Uqinisekisile ukuthi izingxenye zifakwe ngomshini ngokwezidingo. Manje, qiniseka ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo zokuvikela lezi zingxenye ezimweni amakhasimende akho azilindele. #eyisisekelo
Ukudlulisa amandla kuseyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwandiseni ukumelana nokugqwala okuyisisekelo kwezingxenye ezifakwe umshini ongagqwali kanye nokuhlanganiswa. Kungenza umehluko phakathi kokusebenza okwanelisayo nokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela engafanele, ukudlulisa amandla kungabangela ukugqwala.
I-Passivation iyindlela yokwenziwa ngemva kokwenziwa ekhulisa ukumelana kokugqwala okungokwemvelo kwezinsimbi zensimbi engagqwali ezikhiqiza umsebenzi. Akuyona indlela yokwelapha yokususa ama-scaling, futhi akuyona i-coating yopende.
Akukho ukuvumelana okuvamile mayelana nendlela eqondile yokusebenza kwe-passivation. Kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi kukhona ifilimu ye-oxide evikelayo ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali engagqwali engagqwali. Le filimu engabonakali kucatshangwa ukuthi incane kakhulu, ingaphansi kuka-0.00000001 intshi ubukhulu, cishe u-1/100,000th ubukhulu bezinwele zomuntu!
Ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali ehlanzekile, esanda kufakwa, epholishiwe noma efakwe uviniga izothola ngokuzenzakalelayo le filimu ye-oxide ngenxa yokuchayeka kwayo ku-oxygen yomoya-mpilo womoya. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, lolu ngqimba lwe-oxide oluvikelayo lumboza ngokuphelele zonke izindawo zengxenye.
Nokho, empeleni, ukungcola okufana nokungcola kwesitolo noma izinhlayiya zensimbi ezivela kumathuluzi okusika kungadlulela ebusweni bezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Uma kungasuswa, lezi zidalwa zangaphandle zinganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwefilimu yokuvikela yokuqala.
Ngesikhathi somshini wokusika, inani elincane lensimbi ekhululekile lingaguga ithuluzi bese lidluliselwa ebusweni bomsebenzi wensimbi engagqwali. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kuvele ungqimba oluncane lokugqwala engxenyeni. Empeleni lokhu kungukugqwala kwensimbi yithuluzi, hhayi insimbi eyisisekelo. Ngezinye izikhathi, imifantu yezinhlayiya zensimbi ezifakwe kumathuluzi okusika noma imikhiqizo yazo yokugqwala ingabangela ukuguguleka kwengxenye ngokwayo.
Ngokufanayo, izinhlayiya ezincane zokungcola kwensimbi zinganamathela ebusweni bengxenye. Nakuba insimbi ingase ibonakale icwebezela esimweni somshini, ngemva kokuchayeka emoyeni, izinhlayiya ezingabonakali zensimbi yamahhala zingabangela ukugqwala kobuso.
Ama-sulfide abonakalayo nawo angaba yinkinga. Avela ekufakeni isibabule ensimbini engagqwali ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle komshini. Ama-sulfide andisa ikhono le-alloy lokwenza ama-chips ngesikhathi somshini, angasuswa ngokuphelele ethuluzini lokusika. Ngaphandle kokuthi izingxenye zingasuswa kahle, ama-sulfide angaba yindawo yokuqala yokugqwala kwendawo emikhiqizweni eyenziwe.
Kuzo zombili izimo, i-passivation iyadingeka ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana kokugqwala kwemvelo kwensimbi engagqwali. Isusa ukungcola okungaphezulu, njengezinhlayiya zodaka lwe-ferrous shop kanye nezinhlayiya zensimbi kumathuluzi okusika, ezingakha ukugqwala noma zibe yindawo yokuqala yokugqwala. I-passivation isusa nama-sulfide avele ebusweni bezinsimbi zensimbi engagqwali ezisika ngokukhululekile.
Inqubo enezinyathelo ezimbili inikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala: 1. Ukuhlanza, inqubo eyisisekelo kodwa ngezinye izikhathi enganakwa; 2. Ukugeza nge-asidi noma ukwelashwa kokungasebenzi.
Ukuhlanza kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izindawo kumele zihlanzwe kahle ngamafutha, i-coolant noma ezinye izinsalela zesitolo ukuze kuvinjwe ukugqwala. Izinsalela zemishini noma ezinye izinsalela zesitolo zingasulwa ngokucophelela engxenyeni. Izihlanzi zezentengiselwano noma izihlanzi zingasetshenziswa ukususa amafutha enqubo noma izinsalela. Izinto zakwamanye amazwe ezifana nama-thermal oxide kungadingeka zisuswe ngezindlela ezifana nokugaya noma ukukha amanzi.
Ngezinye izikhathi umqhubi womshini angase angakuhlanzi okuyisisekelo, ngephutha ecabanga ukuthi ukuhlanza kanye nokungasebenzisi amandla kuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokumane acwilise ingxenye egcwele amafutha ebhavini eline-asidi. Lokho ngeke kwenzeke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amafutha angcolile asabela ne-asidi ukuze akhe amabhamuza omoya. Lawa mabhamuza aqoqana ebusweni bezinto zokusebenza futhi aphazamise ukungasebenzisi amandla.
Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, ukungcoliswa kwezixazululo zokudlulisa ukukhanya, ngezinye izikhathi eziqukethe amazinga aphezulu ama-chloride, kungabangela "ukukhanya." Ngokungafani nokuthola ifilimu ye-oxide oyifunayo enobuso obucwebezelayo, obuhlanzekile, obumelana nokugqwala, ukugqwala ukukhanya kungabangela ukugqwala okukhulu noma okumnyama—ukuwohloka kobuso okuklanyelwe ukuwenza ngcono.
Izingxenye ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic [enozibuthe, emelana nokugqwala ngokulinganisela, ikhiqiza amandla afinyelela ku-280 ksi (1930 MPa)] ziyaqiniswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu bese ziqiniswa ukuqinisekisa ubulukhuni obufunwayo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Ama-alloy aqinile anemvula, anamandla angcono kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kune-alloy ye-martensitic, angalungiswa ngesisombululo, afakwe umshini kancane, agcinwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi, bese eqedwa.
Kulesi simo, ingxenye kumele ihlanzwe kahle nge-degreaser noma i-cleaner ukuze kususwe noma yimiphi iminonjana yoketshezi olusikiwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa ngokushisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uketshezi olusikiwe olusele engxenyeni lungabangela i-oxidation eningi. Lesi simo singabangela ukuthi izingxenye ezincane kakhulu ziqhekeke ngemva kokuba isikali sisusiwe ngezindlela ze-asidi noma zokuhudula. Uma uketshezi olusikiwe luvunyelwe ukuhlala ezingxenyeni eziqinile ezikhanyayo, njengasesithandweni se-vacuum noma emoyeni ovikelayo, i-carburization engaphezulu ingenzeka, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokumelana nokugqwala.
Ngemva kokuhlanza kahle, izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali zingacwiliswa ebhavini le-asidi ephasivayo. Noma iyiphi yezindlela ezintathu ingasetshenziswa - i-nitric acid passivation, i-nitric acid ene-sodium dichromate passivation, kanye ne-citric acid passivation. Indlela yokusebenzisa incike ebangeni lensimbi engagqwali kanye nenqubo yokwamukelwa echaziwe.
Amazinga e-chrome-nickel amaningi angamelana nokugqwala angasuswa ebhavini le-nitric acid elingu-20% (v/v) (Isithombe 1). Njengoba kuboniswe etafuleni, insimbi engagqwali engamelani kakhulu ingasuswa ngokufaka i-sodium dichromate ebhavini le-nitric acid, okwenza isixazululo sibe ne-oxidizing kakhulu futhi sikwazi ukwakha ifilimu engasebenzisi lutho ebusweni bensimbi. Enye indlela yokufaka esikhundleni se-nitric acid nge-sodium chromate ukwandisa ukuhlushwa kwe-nitric acid ku-50% ngevolumu. Kokubili ukungezwa kwe-sodium dichromate kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-nitric acid kunciphisa amathuba okukhanya okungafunwa.
Inqubo yokudlulisa izinsimbi ezingenasici ezisebenza ngomshini okhululekile (eboniswe futhi kuMfanekiso 1) ihluke kancane kuleyo yamazinga ensimbi engenasici angasebenzi ngomshini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokudlulisa ebhavini elijwayelekile le-nitric acid, amanye noma wonke ama-sulfide e-machinable grade aqukethe i-sulfur ayasuswa, okudala ukungaqhubeki okuncane ebusweni bengxenye esetshenzisiwe.
Ngisho nokuhlanza ngamanzi okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kungashiya i-asidi esele kulezi ziphazamiso ngemva kokungasebenzi. Le-asidi izobe isihlasela ubuso bengxenye ngaphandle kokuthi isuswe noma isuswe.
Ukuze insimbi engagqwali ekwazi ukunyakaziswa kalula, uCarpenter uthuthukise inqubo ye-AAA (Alkali-Acid-Alkali), eqeda i-asidi esele. Le ndlela yokudlulisa ingaqedwa ngaphansi kwamahora ama-2. Nansi inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo:
Ngemva kokususa amafutha, cwilisa izingxenye kusisombululo se-sodium hydroxide esingu-5% ku-160°F kuya ku-180°F (71°C kuya ku-82°C) imizuzu engama-30. Bese uhlanza izingxenye kahle emanzini. Okulandelayo, cwilisa ingxenye imizuzu engama-30 kusisombululo se-nitric acid esingu-20% (v/v) esiqukethe i-sodium dichromate engu-3 oz/gal (22 g/l) ku-120°F kuya ku-140°F (49°C) kuya ku-60°C). Ngemva kokususa ingxenye ebhavini, yihlanze ngamanzi bese uyicwilisa kusisombululo se-sodium hydroxide eminye imizuzu engama-30. Hlanza ingxenye futhi ngamanzi bese uyomisa, uqedele indlela ye-AAA.
Ukudlula kwe-citric acid kuthandwa kakhulu ngabakhiqizi abafisa ukugwema ukusebenzisa ama-mineral acid noma izixazululo eziqukethe i-sodium dichromate, kanye nezinkinga zokulahlwa kanye nokukhathazeka okukhulu kokuphepha okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwazo. I-citric acid ibhekwa njengenobungani nemvelo ngazo zonke izindlela.
Nakuba ukususwa kwe-citric acid kunikeza izinzuzo ezikhangayo zemvelo, izitolo eziye zaphumelela ngokususwa kwe-inorganic acid futhi ezingenazo izinkinga zokuphepha zingase zifune ukuqhubeka. Uma laba basebenzisi benesitolo esihlanzekile, imishini enakekelwe kahle futhi ehlanzekile, i-coolant engenazo izinsimbi ezingcolisayo, kanye nenqubo eveza imiphumela emihle, kungase kungabi nesidingo sangempela sokushintsha.
Ukudlulisa amanzi ebhavini le-citric acid kutholakale ukuthi kuwusizo ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinsimbi ezingagqwali, kufaka phakathi amazinga amaningana ensimbi engagqwali, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2. Ukuze kube lula, indlela yendabuko yokudlulisa amanzi e-nitric acid kuMfanekiso 1 ifakiwe. Qaphela ukuthi amafomula amadala e-nitric acid aboniswa ngamaphesenti evolumu, kuyilapho amazinga amasha e-citric acid eboniswa ngamaphesenti esisindo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lapho kusetshenziswa lezi zinqubo, ukulinganisa ngokucophelela isikhathi sokucwilisa, izinga lokushisa lokugeza kanye nokuhlushwa kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe "ukukhanya" okuchazwe ngaphambilini.
Ukwelashwa kokudlulisa amandla kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwe-chromium kanye nezici zomshini zebanga ngalinye. Qaphela amakholomu abhekisela kuNqubo 1 noma iNqubo 2. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3, iNqubo 1 ihilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa kuneNqubo 2.
Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kukhombisile ukuthi inqubo yokudlulisa i-citric acid ithambekele kakhulu "ekukhanyeni" kunenqubo ye-nitric acid. Izici ezibangela lokhu kuhlasela zifaka phakathi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu lokugeza, isikhathi eside kakhulu sokucwilisa, kanye nokungcola kokugeza. Imikhiqizo ye-citric acid equkethe izithibi zokugqwala nezinye izithasiselo ezifana nezinto zokumanzisa iyatholakala kwezentengiselwano futhi kubikwa ukuthi inciphisa ukuthambekela "ekukhanyeni kwe-flash".
Ukukhetha kokugcina kwendlela yokudlulisa kuzoncika ezindinganisweni zokwamukelwa ezibekwe yikhasimende. Bheka i-ASTM A967 ukuthola imininingwane. Ingatholakala ku-www.astm.org.
Ukuhlolwa kuvame ukwenziwa ukuhlola ubuso bezingxenye ezingasebenzi. Umbuzo okufanele uphendulwe uthi, "Ingabe ukungasebenzi kususa insimbi ekhululekile futhi kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwamazinga okusika akhululekile?"
Kubalulekile ukuthi indlela yokuhlola ifane nebanga elihlolwayo. Ukuhlolwa okuqinile kakhulu kuzohluleka ezintweni ezinhle kakhulu, kanti ukuhlolwa okukhululekile kakhulu kuzodlula izingxenye ezingagculisi.
Ukuqina kwemvula ochungechungeni lwama-400 kanye nezinsimbi ezingagqwali ezisebenza ngomshini okhululekile kuhlolwa kangcono ekhabhinethini elikwazi ukugcina umswakama ongu-100% (amasampula amanzi) amahora angama-24 ku-95°F (35°C). Ingxenye evundlile ivame ukuba yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-free-cutting grades. Esinye isizathu salokhu ukuthi i-sulfide inwetshiwe ohlangothini lomshini, ihlangana nale ndawo.
Izindawo ezibucayi kufanele zibekwe phezulu, kodwa kuma-degrees angu-15 kuya kwangu-20 ukusuka phezulu ukuze kuvunyelwe ukulahleka komswakama. Izinto ezingasebenzi kahle ngeke zigqwale, yize zingase zibonise ukudaya okuncane.
Amamaki ensimbi engagqwali e-Austenitic angahlolwa futhi ngokuhlolwa komswakama. Uma kuhlolwa kanjalo, amaconsi amanzi kufanele abe khona ebusweni besampula, okubonisa insimbi yamahhala ngokuba khona kwanoma yikuphi ukugqwala.
Izinqubo zokudlulisa izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezisikiwe ngokukhululekile kanye nezingesikhululekile ezixazululweni ze-citric noma ze-nitric acid zidinga izinqubo ezahlukene. Isithombe 3 ngezansi sinikeza imininingwane ngokukhethwa kwenqubo.
(a) Lungisa i-pH nge-sodium hydroxide.(b) Bheka uMfanekiso 3 (c) I-Na2Cr2O7 imele i-sodium dichromate engu-3 oz/gallon (22 g/l) ku-20% nitric acid. Enye indlela yale ngxube yi-50% nitric acid ngaphandle kwe-sodium dichromate.
Indlela esheshayo ukusebenzisa ikhambi ku-ASTM A380, “Umkhuba Ojwayelekile Wokuhlanza, Ukususa Izikali, Nokudlulisa Izingxenye Zensimbi Engagqwali, Imishini, Nezinhlelo.” Ukuhlolwa kuqukethe ukusula ingxenye ngesisombululo se-copper sulfate/sulfuric acid, ukuyigcina imanzi imizuzu eyi-6 nokubheka i-copper plating. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ingxenye ingacwiliswa esixazululweni imizuzu eyi-6. Uma insimbi incibilika, kwenzeka i-copper plating. Lokhu kuhlolwa akufanele kusetshenziswe ezindaweni zezingxenye zokucubungula ukudla. Futhi, akufanele kusetshenziswe ezinsimbini ze-ferritic ze-martensitic ezingu-400 noma ze-chromium ferritic eziphansi njengoba kungase kube nemiphumela emibi engamanga.
Ngokomlando, ukuhlolwa kokufuthwa kukasawoti okungu-5% ku-95°F (35°C) kuye kwasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlola amasampula angasebenzisi usawoti. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuqinile kakhulu kwamanye amamaki futhi ngokuvamile akudingeki ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungasebenzisi usawoti kuyasebenza.
Gwema ukusebenzisa ama-chloride amaningi, angabangela ukuhlaselwa okuyingozi kwe-flash. Uma kungenzeka, sebenzisa amanzi asezingeni eliphezulu kuphela ane-chloride engaphansi kwezingxenye ezingu-50 ngesigidi (ppm). Amanzi ompompi ngokuvamile anele futhi angabekezelela i-chloride efika kumakhulu amaningana e-ppm kwezinye izimo.
Kubalulekile ukushintsha indawo yokugeza njalo ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa amandla okuphefumula okungaholela ekushintsheni kwe-flashover kanye nezingxenye ezonakele. Indawo yokugeza kufanele igcinwe ekushiseni okufanele, njengoba amazinga okushisa angase abangele ukugqwala kwendawo.
Kubalulekile ukugcina isimiso sokushintsha isixazululo esithile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuphezulu ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okungcola. Isampula yokulawula yasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwebhavu. Uma isampula ihlaselwa, sekuyisikhathi sokushintsha ibhavu.
Sicela ucacise ukuthi imishini ethile yenza insimbi engagqwali kuphela; sebenzisa i-coolant efanayo ethandwayo ukusika insimbi engagqwali, ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezinye izinsimbi.
Izingxenye ze-rack ze-DO ziphathwa ngazinye ukuze kugwenywe ukuthintana kwensimbi nensimbi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi engagqwali ngokukhululeka, njengoba izixazululo zokudlulisa amanzi ngokukhululeka kanye nokuhlanza ziyadingeka ukuze kusabalale imikhiqizo yokugqwala kuma-sulfide futhi kugwenywe ukwakheka kwama-acid pockets.
Ungazisebenzisi izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ezifakwe i-carburing noma i-nitride. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwezingxenye eziphathwe kanjalo kungancishiswa kuze kufike lapho zingahlaselwa khona ebhavini lokugqwala.
Ungasebenzisi amathuluzi ensimbi endaweni yokusebenzela engahlanzekile kangako. Ukungcola kwensimbi kungagwenywa ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi e-carbide noma e-ceramic.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukugqwala kungenzeka ebhavini lokuhamba ngaphandle kokushisa uma ingxenye ingaphathwanga kahle ngokushisa. Amagreyidi aphezulu e-carbon, i-chromium martensitic kumele aqiniswe ukuze amelane nokugqwala.
Ukudlula ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngemva kokushisa okulandelayo kusetshenziswa amazinga okushisa agcina ukumelana nokugqwala.
Ungakunaki ukugcwala kwe-nitric acid ebhavini lokuhamba. Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa inqubo elula yokuma enikezwe yiCarpenter. Ungasebenzisi insimbi engagqwali engaphezu kweyodwa ngesikhathi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukudideka okubizayo futhi kugwema ukusabela kwe-galvanic.
Mayelana nababhali: UTerry A. DeBold unguchwepheshe wocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-alloy yensimbi engagqwali kanti uJames W. Martin unguchwepheshe wezinsimbi zebha eCarpenter Technology Corp. (Reading, PA).
Ezweni elinezincazelo eziqinile zokuqeda ubuso, izilinganiso ezilula "zobulukhuni" zisasebenza. Ake sibheke ukuthi kungani ukulinganisa ubuso kubalulekile nokuthi kungahlolwa kanjani esitolo ngama-gauge aphathekayo ayinkimbinkimbi.
Uqinisekile ukuthi une-insert engcono kakhulu yalo msebenzi wokujika? Hlola i-chip, ikakhulukazi uma ishiywe inganakiwe. Izici ze-chip zingakutshela okuningi.