito chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
10) Zida zosodza, zowonjezera, Yugan ali ndi
11) Zakudya zokhala ndi capillary yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
12) mitundu yonse ya stylus ya foni yam'manja ndi stylus ya kompyuta
13) Makampani opangira mapaipi otentha, makampani opangira mafuta
14) Makina osindikizira, singano ya bokosi losalankhula
15) Kokani chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosungunuka kawiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mawindo
16) Machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri osiyanasiyana a mafakitale
17) Kugawa bwino ndi singano zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
18) Maikolofoni, mahedifoni ndi maikolofoni yogwiritsira ntchito chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero














