AISI 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopukutira chubu
304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopukutira chubu:
zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri koyilo chubu
chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chubu koyilo
zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri koyilo machubu
chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri koyilo chitoliro
osapanga zitsulo koyilo chubu ogulitsa
opanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri koyilo chubu
chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chitoliro koyilo
General Properties
Mphamvu ya 304LT-300 mndandanda wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri austenitic, zomwe zimakhala ndi 18% chromium ndi 8% faifi tambala. Mtundu wa 304L uli ndi carbon maximum ndi 0.030. Ndiwo muyezo wa "18/8 zosapanga dzimbiri" womwe umapezeka kawirikawiri m'mapoto ndi zida zophikira. Aloyi 304L ndiye aloyi wosunthika kwambiri komanso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'banja lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo ndi zamalonda, Alloys 304L imawonetsa kukana kwa dzimbiri ndipo imakhala yosavuta kupanga, yowoneka bwino. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic zimaganiziridwanso kuti ndizowotcherera kwambiri pazitsulo zamtundu wa alloy ndipo zimatha kuwotcherera ndi njira zonse zophatikizira ndi kukana kuwotcherera.
Zofunika: UNS S30403
Mapulogalamu:
Alloy 304L Stainless Steel imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana komanso zamalonda, kuphatikiza:
Zida zopangira chakudya, makamaka popangira moŵa, kukonza mkaka, ndi kupanga vinyo
Mabenchi akukhitchini, masinki, mathithi, zida, ndi zida
Zomangamanga trim ndi akamaumba
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ndi ndege
Zomangamanga m'nyumba zazikulu
Zotengera mankhwala, kuphatikizapo zoyendera
Zosintha kutentha
Mtedza, mabawuti, zomangira, ndi zomangira zina m'malo am'madzi
Makampani opanga utoto
Zotchinga zolukidwa kapena welded za migodi, kukumba miyala & kusefera madzi
Miyezo:
ASTM/ASME: S30403
EURONORM: 1.4303
AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11
Kulimbana ndi Corrosion:
Kukana dzimbiri m'malo okhala ndi okosijeni ndi chifukwa cha 18 mpaka 19% ya chromium yomwe ma aloyi 304 amakhala.
Kukana kwa ma organic acid owopsa kwambiri ndi chifukwa cha 9 mpaka 11% ya faifi tambala omwe 304 alloys ali nawo.
Nthawi zina, aloyi 304L angasonyeze kutsika kwa dzimbiri kuposa apamwamba mpweya Aloyi 304; Apo ayi, 304, 304L, ndi 304H zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti zimagwira ntchito mofanana m'malo owononga kwambiri.
Aloyi 304L imakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo owononga mokwanira kuti apangitse dzimbiri pakati pa ma welds ndi madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha pa ma alloys omwe angatengeke.
Kulimbana ndi Kutentha:
Kukaniza kwa okosijeni kwabwino mu ntchito yapakatikati mpaka 1600 ° F ndikugwira ntchito mosalekeza mpaka 1690 ° F.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza kwa 304 mu 800-1580 ° F sikuvomerezeka ngati kukana kwa dzimbiri kwamadzi kotsatira ndikofunikira.
Giredi 304L imalimbana ndi mvula ya carbide ndipo imatha kutenthedwa pamlingo womwe uli pamwambapa.
Katundu wa 304 Alloy
Makhalidwe Owotcherera:
Wabwino kuwotcherera katundu; post-weld annealing si chofunika pamene kuwotcherera zigawo woonda. Mfundo ziwiri zofunika pakupanga zolumikizira zowotcherera muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic ndi:
kuteteza kukana dzimbiri
kupewa kusweka
Kukonza - Kupanga Kutentha:
Kupanga, kutentha kufanana ku 2100 / 2300 °F
Osapanga pansi pa 1700 ° F
Kufota kumatha kuziziritsa mpweya popanda ngozi yosweka
Kukonza - Kupanga Kozizira:
Kapangidwe kake ka austenitic kamalola kuti akokedwe mozama popanda kuphatikizika kwapakati, Kupanga ichi kukhala chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosankha popanga masinki, ma hollow-ware ndi saucepans.
Maphunzirowa amagwira ntchito molimbika kwambiri. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika komwe kumapangidwa mozungulira kwambiri kapena kupota, magawo ayenera kutsekedwa kwathunthu kapena kuchepetsa nkhawa atangomaliza kupanga.
