Kua whakarite koe kia mīhinihia ngā wāhanga kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga. Nā, kia tino mohio kua tangohia e koe ngā mahi hei tiaki i ēnei wāhanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga e tumanakohia ana e ō kiritaki. #taketake
He taahiraa nui tonu te whakakorenga i te waikura hei whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura taketake o ngā wāhanga me ngā huihuinga miihini kowiri tira. Ka taea e ia te wehewehe i waenga i te mahi pai me te pakaru wawe. Ki te kore e tika te whakahaere, ka taea e te whakakorenga te whakaputa waikura.
Ko te whakangāwari he tikanga whai muri i te hanga e whakanui ana i te ātete waikura o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura e whakaputa ana i te mea mahi. Ehara i te maimoatanga tango i te tauine, ehara hoki i te paninga peita.
Kāore he whakaae whānui mō te tikanga tika o te mahi a te whakakorenga. Engari he tino pono kei runga i te mata o te maitai kore waikura kua whakakorea he kiriata waikura tiaki. E kiia ana he tino angiangi tēnei kiriata kāore e kitea, he iti iho i te 0.0000001 inihi te matotoru, tata ki te 1/100,000 o te matotoru o te makawe tangata!
Ka kapi aunoatia tēnei kiriata waikura e tētahi wāhanga maitai kore waikura ma, kua oti te mīhini, te oro, te whakatō rānei nā te mea ka pāngia e te hāora o te hau. I raro i ngā āhuatanga pai, ka kapi katoa ngā mata katoa o te wāhanga i tēnei paparanga waikura tiaki.
Heoi, i roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā poke pēnei i te paru o te toa, ngā matūriki rino rānei mai i ngā taputapu tapahi te whakawhiti ki te mata o ngā wāhanga kowiri tira i te wā e miihini ana. Ki te kore e tangohia, ka taea e ēnei mea ke te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te kiriata tiaki taketake.
I te wā e mahi ana i te mīhini, ka taea e te rino kore utu te haehae i te taputapu, ka whakawhiti ki te mata o te mea mahi kowiri tira. I ētahi wā, ka puta he paparanga waikura angiangi ki te wāhanga. Ko te waikura tēnei o te maitai nā te taputapu, ehara i te mea nā te konganuku turanga. I ētahi wā, ko ngā kapiti o ngā matūriki maitai kua whakauruhia mai i ngā taputapu tapahi, i ō rātou hua waikura rānei, ka taea te whakangaro i te wāhanga tonu.
Waihoki, ka piri pea ngā matūriki iti o te paru o te toa rino ki te mata o te wāhanga. Ahakoa he kanapa te āhua o te konganuku i te āhua mīhini, i muri i te pānga ki te hau, ka taea e ngā matūriki kore e kitea o te rino kore utu te whakapūpū i te mata.
Ka raru pea ngā whanariki kua kitea. I ahu mai ēnei i te tāpiri whanariki ki te maitai kore waikura hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te miihini. Ka whakanui ake ngā whanariki i te kaha o te koranu ki te hanga maramara i te wā e miihini ana, ka taea te tango katoa atu i te taputapu tapahi. Ki te kore ngā wāhanga e tika te whakakorenga, ka taea e ngā whanariki te noho hei tīmatanga mō te waikura o te mata i runga i ngā hua kua hangaia.
I ngā āhuatanga e rua, me whakakore te haunga hei whakanui ake i te ātete waikura tūturu o te maitai kore waikura. Ka tangohia e ia ngā poke o te mata, pērā i ngā matūriki paru o te toa rino me ngā matūriki rino i roto i ngā taputapu tapahi, ka taea te hanga waikura, te waiho rānei hei tīmatanga mō te waikura. Ka tangohia hoki e te whakakorenga ngā whanariki e kitea ana i runga i te mata o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura tapahi-kore.
Mā te tikanga e rua ngā taahiraa ka pai rawa te ātete ki te waikura: 1. Te horoi, he tikanga taketake engari i ētahi wā ka warewarehia; 2. Te kaukau waikawa, te maimoatanga rānei mō te kore e pāngia.
Me waiho te horoi hei kaupapa matua. Me horoi pai ngā mata i te hinu, te wai whakamatao, me ētahi atu para o te toa kia pai ai te ātete ki te waikura. Ka taea te muru marie i ngā para mīhini, i ētahi atu paru o te toa rānei i te wāhanga. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tango hinu arumoni, i ngā kaihoroi rānei hei tango i ngā hinu tukatuka, i ngā wai whakamatao rānei. Me tango pea ngā mea ke pēnei i ngā waikura wera mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te huri, te whakapūkara rānei.
I ētahi wā, ka wareware pea te kaiwhakahaere mīhini i te horoi taketake, me te whakaaro hē ka puta te horoi me te whakakorenga i te wā kotahi mā te tuku noa i tētahi wāhanga kua ki tonu i te hinu ki roto i te kaukau waikawa. Kāore tēnā e tupu. I tētahi atu taha, ka tauhohe te hinu poke ki te waikawa hei hanga mirumiru hau. Ka kohia ēnei mirumiru ki runga i te mata o te mea mahi, ā, ka whakararuraru i te whakakorenga.
Hei whakanui ake i te kino o te āhuatanga, ka taea e te poke o ngā otinga passivation, he nui hoki ngā kukū o te chloride i ētahi wā, te whakaputa i te "kanapa." He rerekē ki te whiwhi i te kiriata waikura e hiahiatia ana me te mata kanapa, ma, ātete-waikura, ka taea e te whakairo kanapa te hua ake he mata tino whakairo, he mata pōuri rānei—he pirau o te mata e hangaia ana e te passivation kia arotau.
Ko ngā wāhanga i hangaia mai i te maitai kore waikura martensitic [he aukume, he ātete āhua ki te waikura, he kaha hua tae atu ki te 280 ksi (1930 MPa)] ka whakapakeketia i ngā pāmahana teitei, kātahi ka whakapakeketia kia mau ai te pakeke me ngā āhuatanga miihini e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā koranu whakapakeke ua, he kaha ake, he ātete waikura hoki i ngā koranu martensitic, ka taea te tukatuka ki te otinga, te miihini wāhanga, te pakeke i ngā pāmahana iti iho, kātahi ka oti.
I tēnei wā, me horoi pai te wāhanga ki te tango hinu, ki te kaihoroi rānei hei tango i ngā toenga o te wai tapahi i mua i te whakamahana. Ki te kore, ka nui rawa te waikura i te wai tapahi e toe ana i runga i te wāhanga. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te whakapōrearea i ngā wāhanga iti i muri i te tangohanga o te unahi mā te waikawa, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakakoi rānei. Mena ka waiho te wai tapahi kia noho ki runga i ngā wāhanga kanapa kua whakapakeketia, pērā i roto i te oumu korehau, i te hau tiaki rānei, ka puta te whakakākā o te mata, ka ngaro te ātete ki te waikura.
I muri i te horoinga tino pai, ka taea te tuku i ngā wāhanga kowiri tira ki roto i te kaukau waikawa whakakore. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga e toru – te whakakorenga waikawa hauota, te whakakorenga waikawa hauota me te whakakorenga konutai dichromate, me te whakakorenga waikawa citric. Ko te tikanga hei whakamahi ka whakawhirinaki ki te kounga o te kowiri tira me ngā paearu whakaae kua tohua.
Ka taea te whakakore i ngā momo chrome-nickel e ātete ana ki te waikura i roto i te kaukau waikawa hauota 20% (v/v) (Pikitia 1). E ai ki te ripanga, ka taea te whakakore i te maitai kore waikura iti ake te ātete mā te tāpiri i te konutai dichromate ki te kaukau waikawa hauota, kia nui ake ai te waikura o te otinga, kia taea ai te hanga i tētahi kiriata kore mahi i runga i te mata whakarewa. Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i te waikawa hauota ki te konutai chromate ko te whakanui ake i te kukū o te waikawa hauota ki te 50% mā te rōrahi. Mā te tāpiri i te konutai dichromate me te kukū teitei ake o te waikawa hauota ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mura kore e hiahiatia.
He rerekē te tukanga mō te whakakore i ngā maitai kore-whakawhitiwhiti (e whakaaturia ana hoki i te Pikitia 1) i tērā mō ngā momo maitai kore-whakawhitiwhiti. Nā te mea i te wā whakakorenga i roto i te kaukau waikawa hauota noa, ka tangohia ētahi, te katoa rānei o ngā sulfide momo-whakawhitiwhiti kei roto he whanariki, ka hangaia he motumotu moroiti i te mata o te wāhanga i mīhinihia.
Ahakoa he horoi wai whai hua, ka waiho pea he waikawa toenga i roto i ēnei momo koretake i muri i te whakakorenga. Ka whakaekea e tēnei waikawa te mata o te wāhanga ki te kore e whakakorea, e tangohia rānei.
Hei whakakore i te maitai kore waikura kia ngāwari te miihini, kua whakawhanakehia e Carpenter te tukanga AAA (Waikawa-Kawakawa-Kawakawa), e whakakore ana i te waikawa toenga. Ka taea te whakaoti i tēnei tikanga whakakore i roto i te iti iho i te 2 hāora. Anei te tukanga taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa:
I muri i te tango hinu, rumakina ngā wāhanga ki roto i te otinga 5% konutai hauwai i te 71°C ki te 82°C mō te 30 meneti. Kātahi ka horoia rawatia ngā wāhanga ki te wai. Muri iho, rumakina te wāhanga mō te 30 meneti ki roto i te otinga 20% (v/v) waikawa hauota kei roto ko te 22 karamu/rita konutai dichromate i te 49°C ki te 60°C. I muri i te tango i te wāhanga mai i te kaukau, horoia ki te wai, kātahi ka rumakina ki roto i te otinga konutai hauwai mō ētahi atu 30 meneti. Horoia anō te wāhanga ki te wai, ka whakamaroke, ka whakaoti i te tikanga AAA.
Kei te piki haere te rongonui o te whakakorenga waikawa citric i waenga i ngā kaihanga e hiahia ana ki te karo i te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa kohuke, ngā otinga rānei kei roto ko te konutai dichromate, tae atu ki ngā take whakakorenga me ngā āwangawanga haumaru e pā ana ki te whakamahinga. E kiia ana he pai te waikawa citric mō te taiao i ngā huarahi katoa.
Ahakoa he pai ngā painga taiao o te whakakorenga waikawa citric, ko ngā toa kua angitu ki te whakakorenga waikawa inorganic, ā, kāore he āwangawanga mō te haumaru, ka hiahia pea rātou ki te noho tonu i tēnei huarahi. Mena he toa ma, he taputapu ma hoki ā ēnei kaiwhakamahi, kāore he poke o te toa whakarewa i roto i te wai whakamātao, ā, he tukanga e hua mai ana he hua pai, kāore pea he take tūturu mō ngā huringa.
Kua kitea he whai hua te whakakorenga i roto i te kaukau waikawa citric mō te whānuitanga o ngā maitai kore waikura, tae atu ki ētahi momo maitai kore waikura takitahi, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2. Hei whakangāwari, kei roto ko te tikanga whakakorenga waikawa hauota tuku iho i te Pikitia 1. Kia mahara ko ngā hanganga waikawa hauota tawhito e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te ōrau rōrahi, ko ngā kukū waikawa citric hou e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te ōrau taumaha. He mea nui kia mōhio i te wā e whakatinanahia ana ēnei tikanga, he mea nui te taurite tupato o te wā rumaki, te pāmahana kaukau me te kukū hei karo i te "kanapa" i whakaahuahia i mua ake nei.
Ka rerekē ngā maimoatanga whakangāwari i runga i te nui o te chromium me ngā āhuatanga mīhini o ia momo. Kia mōhio ki ngā pou e tohutoro ana ki te Tukanga 1, ki te Tukanga 2 rānei. E ai ki te Pikitia 3, he iti ake ngā mahi o te Tukanga 1 i te Tukanga 2.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga he ngāwari ake te tukanga whakakore waikawa citric ki te "kanapa" i te tukanga waikawa hauota. Ko ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei whakaeke ko te pāmahana kaukau teitei rawa, te wā roa rawa ki te rumaki, me te poke o te kaukau. Kei te wātea ngā hua waikawa citric kei roto ngā aukati waikura me ētahi atu tāpiringa pēnei i ngā kaihoko whakamakuku, ā, e pūrongohia ana ka whakaiti i te ngāwari ki te "waikura kanapa".
Ko te kōwhiringa whakamutunga o te tikanga whakakorenga ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā paearu whakaae i whakatakotoria e te kiritaki. Tirohia te ASTM A967 mō ētahi atu kōrero. Ka taea te uru atu ki www.astm.org.
He maha ngā whakamātautau e mahia ana hei aromatawai i te mata o ngā wāhanga kua pāngia. Ko te pātai hei whakautu, "Ka tangohia e te pāngia te rino kore utu, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā tohu tapahi kore utu?"
He mea nui kia ōrite te tikanga whakamātautau ki te māka e aromatawaihia ana. Ko ngā whakamātautau tino pakari ka rahua i ngā rauemi tino pai, ko ngā whakamātautau ia he tino ngāwari ka eke ki ngā wāhanga kāore i te pai.
Ko ngā maitai kore waikura whakamārō me te mīhini-kore o te raupapa 400 ka pai ake te aromatawai i roto i tētahi kāpata e kaha ana ki te pupuri i te 100% haumākū (ngā tauira mākū) mō ngā hāora 24 i te 95°F (35°C). Ko te wāhanga whakawhiti te mata tino nui, inā koa mō ngā momo tapahi-kore. Ko tētahi take mō tēnei ko te toronga o te sulfide i te ahunga mīhini, ka whakawhiti i tēnei mata.
Me whakatakoto ngā mata nui ki runga, engari kia 15 ki te 20 nekehanga mai i te poutū kia kore ai e ngaro te makuku. Kāore e waikura te rauemi kua tika te whakakorenga, ahakoa tera pea ka kitea he paru iti.
Ka taea hoki te aromatawai i ngā tohu o te maitai kore waikura austenitic mā te whakamātautau haumākū. Ina whakamatautauria, me kitea he pata wai i runga i te mata o te tauira, hei tohu i te rino kore utu mā te noho mai o te waikura.
He rerekē ngā tukanga e hiahiatia ana mō te whakakore i ngā maitai kore-kowiri tira e whakamahia whānuitia ana, me ngā maitai kore-kowiri tira e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā otinga waikawa citric, waikawa hauota rānei. Kei te Pikitia 3 i raro nei ngā taipitopito mō te kōwhiringa tukanga.
(a) Whakatikatikahia te pH ki te hauwai konutai.(b) Tirohia te Pikitia 3 (c) Ko te Na2Cr2O7 e tohu ana i te 3 oz/karani (22 g/l) konutai dichromate i roto i te 20% waikawa hauota. Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i tēnei ranunga ko te 50% waikawa hauota me te kore he konutai dichromate
Ko tētahi tikanga tere ake ko te whakamahi i te otinga i roto i te ASTM A380, "Te Mahi Paerewa mō te Horoi, te Tango Tauine, me te Whakakore i ngā Wāhanga, Taputapu, me ngā Pūnaha Kowiri tira." Ko te whakamātautau he muru i te wāhanga ki te otinga konukura whanariki/waikawa whanariki, me te pupuri kia mākū mō te 6 meneti me te tirotiro mō te whakakikorua parahi. Hei huarahi kē atu, ka taea te rumaki i te wāhanga ki roto i te otinga mō te 6 meneti. Mena ka rewa te rino, ka puta he whakakikorua parahi. Kaua e whakamahia tēnei whakamātautau ki ngā mata o ngā wāhanga tukatuka kai. Kaua hoki e whakamahia mō ngā maitai martensitic 400 raupapa, ngā maitai ferritic chromium iti rānei, nā te mea ka puta pea ngā hua teka.
I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakamātautau rehu tote 5% i te 95°F (35°C) kua whakamahia hoki hei aromatawai i ngā tauira kua pāngia. He tino uaua rawa tēnei whakamātautau mō ētahi momo, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia whakaūtia he whai hua te pāngia.
Kaua e whakamahi i te nui rawa o te pūhaumāota, ka pā kino pea ēnei ki te tinana. Ki te taea, whakamahia te wai kounga teitei anake, he iti iho i te 50 wāhanga ia miriona (ppm) te pūhaumāota. He nui noa te wai puna, ā, i ētahi wā ka taea te tu atu ki te rau ppm te pūhaumāota.
He mea nui kia whakakapia te kaukau i ia wā, i ia wā, kia kore ai e ngaro te kaha o te uruhanga ka arahi pea ki te mura me ngā wāhanga kua pakaru. Me pupuri te kaukau i te pāmahana tika, nā te mea ka pā te waikura ā-rohe i ngā pāmahana ohorere.
He mea nui kia mau tonu he kaupapa whakawhiti otinga tino motuhake i te wā e nui ana te whakaputanga hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te poke. I whakamahia he tauira whakahaere hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga o te kaukau. Mena ka whakaekea te tauira, kua tae ki te wā ki te whakakapi i te kaukau.
Me whakamārama mai ko ētahi mīhini he mea hanga noa i te kowiri tira; whakamahia te whakamatao e pai ana ki a koe hei tapahi i te kowiri tira, engari kaua e whakamahia ngā konganuku katoa.
Ka tukatukahia takitahitia ngā wāhanga whatanga DO kia kore ai e pā te konganuku ki te konganuku. He mea nui rawa tēnei mō te miihini kore utu o te kowiri tira, nā te mea e hiahiatia ana ngā otinga whakakorekore me te horoi hei hora i ngā hua waikura i roto i ngā whanariki me te karo i te hanganga o ngā pute waikawa.
Kaua e whakakorehia ngā wāhanga maitai kore waikura kua whakakāpūtia ki te waro, ki te hauota rānei. Tērā pea ka heke te ātete waikura o ngā wāhanga e tukatukahia ana kia tae noa ki te wāhi ka pāngia rātou i roto i te kaukau whakakore.
Kaua e whakamahia ngā taputapu rino i roto i te taiao awheawhe kāore i te tino ma. Ka taea te karo i te kirikiri maitai mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu karāhe, uku rānei.
Kaua e wareware ka puta te waikura i roto i te kaukau whakakorekore mena kāore te wāhanga e whakamahanahia tika. Me whakapakeke ngā taumata martensitic waro teitei, chromium teitei kia ātete ai ki te waikura.
I te nuinga o te wā ka mahia te whakakorenga i muri i te whakamaroketanga mā te whakamahi i ngā pāmahana e mau tonu ai te ātete ki te waikura.
Kaua e warewarehia te kukū o te waikawa hauota i roto i te kaukau whakangāwari. Me tirotiro i ia wā mā te whakamahi i te tikanga titration māmā i whakaratohia e Carpenter. Kaua e whakangāwari i te neke atu i te kotahi te maitai kore waikura i te wā kotahi. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te pōhēhē utu nui, ā, ka karo hoki i ngā tauhohenga konukōre.
Mō ngā kaituhi: He tohunga rangahau me te whakawhanake i te koranu kowiri tira a Terry A. DeBold, ā, he tohunga whakarewa pae a James W. Martin i Carpenter Technology Corp. (Reading, PA).
I tēnei ao e tino kaha haere ana ngā whakaritenga whakaoti mata, he pai tonu ngā inenga "taratara" māmā. Me titiro tātou he aha te hiranga o te ine mata, me pēhea hoki te tirotiro i te papa o te toa mā te whakamahi i ngā ine kawe matatau.
Kei a koe te whakauru pai rawa atu mō tēnei mahi hurihanga? Tirohia te maramara, ina koa mēnā ka waiho noa kia kore e tirohia. He nui ngā mea ka taea e ngā āhuatanga o te maramara te kōrero ki a koe.