Wamaze kwemeza ko ibice byakozwe mu buryo bujyanye n'imiterere yabyo. Noneho, menya neza ko wafashe ingamba zo kurinda ibi bice mu buryo abakiriya bawe biteze. #by'ibanze
Gukoresha imashini idakoresha imashini idafite imyuka irashya biracyari intambwe y'ingenzi mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese ku bice byayo n'amatsinda yayo. Bishobora gutandukanya imikorere ishimishije no kwangirika imburagihe. Iyo ikozwe nabi, gukoresha imashini idakoresha imashini bishobora gutera ingese.
Passivation ni uburyo bwo gukora nyuma yo gukora butuma ibyuma bitagira umugese birwanya ingese. Ntabwo ari uburyo bwo gukuraho ubushyuhe, cyangwa ngo bube ari uburyo bwo gusiga irangi.
Nta mpungenge rusange ihari ku buryo nyabwo bwo gukora passivation. Ariko ni ukuri ko hari agace ka oxide gakingira hejuru y'icyuma kidakora. Iyi filime itagaragara ifatwa nk'ifite ubugari buto cyane, ifite ubugari buri munsi ya santimetero 0.000000, ifite ubugari bwa santimetero 1, hafi 1/100.000 bw'umusatsi w'umuntu!
Igice cy'icyuma gisukuye, gishya cyakozwe mu mashini, gisukuye cyangwa cyavanzwe neza kizahita kibona iyi filime ya okiside bitewe n'uko gihura na ogisijeni yo mu kirere. Mu bihe byiza, uru rukuta rwa okiside rurinda rutwikira ubuso bwose bw'igice.
Ariko mu by’ukuri, imyanda nk’imyanda yo mu iduka cyangwa uduce tw’icyuma duturuka ku bikoresho byo gukata bishobora kwimurirwa ku gice cy’icyuma kidashonga mu gihe cyo gukora. Iyo bitakuweho, ibyo binyabutabire bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwa firime y’umwimerere yo kurinda.
Mu gihe cyo gukora, ingano nto y'icyuma gishobora kwangiza igikoresho no kugishyira hejuru y'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma kidashonga. Hari igihe hashobora kugaragara ingese nto ku gice. Mu by'ukuri iyi ni ingese y'icyuma gikozwe n'igikoresho, ntabwo ari icyuma cy'ibanze. Rimwe na rimwe, imyenge y'uduce tw'icyuma twakuwe mu bikoresho byo gukata cyangwa ibicuruzwa byabyo bishobora gutera ingese ku gice ubwacyo.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce duto tw'imyanda ya fer dushobora gufata ku buso bw'igice. Nubwo icyuma gishobora kugaragara nk'ikimuri mu gihe cyakozwe, nyuma yo guhumeka ku mwuka, uduce tutagaragara tw'icyuma gishobora gutera ingese ku buso.
Sulfide zigaragara nazo zishobora kuba ikibazo. Zikomoka ku kongeramo sulfur mu cyuma kitagira umwanda kugira ngo zirusheho gukora neza. Sulfide yongera ubushobozi bw'icyuma cyo gukora uduce duto mu gihe cyo gukora, dushobora gukurwamo burundu ku gikoresho cyo gukata. Keretse ibice byangiritse neza, sulfide zishobora kuba intandaro yo kwangirika k'ubuso ku bicuruzwa byakozwe.
Muri ibyo bihe byombi, gusimbuka kw'isi birakenewe kugira ngo icyuma kidasimbuka kirusheho kugira ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese karemano. Bikuraho imyanda yo hejuru, nk'uduce tw'imyanda ya ferrous shop n'uduce tw'icyuma mu bikoresho byo gukata, bishobora gutera ingese cyangwa bikaba intandaro yo gusimbuka kw'isi. Gusimbuka kw'isi binakuraho sulfide zigaragara ku buso bw'ibyuma bicukura by'isi.
Uburyo bw'intambwe ebyiri butanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ingese: 1. Gusukura, uburyo bw'ibanze ariko rimwe na rimwe bukirengagiza; 2. Gusukura aside cyangwa kuvura ihindagurika ry'ikirere.
Isuku igomba kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi igihe cyose. Ahantu ho gusukurwa hagomba gusukurwa neza amavuta, icyuma gikonjesha cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa by'iduka kugira ngo habeho guhangana neza n'ingese. Ibisigazwa by'imashini cyangwa indi myanda yo mu iduka bishobora guhanagurwa neza ku gice. Ibikoresho byo gusukura cyangwa imashini zisukura bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukuraho amavuta yo mu iduka cyangwa ibisigazwa by'isukari. Ibintu byo mu mahanga nka okiside z'ubushyuhe bishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo nko gusya cyangwa gusya.
Hari igihe umukoresha w’imashini ashobora kureka isuku y’ibanze, yibeshya ko isuku no gusimbuka bizabera icyarimwe mu kwinika igice cyuzuyemo amavuta mu bwogero bwa aside. Ibyo ntibizabaho. Ku rundi ruhande, amavuta yanduye ahura na aside agakora udufu tw’umwuka. Utwo dufu tugera ku buso bw’ibikoresho kandi tukabangamira gusimbuka.
Ikirushijeho kuba kibi ni uko kwanduzwa kw'ibisubizo bya passivation, rimwe na rimwe biba birimo chloride nyinshi, bishobora gutera "kurabagirana." Bitandukanye no kubona firime ya okiside ikenewe ifite ubuso burabagirana, busukuye kandi burwanya ingese, kurabagirana kw'izuba bishobora gutuma ubuso bucuramye cyane cyangwa bwijimye - ubuso butuma passivation ikorwa kugira ngo irusheho kuba nziza.
Ibice bikozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese cya martensitic [cyangwa gikozwe mu cyuma gikoresha ingufu za rukuruzi, kirwanya ingese, gitanga imbaraga zigera kuri 280 ksi (1930 MPa)] bikomera ku bushyuhe bwinshi hanyuma bigakonjeshwa kugira ngo bigerweho ubukana n'imiterere ya mekanike byifuzwa. Aloyi zikomera zishobora kugwa, zifite imbaraga kandi zirwanya ingese kurusha aloyi za martensitic, zishobora kuvurwa, zigakorwaho imashini ntoya, zigasazwa ku bushyuhe buri hasi, hanyuma zikarangira.
Muri iki gihe, igice kigomba gusukurwa neza hakoreshejwe icyuma gikuraho amavuta cyangwa isukura kugira ngo hakurweho ibisigazwa by'amazi yo gukata mbere yo gushyushya. Bitabaye ibyo, amazi yo gukata asigaye ku gice ashobora gutera ogisijeni nyinshi. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma ibice bito bicika nyuma y'uko igipimo gikuweho hakoreshejwe aside cyangwa uburyo bwo gukurura. Niba amazi yo gukata yemerewe kuguma ku bice bikomeye, nko mu itanura ridafite umwuka cyangwa ikirere kirinda, carburisation yo hejuru ishobora kubaho, bigatuma habaho kubura ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese.
Nyuma yo gusukurwa neza, ibice by'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishobora gushyirwa mu bwogero bwa aside ikoreshwa mu buryo butatu. Uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bushobora gukoreshwa - gukwirakwiza aside nitrike, aside nitrike hamwe na sodium dichromate passivation, na gukwirakwiza aside citric. Uburyo bwo gukoresha buterwa n'urwego rw'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma n'ibipimo byagenwe byo kwemerwa.
Ingano nyinshi za chrome-nickel zidashobora kwangirika zishobora guhindurwa mu bwogero bwa aside nitrike ya 20% (v/v) (Ishusho ya 1). Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe, icyuma kidapfa kwangirika gishobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe sodium dichromate mu bwogero bwa aside nitrike, bigatuma umuti urushaho gukaraba no gukora agace kadapfa ku buso bw'icyuma. Ubundi buryo bwo gusimbuza aside nitrike na sodium chromate ni ukongera urugero rwa aside nitrike kugeza kuri 50% by'ingano. Kongeramo sodium dichromate n'urugero rwinshi rwa aside nitrike bigabanya amahirwe yo gushya nabi.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese bikoresha ikoranabuhanga risanzwe (nabyo bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1) butandukanye gato n'uburyo ibyuma bitagira umugese bikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritari rifite umugese. Ibi biterwa nuko mu gihe cyo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu bwogero busanzwe bwa aside nitrike, bimwe cyangwa byose bya sulfure birimo ikoranabuhanga risanzwe bikurwaho, bigatuma habaho icyuho gito mu buso bw'igice cyakozwe.
Ndetse no koza amazi neza muri rusange bishobora gusiga aside isigaye muri ibyo bibazo nyuma yo gucika intege. Iyi aside izahita yibasira igice keretse iyo idafunguwe cyangwa ngo ivanweho.
Kugira ngo icyuma kidafunze gikoreshwe neza, Carpenter yateguye uburyo bwa AAA (Alkali-Acide-Alkali), butuma aside isigaye igabanuka. Ubu buryo bwo gupfuka bushobora kurangira mu masaha atarenze 2. Dore uburyo bw'intambwe ku yindi:
Nyuma yo gukuraho amavuta, shyira ibice mu gikoresho cya 5% cya sodium hydroxide kuri 160°F kugeza 180°F (71°C kugeza 82°C) mu gihe cy'iminota 30. Hanyuma oza ibice neza mu mazi. Hanyuma, shyira igice mu minota 30 mu gikoresho cya 20% (v/v) cya aside nitrike kirimo 3 oz/gal (22 g/l) ya sodium dichromate kuri 120°F kugeza 140°F (49°C) kugeza 60°C). Nyuma yo gukura igice mu bwogero, oza n'amazi hanyuma ukinjize mu gikoresho cya sodium hydroxide mu minota 30. Ongera woze igice n'amazi hanyuma wumishe, urangize uburyo bwa AAA.
Gukoresha aside citric mu gusohora aside citric birushaho gukundwa n’abakora ibintu bashaka kwirinda gukoresha aside mineral cyangwa imiti irimo sodium dichromate, ndetse n’ibibazo byo kuyijugunya ndetse n’ibibazo bikomeye by’umutekano bifitanye isano no kuyikoresha. Aside citric ifatwa nk’itangiza ibidukikije mu buryo bwose.
Nubwo gukwirakwiza aside citric bitanga inyungu nziza ku bidukikije, amaduka yatsinze mu gukwirakwiza aside inorganic kandi adafite impungenge z'umutekano ashobora gushaka gukomeza inzira. Niba aba bakoresha bafite ahantu hasukuye, ibikoresho bibungabunzwe neza kandi bifite isuku, icyuma gikonjesha kidafite umwanda wa fer mu iduka, kandi inzira itanga umusaruro mwiza, nta mpamvu nyayo yo guhindura ibintu.
Gukoresha aside citric mu bwogero byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku byuma byinshi bitanduye, harimo n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma bitanduye, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2. Kugira ngo byorohe, uburyo gakondo bwo gukoresha aside nitric mu Ishusho ya 1 burimo. Menya ko aside nitric ishaje igaragara mu kigero cy'ingano, mu gihe aside citric igaragara mu kigero cy'uburemere. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu gushyira mu bikorwa ubu buryo, kuringaniza neza igihe cyo kwiyuhagira, ubushyuhe bwo kwiyuhagira n'ubwinshi bw'ibice ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe "kurabagirana" byavuzwe haruguru.
Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe Passivation buratandukanye bitewe n'ingano ya chromium n'imiterere ya machining ya buri cyiciro. Menya inkingi zerekeza ku buryo bwa 1 cyangwa 2. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3, uburyo bwa 1 bukubiyemo intambwe nke ugereranyije n'uburyo bwa 2.
Ibizamini bya laboratwari byagaragaje ko inzira yo gusohora aside citric ikunze "gushya" kurusha inzira ya aside nitrique. Ibintu bigira uruhare muri iki gitero birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo koga, igihe kirekire cyo kwiyuhagira, n'ubwandu bwo mu bwogero. Ibicuruzwa bya aside citric birimo imiti igabanya ingese n'ibindi bintu nk'ibinyobwa biraboneka ku isoko kandi bivugwa ko bigabanya ibyago byo "gushya".
Uburyo bwa nyuma bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo gukoresha passivation buzaterwa n'ibipimo byemewe n'umukiriya. Reba ASTM A967 kugira ngo umenye byinshi. Ushobora kuyibona kuri www.astm.org.
Ibizamini bikunze gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuso bw'ibice byangiritse. Ikibazo gikwiye gusubizwa ni iki, "Ese gushyushya bikuraho icyuma gifunguye kandi bigafasha mu kurwanya ingese ku buryo bwo gukata ibintu bifunguye?"
Ni ngombwa ko uburyo bwo gupima buhura n'amanota arimo gupimwa. Ibizamini bikomeye cyane bizananirana neza cyane, mu gihe ibizamini biremereye cyane bizatsinda ibice bidashimishije.
Ibyuma 400 byo gukomeretsa imvura no gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese bipimwa neza mu kabati gashobora kugumana ubushuhe 100% (ingero z'amazi) mu gihe cy'amasaha 24 kuri 95°F (35°C). Igice cyambukiranya akenshi ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane ku buryo bigabanya ubushuhe. Impamvu imwe ni uko sulfide iba ndende mu cyerekezo cy'imashini, igahurira kuri ubu buso.
Ahantu hakomeye hagomba gushyirwa hejuru, ariko kuri dogere 15 kugeza kuri 20 uvuye aho uhagaze kugira ngo habeho gutakaza ubushuhe. Ibikoresho bidafite ingese neza ntibishobora kugwa, nubwo bishobora kugaragaza ibara rito.
Ingano y'icyuma kitagira umugese cya Austenitic ishobora no gupimwa hakoreshejwe isuzuma ry'ubushuhe. Iyo bipimwe, ibitonyanga by'amazi bigomba kuba biri ku buso bw'icyitegererezo, bigaragaza ko icyuma kirimo ingese.
Uburyo bwo gusohora ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gukata no gukata mu buryo busanzwe mu bisubizo bya aside citric cyangwa nitrique bisaba uburyo butandukanye. Ishusho ya 3 iri hepfo itanga ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo gukata.
(a) Hindura pH ukoresheje sodium hydroxide. (b) Reba Ishusho ya 3 (c) Na2Cr2O7 ihagarariye sodium dichromate ya 3 oz/galoni (22 g/l) muri aside nitrike ya 20%. Ubundi buryo bwo gusimbura ubu ruvange ni aside nitrike ya 50% idafite sodium dichromate
Uburyo bwihuse ni ugukoresha umuti uri muri ASTM A380, “Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Gusukura, Gukuraho, no Gukuraho Ibice, Ibikoresho, n’Imiterere y’Icyuma Kidafunze.” Ikizamini kigizwe no guhanagura igice ukoresheje umuti wa sulfate/aside sulfuriki y’umuringa, ukagikomeza gutose mu gihe cy’iminota 6 no kureba niba icyuma gipfundikiye. Ubundi buryo, igice gishobora kwinjizwa mu muti mu gihe cy’iminota 6. Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe, icyuma gipfundikira. Iki kizamini ntikigomba gukoreshwa ku buso bw’ibice bitunganya ibiribwa. Nanone, ntikigomba gukoreshwa ku byuma 400 bya martensitic cyangwa ferritic nkeya kuko bishobora kubaho ibisubizo bitari byo.
Mu mateka, ikizamini cya 5% cy'umunyu kuri 95°F (35°C) cyakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma ingero zangiritse. Iki kizamini kirakomeye cyane ku manota amwe kandi muri rusange ntigisabwa kugira ngo hemezwe ko passivation ikora neza.
Irinde gukoresha chloride nyinshi, zishobora gutera ibitero byangiza. Niba bishoboka, koresha amazi meza gusa afite munsi ya 50 paundi miliyoni ya chloride (ppm). Amazi yo mu ifuru akenshi arahagije kandi ashobora kwihanganira chloride igera ku magana menshi ya ppm mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.
Ni ngombwa gusimbuza ubwogero buri gihe kugira ngo wirinde gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gucika intege bishobora gutuma ibice byabwo bihinduka kandi bigakomereka. Ubwogero bugomba kuguma ku bushyuhe bukwiye, kuko ubushyuhe bukabije bushobora gutera ingese aho hantu.
Ni ngombwa gukomeza gahunda yihariye yo guhindura ibisubizo mu gihe cy'umusaruro mwinshi kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo kwandura. Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura cyakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane akamaro k'ubwiherero. Iyo icyitegererezo cyatewe, ni cyo gihe cyo gusimbuza ubwogero.
Nyamuneka vuga ko imashini zimwe na zimwe zikora ibyuma bitagira umugese gusa; koresha icyuma gikonjesha kimwe wifuza mu gukata ibyuma bitagira umugese, hatarimo ibindi byuma byose.
Ibice bya DO rack bitunganywa ukwabyo kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma cyahura n’icyuma. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu gutunganya ibyuma bidashonga, kuko hakenewe uburyo bwo gusohora no gusohora amazi mu buryo bwigenga kugira ngo hakwirakwizwe ibicuruzwa bya sulfide kandi hirindwe ko habaho aside packs.
Ntugashyire ibice by'icyuma gikozwe muri karuburi cyangwa nitride mu cyuma gikozwe muri nitride. Ubudahangarwa bw'ibice byavuwe bushobora kugabanuka kugeza aho byakwibasirwa mu bwogero bwo gusohora.
Ntugakoreshe ibikoresho bya fer ahantu hadasukuye cyane. Ibyuma bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe karubide cyangwa ibikoresho bya ceramic.
Ntiwibagirwe ko ingese ishobora kubaho mu bwogero bwo gushyushya iyo igice kidafashwe neza n'ubushyuhe. Karuboni nyinshi kandi ifite chromium nyinshi ya martensitic igomba gukomera kugira ngo irwanye ingese.
Gukoresha amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa "passivation" akenshi bikorwa nyuma yo gushyushya hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe butuma habaho ubudahangarwa n'ingese.
Ntukirengagize ingano ya aside nitrike mu bwogero bwo gusohora umwuka. Igenzura rya buri gihe rigomba gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima imiterere y'icyuma butangwa na Carpenter. Ntugakoreshe ibyuma birenga kimwe icyarimwe. Ibi birinda urujijo ruhenze kandi birinda ingaruka za galvanic.
Ku banditsi: Terry A. DeBold ni impuguke mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibyuma bitagira umugese, naho James W. Martin ni umuhanga mu by'ibyuma muri Carpenter Technology Corp. (Reading, PA).
Mu isi irimo ibintu bikomeye cyane bigena uko ubuso bumeze, ibipimo byoroshye "by'ubukana" biracyari ingirakamaro. Reka turebe impamvu gupima ubuso ari ingenzi n'uburyo bishobora kugenzurwa mu iduka hakoreshejwe ibipimo bigezweho byo gutwara.
Ese wizeye ko ufite uburyo bwiza bwo gukurura iyi mashini? Reba chip, cyane cyane iyo idashyizwemo. Imiterere ya chip ishobora kukubwira byinshi.