Kuthekera:
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma chip breakers kumalangizidwa chifukwa tchipisi amatha kukhala azingwe. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimagwira ntchito mwachangu, zakudya zabwino zolemetsa, zida zakuthwa, ndi kukhazikitsa kolimba ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chemical Properties:
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | N | |
| 304l pa | 0.03 kukula | 2.0 kukula | 0.75 max | 0.45 max | 0.03 kukula | mphindi: 18.0 max: 20.0 | mphindi: 8.0 max: 12.0 | 0.10 max |
Katundu Wamakina:
| Gulu | Kulimbitsa Mphamvu ksi (min) | Kuchuluka kwa Zokolola 0.2% ksi (min) | Elongation % | Kuuma (Brinell) MAX | Kulimba (Rockwell B) MAX |
| 304l pa | 70 | 25 | 40 | 201 | 92 |
Katundu Wathupi:
| Kuchulukana lbm/mu3 | Thermal Conductivity (BTU/h ft. °F) | Zamagetsi Kukaniza (x10 pa-6) | Modulus ya Kusangalala (psi x 106 | Coefficient of Kuwonjezedwa kwa Matenthedwe (mu/mu)/ °F x 10-6 | Kutentha Kwapadera (BTU/lb/ °F) | Kusungunuka Mtundu (°F) |
| pa 68°F: 0.285 | 9.4 pa 212°F | 28.3 pa 68°F | 28 | 9.4 pa 32 - 212°F | 0.1200 pa 68°F mpaka 212°F | 2500 mpaka 2590 |
| 12.4 pa 932 °F | 39.4 pa 752°F | 10.2 pa 32 - 1000°F | ||||
| 49.6 pa 1652 °F | 10.4 pa 32 - 1500°F |
Kufotokozera:
Katunduyo: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kupukuta chitoliro
Mtundu: wowotcherera kapena wopanda msoko
Standard: ASTM A554 JIS,DIN
Gulu:201,202, 304, 304L,316, 316L,409, 430, etc.
Kukula: Chitoliro chozungulira: OD 8-219m
Chitoliro cha Square: OD 10x10mm -150x150mm
Chitoliro cha Rectangle: 10x20mm mpaka 120x180mm
makulidwe: 0.2-4.0mm
Chitoliro pamwamba: 180G, 320G, 400G, 500G, 600G, Satin, tsitsi, 2B, BA, galasi, 8K
Kutalika kwa chitoliro: 5.8m 6M 11.85M 12m
Ntchito:
1.Decoration ntchito(msewu, mlatho handrail, njanji, basi, bwalo la ndege ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi
2.Kumanga ndi zokongoletsera
3.Industry dera (mafuta, chakudya, mankhwala, pepala, feteleza, nsalu, ndege ndi nyukiliya.
| Square Steel chubu(mm) | Rectangular Steel Tube (mm) | Round Steel Tube (mm) |
| 10 × 10 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 10 × 20 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 6 × 0.6 ~ 1.0 |
| 15 × 15 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 20 × 30 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 12 × 0.6 ~ 1.5 |
| 20 × 20 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 20 × 40 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 | 13 × 0.6 ~ 1.5 |
| 25×25×0.6~3.0 | 25×50×0.6~3.5 | 16 × 0.6 ~ 2.0 |
| 30 × 30 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 30 × 50 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 19 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 40 × 40 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 40 × 60 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 20 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 50 × 50 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 40 × 80 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 22 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 60 × 60 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 | 60 × 80 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 | 25 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 70×70×0.6~3.5 | 50 × 100 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 | 27 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 75×75×0.6~3.5 | 60 × 120 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 | 32 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 80×80×1.0~6.0 | 80×120×2.0~8.0 | 40 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 |
| 100×100×2.0~8.0 | 80×160×2.0~8.0 | 38 × 0.6 ~ 3.0 |
| 120 × 120 × 2.0 ~ 8.0 | 100 × 150 × 2.0 ~ 8.0 | 48 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 |
| 150 × 150 × 2.0 ~ 8.0 | 100×200×2.0~8.0 | 60 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 |
| 200×200×4.0~16.0 | 150 × 250 × 4.0 ~ 12.0 | 76 × 0.6 ~ 3.5 |
| 250 × 250 × 4.0 ~ 16.0 | 200×300×4.0~16.0 | 89 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 |
| 300×300×4.0~16.0 | 300×400×4.0~16.0 | 104 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 |
| 400×400×4.0~16.0 | 300×500×4.0~16.0 | 114 × 1.0 ~ 6.0 |
Zakuthupi za chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopukutira chitoliro:
| Gulu | Kupanga,% | |||||||||
| Kaboni, | Manga- | Phos- | Sulfure, | Silikoni, | Nickel | Chromium | Molybdenum | Titaniyamu | Columbium + Tantalum | |
| Austenitic | ||||||||||
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 6.0–8.0 | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–10.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 304l pa | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–13.0 | 18.0–20.0 | … | … | … |
| 305 | 0.12 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–13.0 | 17.0–19.0 | … | … | … |
| 309s ndi | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | . . . |
| Mtengo wa 309S-Cb | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | … | … | B |
| 310s | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 19.0–22.0 | 24.0–26.0 | … | … | … |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–14.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 316l ndi | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–15.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | … | … |
| 317 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.0–14.0 | 18.0–20.0 | 3.0–4.0 | … | … |
| 321 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | C | … |
| 330 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 33.0–36.0 | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 347 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | … | … | B |
| 429 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 max | 14.0–16.0 | … | … | … |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.50 max | 16.0–18.0 | … | … | … |
| 430-Ti | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 0.075 kukula | 16.0–19.5 | … | 5 × C mphindi, | … |
| 0.75 max | ||||||||||
▼Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri coiled chubu / coiled machubu zinthu kalasi:
| USA | GERMANY | GERMANY | FRANCE | JAPAN | ITALY | SWEDEN | UK | EU | SPAIN | RUSSIA |
| AISI | Mtengo wa 17006 | Chithunzi cha WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNI | SIS | BSI | Malingaliro a kampani EURONORM | ||
| 201 | Chithunzi cha SUS201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | Mtengo wa S301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | Mtengo wa S302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | Mtengo wa S303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | Mtengo wa 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | Mtengo wa 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | Mtengo wa 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | Mtengo wa 304 | X5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | Chithunzi cha 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | Mtengo wa 08KH18N10 Mtengo wa 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | Chithunzi cha SUS304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | Chithunzi cha SUS F304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | Mtengo wa 304L | X2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | Mtengo wa 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | Mtengo wa 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | Mtengo wa SUS304LN | X2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | Mtengo wa 305 | X8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | Zithunzi za SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | Mtengo wa 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | Zithunzi za SUS309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | Mtengo wa 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | Mtengo wa 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | Zithunzi za SUS310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | Mtengo wa 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | Mtengo wa 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | Mtengo wa 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | Mtengo wa 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 n | Chithunzi cha 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | Chithunzi cha SUS 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | Mtengo wa 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | Mtengo wa 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | Mtengo wa SUS316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | Mtengo wa 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | Mtengo wa 08KH17N13M2T Mtengo wa 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | Mtengo wa 08KH17N13M2T Mtengo wa 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | Mtengo wa 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | Mtengo wa 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | Mtengo wa 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z2 CND 19-15 | Mtengo wa 317L | X2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z2 CND 19-15 | Mtengo wa 317L | X2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | Mtengo wa 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | Mtengo wa 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | Mtengo wa 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | Mtengo wa 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | Mtengo wa 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | Mtengo wa 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | Mtengo wa 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | Mtengo wa 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904l pa | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | x6 Kr13 X 10 Kr 13 X15 Kr13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z12 C13 | Mtengo wa 403 | X12 Kr13 | 23 02 | Chithunzi cha 403S17 | X 10 Kr 13 X12 Kr13 | x6 Kr13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 Kd13 | 1.4002 | pa 6CA13 | Mtengo wa 405 | X 6 Kd13 | Mtengo wa 405S17 | X 6 Kd13 | X 6 Kd13 | ||
| X 10 KL 7 | 1.4713 | pa z8CA7 | X 10 KL 7 | |||||||
| X 10 Kl13 | 1.4724 | X 10 Kl12 | 10Kh13Syu | |||||||
| X 10 Kl18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18Syu | |||||||
| 409 | X6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Chithunzi cha 6CT12 | Mtengo wa 409 | X6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | x6 Kr13 X 10 Kr 13 X15 Kr13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z10 C13 Z12 C13 | Mtengo wa 410 | X12 Kr13 | 23 02 | Mtengo wa 410S21 | X12 Kr13 | X12 Kr13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | x6 Kr13 | 1.4000 | pa 6c13 | Zithunzi za SUS410S | x6 Kr13 | 23 01 | Chithunzi cha 403S17 | x6 Kr13 | 08kh13 |
Fakitale
Ubwino wabwino:
Ubwino wazinthu zomwe timagulitsa pamagawo owongolera pamafuta ndi gasi zimatsimikiziridwa osati panthawi yopanga zowongolera komanso poyesa zomaliza. Mayeso odziwika bwino ndi awa:
1.Mayeso osawononga
2. Mayesero a Hydrostatic
3.Kuwongolera komaliza kwapamwamba
4. Miyezo yolondola ya dimensional
5.Flare ndi mayeso a coning
6. Kuyesa kwazinthu zamakina ndi mankhwala
Ntchito caillary chubu
1) Makampani opanga zida zamankhwala
2) kuwongolera kutentha kwa mafakitale, masensa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito chitoliro, thermometer ya chubu
3) Zolembera zosamalira mafakitale pachimake chubu
4) mlongoti wa micro-chubu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mlongoti wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
5) Ndi zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi zazing'ono m'mimba mwake Stainless steel capillary
6) Zodzikongoletsera singano nkhonya
7) Mawotchi, chithunzi
8) Chubu cha mlongoti wagalimoto, tinyanga ta bar pogwiritsa ntchito machubu, chubu cha mlongoti
9) Laser chosema zida ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri chubu
10) Zida zopha nsomba, zowonjezera, Yugan kunja ndi katundu
11) Zakudya ndi capillary zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
12) mitundu yonse ya cholembera cha foni yam'manja cholembera pakompyuta
13) Kutentha kwa chitoliro, mafakitale amafuta
14) Osindikiza, singano ya bokosi yopanda phokoso
15) Kokani chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosungunuka kawiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pawindo
16) Machubu achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri osiyanasiyana Precision zosapanga dzimbiri
17) Kutulutsa kolondola ndi singano zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
18) Maikolofoni, mahedifoni ndi maikolofoni kugwiritsa ntchito chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero














