Mrija wa kung'arisha chuma cha pua wa AISI 304
Mrija wa kung'arisha chuma cha pua wa 304:
bomba la koili la chuma cha pua
koili ya bomba la chuma cha pua
mirija ya koili ya chuma cha pua
bomba la koili la chuma cha pua
wauzaji wa bomba la koili la chuma cha pua
wazalishaji wa bomba la koili la chuma cha pua
koili ya bomba la chuma cha pua
Sifa za Jumla
Aloi 304LAustenitic ya chuma cha pua ya mfululizo wa T-300, ambayo ina kiwango cha chini cha 18% ya kromiamu na 8% ya nikeli. Aina ya 304L ina kiwango cha juu cha kaboni ni 0.030. Ni "18/8 cha pua" cha kawaida ambacho hupatikana sana katika sufuria na vifaa vya kupikia. Aloi 304L ni aloi inayotumika zaidi na inayotumika sana katika familia ya chuma cha pua. Inafaa kwa matumizi mbalimbali ya nyumbani na kibiashara, Aloi 304L inaonyesha upinzani bora wa kutu na ina urahisi wa juu wa utengenezaji, umbo bora. Vyuma vya pua vya austenitic pia huchukuliwa kuwa vinavyoweza kulehemu zaidi kati ya vyuma vyenye aloi nyingi na vinaweza kulehemu kwa michakato yote ya kulehemu ya muunganiko na upinzani.
Vipimo: UNS S30403
Maombi:
Chuma cha pua cha Aloi 304L hutumika katika matumizi mbalimbali ya nyumbani na kibiashara, ikiwa ni pamoja na:
Vifaa vya usindikaji wa chakula, hasa katika utengenezaji wa bia, usindikaji wa maziwa, na utengenezaji wa divai
Benchi za jikoni, sinki, mifereji ya maji, vifaa, na vifaa
Urembo na ukingo wa usanifu
Matumizi ya miundo ya magari na anga za juu
Vifaa vya ujenzi katika majengo makubwa
Vyombo vya kemikali, ikiwa ni pamoja na vya kusafirisha
Vibadilisha joto
Karanga, boliti, skrubu, na vifungashio vingine katika mazingira ya baharini
Sekta ya kupaka rangi
Skrini zilizosokotwa au zilizounganishwa kwa ajili ya uchimbaji madini, uchimbaji mawe na uchujaji wa maji
Viwango:
ASTM/ASME: S30403
EURONORM: 1.4303
AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11
Upinzani wa Kutu:
Upinzani dhidi ya kutu katika mazingira yanayooksidisha ni matokeo ya kromiamu 18 hadi 19% ambayo aloi 304 zina.
Upinzani dhidi ya asidi za kikaboni zenye ukali wa wastani ni matokeo ya nikeli 9 hadi 11% ambayo aloi 304 zina.
Wakati mwingine, aloi 304L inaweza kuonyesha kiwango cha chini cha kutu kuliko Aloi ya kaboni 304 ya juu; vinginevyo, 304, 304L, na 304H zinaweza kuzingatiwa kufanya kazi sawasawa katika mazingira mengi ya babuzi.
Aloi 304L inapendelewa kutumika katika mazingira yenye ulikaji wa kutosha kusababisha ulikaji wa vipande vya weld na maeneo yanayoathiriwa na joto kwenye aloi zinazoweza kuathiriwa.
Upinzani wa Joto:
Upinzani mzuri wa oksidi katika huduma ya vipindi hadi 1600°F na katika huduma endelevu hadi 1690°F.
Matumizi endelevu ya 304 katika kiwango cha 800-1580°F hayapendekezwi ikiwa upinzani wa kutu wa maji unaofuata ni muhimu.
Daraja la 304L linastahimili zaidi mvua ya kabidi na linaweza kupashwa joto katika kiwango cha halijoto kilicho hapo juu.
Sifa za Aloi 304
Sifa za Kulehemu:
Sifa bora za kulehemu; uunganishaji wa baada ya kulehemu hauhitajiki wakati wa kulehemu sehemu nyembamba. Mambo mawili muhimu ya kuzingatia katika kutengeneza viungo vya kulehemu katika vyuma vya pua vya austenitic ni:
uhifadhi wa upinzani wa kutu
kuepuka kupasuka
Usindikaji - Uundaji Moto:
Ili kughushi, pasha joto usawa hadi 2100 / 2300 °F
Usiguse chini ya 1700 °F
Uundaji wa chuma unaweza kupozwa kwa hewa bila hatari ya kupasuka
Usindikaji - Uundaji wa Baridi:
Muundo wake wa austenitic huruhusu kuchorwa kwa kina bila kufyonzwa kwa kati, na kuifanya kuwa daraja la chuma cha pua linalopendekezwa katika utengenezaji wa sinki, vyombo visivyo na mashimo na sufuria.
Daraja hizi hufanya kazi kwa uimara haraka. Ili kupunguza msongo unaotokana na uundaji au mzunguko mkali, sehemu zinapaswa kufungwa kikamilifu au kupunguzwa msongo haraka iwezekanavyo baada ya uundaji.
Ubora wa mashine:
Matumizi ya vivunja-chipu yanashauriwa kwa sababu chips zinaweza kuwa ngumu. Chuma cha pua huganda haraka, migao mikubwa yenye chanya, vifaa vikali, na usanidi mgumu unapaswa kutumika. wa kata chini ya safu iliyokamilishwa na kazi kutokana na kupita kwa awali.
Sifa za Kemikali:
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | N | |
| 304L | Kiwango cha juu cha 0.03 | Kiwango cha juu cha 2.0 | Kiwango cha juu cha 0.75 | Kiwango cha juu cha 0.45 | Kiwango cha juu cha 0.03 | Kiwango cha chini: 18.0 kiwango cha juu: 20.0 | Kiwango cha chini: 8.0 cha juu: 12.0 | Upeo wa juu wa 0.10 |
Sifa za Kimitambo:
| Daraja | Nguvu ya Kunyumbulika ksi (dakika) | Nguvu ya Mavuno 0.2% ksi (dakika) | Urefu % | Ugumu (Brinell) MAX | Ugumu (Rockwell B) MAX |
| 304L | 70 | 25 | 40 | 201 | 92 |
Sifa za Kimwili:
| Uzito lbm/ndani3 | Uendeshaji wa joto (BTU/saa futi °F) | Umeme Upinzani (katika x 10-6) | Moduli ya Unyumbufu (psi x 106 | Kipimo cha Upanuzi wa Joto (ndani/ndani)/ °F x 10-6 | Joto Maalum (BTU/lb/ °F) | Kuyeyuka Masafa (°F) |
| kwa 68°F: 0.285 | 9.4 kwa 212°F | 28.3 kwa 68°F | 28 | 9.4 katika 32 – 212°F | 0.1200 kwa nyuzi joto 68°F hadi 212°F | 2500 hadi 2590 |
| 12.4 kwa 932 °F | 39.4 kwa 752°F | 10.2 kwa nyuzi joto 32 – 1000°F | ||||
| 49.6 katika 1652 °F | 10.4 kwa nyuzi joto 32 – 1500°F |
Vipimo:
Bidhaa: bomba la kung'arisha chuma cha pua
Aina: svetsade au imefumwa
Kiwango: ASTM A554 JIS, DIN
Daraja: 201,202, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 409, 430, nk
Ukubwa: Bomba la mviringo: OD 8-219m
Bomba la Mraba: OD 10x10mm -150x150mm
Bomba la Mstatili: 10x20mm hadi 120x180mm
Unene: 0.2-4.0mm
Uso wa bomba: 180G, 320G, 400G, 500G, 600G, Satin, laini ya nywele, 2B, BA, kioo, 8K
Urefu wa bomba: 5.8m 6M 11.85M 12m
Maombi:
1. Matumizi ya mapambo (barabara, reli ya daraja, reli, kituo cha basi, uwanja wa ndege na ukumbi wa mazoezi
2. Ujenzi na mapambo
3. Eneo la Viwanda (petroli, chakula, kemikali, karatasi, mbolea, kitambaa, anga na nyuklia.
| Mrija wa Chuma wa Mraba (mm) | Mrija wa Chuma wa Mstatili (mm) | Mrija wa Chuma cha Mviringo (mm) |
| 10×10×0.6~3.0 | 10×20×0.6~3.0 | 6×0.6~1.0 |
| 15×15×0.6~3.0 | 20×30×0.6~3.0 | 12×0.6~1.5 |
| 20×20×0.6~3.0 | 20×40×0.6~3.0 | 13×0.6~1.5 |
| 25×25×0.6~3.0 | 25×50×0.6~3.5 | 16×0.6~2.0 |
| 30×30×0.6~3.5 | 30×50×0.6~3.5 | 19×0.6~3.0 |
| 40×40×0.6~3.5 | 40×60×0.6~3.5 | 20×0.6~3.0 |
| 50×50×0.6~3.5 | 40×80×0.6~3.5 | 22×0.6~3.0 |
| 60×60×0.6~3.5 | 60×80×1.0~6.0 | 25×0.6~3.0 |
| 70×70×0.6~3.5 | 50×100×1.0~6.0 | 27×0.6~3.0 |
| 75×75×0.6~3.5 | 60×120×1.0~6.0 | 32×0.6~3.0 |
| 80×80×1.0~6.0 | 80×120×2.0~8.0 | 40×0.6~3.5 |
| 100×100×2.0~8.0 | 80×160×2.0~8.0 | 38×0.6~3.0 |
| 120×120×2.0~8.0 | 100×150×2.0~8.0 | 48×0.6~3.5 |
| 150×150×2.0~8.0 | 100×200×2.0~8.0 | 60×0.6~3.5 |
| 200×200×4.0~16.0 | 150×250×4.0~12.0 | 76×0.6~3.5 |
| 250×250×4.0~16.0 | 200×300×4.0~16.0 | 89×1.0~6.0 |
| 300×300×4.0~16.0 | 300×400×4.0~16.0 | 104×1.0~6.0 |
| 400×400×4.0~16.0 | 300×500×4.0~16.0 | 114×1.0~6.0 |
Sifa za kimwili za bomba la kung'arisha chuma cha pua:
| Daraja | Muundo, % | |||||||||
| Kaboni, | Manga- | Phos- | Sulphur, | Silikoni, | Nikeli | Chromium | Molibdenamu | Titani | Columbium + Tantalum | |
| Austenitic | ||||||||||
| 301 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 6.0–8.0 | 16.0–18.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 302 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–10.0 | 17.0–19.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–11.0 | 18.0–20.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 304L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 8.0–13.0 | 18.0–20.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 305 | 0.12 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–13.0 | 17.0–19.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 309S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 309S-Cb | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 12.0–15.0 | 22.0–24.0 | ... | ... | B |
| 310S | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 19.0–22.0 | 24.0–26.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–14.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... |
| 316L | 0.035A | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 10.0–15.0 | 16.0–18.0 | 2.0–3.0 | ... | ... |
| 317 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 11.0–14.0 | 18.0–20.0 | 3.0–4.0 | ... | ... |
| 321 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | ... | C | ... |
| 330 | 0.15 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 33.0–36.0 | 14.0–16.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 347 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | 9.0–13.0 | 17.0–20.0 | ... | ... | B |
| 429 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Upeo wa juu wa 0.50 | 14.0–16.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 430 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Upeo wa juu wa 0.50 | 16.0–18.0 | ... | ... | ... |
| 430-Ti | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 1.00 | Upeo wa juu wa 0.075 | 16.0–19.5 | ... | Dakika 5 za Sentimita 5, | ... |
| Upeo wa juu wa 0.75 | ||||||||||
▼Chuma cha pua kilichozungushwa/mirija iliyozungushwa daraja la nyenzo:
| Marekani | UJERUMANI | UJERUMANI | UFARANSA | JAPAN | ITALIA | Uswidi | Uingereza | EU | HISPANIA | URUSI |
| AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNION | SIS | BSI | EURONORM | ||
| 201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
| 301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
| 302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
| 303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
| 303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
| 304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
| 304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
| 304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
| 304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
| X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
| 305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
| Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
| 309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
| 309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
| 310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
| 310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
| 314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
| 316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
| 316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
| 316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
| 316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
| 316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
| X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
| X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
| X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
| X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
| X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
| 317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
| 330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
| 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
| 321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
| 329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
| 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
| 347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
| 904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
| X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
| UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
| UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
| 403 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Cr 13 X 12 Cr 13 | X 6 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
| X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
| X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18SYu | |||||||
| 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
| X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
| 410 | X 6 Cr 13 X 10 Cr 13 X 15 Cr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Cr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Cr 13 | X 12 Cr 13 | 12Kh13 |
| 410 S | X 6 Cr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Cr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Cr 13 | 08Kh13 |
Kiwanda
Faida ya ubora:
Ubora wa bidhaa zetu kwa ajili ya mstari wa udhibiti katika sekta ya mafuta na gesi unahakikishwa si tu wakati wa mchakato wa utengenezaji unaodhibitiwa bali pia kupitia upimaji wa bidhaa uliokamilika. Majaribio ya kawaida ni pamoja na:
1. Vipimo visivyoharibu
2. Vipimo vya maji
3. Vidhibiti vya umaliziaji wa uso
4. Vipimo vya usahihi wa vipimo
5. Vipimo vya kuwaka na kung'aa
6. Upimaji wa sifa za kiufundi na kemikali
Matumizi ya bomba la kaili
1) Sekta ya vifaa vya matibabu
2) udhibiti wa halijoto wa viwandani unaoongozwa na halijoto, bomba linalotumika na vitambuzi, kipimajoto cha bomba
3) Bomba la msingi la tasnia ya utunzaji wa kalamu
4) antena ya mirija midogo, aina mbalimbali za antena ndogo ya chuma cha pua ya usahihi
5) Na aina mbalimbali za kapilari ndogo za kielektroniki zenye kipenyo kidogo
6) Ngumi ya sindano ya vito vya mapambo
7) Saa, picha
8) Mrija wa antena ya gari, antena za baa zinazotumia mirija, mrija wa antena
9) Vifaa vya kuchonga kwa leza kwa kutumia bomba la chuma cha pua
10) Vifaa vya uvuvi, vifaa, Yugan akiwa na milki ya
11) Lishe yenye kapilari ya chuma cha pua
12) aina zote za kalamu ya simu ya mkononi kalamu ya kompyuta
13) Sekta ya mabomba ya kupasha joto, sekta ya mafuta
14) Printa, sindano ya kisanduku kimya
15) Vuta bomba la chuma cha pua linaloyeyuka mara mbili linalotumika kwenye dirisha lililounganishwa
16) Aina mbalimbali za mirija ya chuma cha pua yenye kipenyo kidogo cha viwandani
17) Usambazaji sahihi kwa sindano za chuma cha pua
18) Maikrofoni, vipokea sauti vya masikioni na maikrofoni kwa kutumia bomba la chuma cha pua, na kadhalika














