I-POWERGEN International Call for Content manje isivuliwe!Sifuna izikhulumi ezivela ezinsizakalweni nasezimbonini zokuphehla ugesi.Izihloko zifaka ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avamile navuselelekayo, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwezitshalo zamandla, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ama-microgrid, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, amandla asendaweni, nokuningi.
Ababhali babuyekeze ukucaciswa kwephrojekthi yamandla amasha kaninginingi, lapho abaklami bezitshalo ngokuvamile bekhetha insimbi engagqwali engu-304 noma engu-316 ye-condenser kanye neshubhu yokushisisa ukushisa. Kwabaningi, igama elithi insimbi engagqwali lihlanganisa i-aura yokugqwala okungenakunqotshwa, kuyilapho empeleni, izinsimbi ezingenasici ngezinye izikhathi zingaboli kakhulu, futhi zingaboli kakhulu endaweni. ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile okwenziwa kwamanzi okupholisa, kuhlanganiswe nezinqaba zokupholisa ezisebenza emijikelezweni yokugxilisa ingqondo, izindlela ezingaba khona zokuhluleka kwensimbi engagqwali ziyakhuliswa. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, uchungechunge lwe-stainless steel 300 luzohlala izinyanga kuphela, ngezinye izikhathi kuphela amaviki, ngaphambi kokuba luhluleke. Lesi sihloko sigxile okungenani ezindabeni okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa izinto ezisetshenziswayo zeshubhu le-condenser kwelinye iphuzu elibalulekile ekukhethweni kwephepha elihlanganisa ingxenye ethile yokwelashwa engadingidwa. amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo, izakhiwo zokudlulisa ukushisa, nokumelana namandla emishini, okuhlanganisa ukukhathala nokugqwala kokuguguleka.
Ukwengeza i-chromium engu-12% noma ngaphezulu ensimbi kubangela ukuthi ingxubevange yakhe ungqimba lwe-oxide oluqhubekayo oluvikela isisekelo sensimbi ngaphansi.Ngakho-ke igama elithi insimbi engagqwali.Uma zingekho ezinye izinto ezixutshwayo (ikakhulukazi i-nickel), i-carbon steel iyingxenye yeqembu le-ferrite, futhi iyunithi yeseli yayo inokwakheka kwe-cubic egxile emzimbeni (BCC).
Uma i-nickel yengezwa kungxube ye-alloy ekuhlanganiseni okungu-8% noma ngaphezulu, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elizungezile, iseli lizoba khona kusakhiwo se-cubic (FCC) esigxile kubuso esibizwa ngokuthi i-austenite.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, 300 uchungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingenasici nezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici zinokuqukethwe kwe-nickel okukhiqiza isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Izinsimbi ze-Austenitic zibonise ukuthi ziwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa njengempahla yokushisa okuphezulu kwe-superheater kanye namashubhu okushisa kabusha kuma-boilers wamandla.Uchungechunge lwe-300 ikakhulukazi luvame ukusetshenziswa njengento yamashubhu okushisa okushisa aphansi, okuhlanganisa ama-condensers angaphezulu kwesitimu.
Ubunzima obuyinhloko ngensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi izinto ezidumile ze-304 kanye ne-316, ukuthi ungqimba lwe-oxide evikelayo luvame ukubhujiswa ngokungcola emanzini okupholisa kanye nemifantu kanye namadiphozithi okusiza ukugxilisa ukungcola.Ukwengeza, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuvala, amanzi amile angaholela ekukhuleni kwe-microbial, okukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-metabolic kungalimaza kakhulu izinsimbi.
Ukungcola kwamanzi okupholisa okuvamile, futhi okunye okunzima kakhulu ukususa ngokwezomnotho, i-chloride.Le ion ingabangela izinkinga eziningi kumajeneretha we-steam, kodwa kuma-condensers nama-exchanger okushisa asizayo, ubunzima obuyinhloko ukuthi ama-chloride ekugxilweni okwanele angangena futhi abhubhise ungqimba lwe-oxide evikelayo kunsimbi engagqwali, okubangela ukugqwala kwendawo, okungukuthi i-pitting corrosion, okungukuthi, ukugqwala kwendawo.
I-Pitting ingenye yezindlela ezicashile zokugqwala ngoba ingabangela ukungena kodonga kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini ngokulahleka kwensimbi okuncane.
Ukugxila kwe-chloride akudingeki kube phezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukugqwala kwe-pitting ku-304 kanye ne-316 yensimbi engagqwali, futhi ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezingenakho noma iyiphi idiphozithi noma imifantu, ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-chloride okunconyiwe manje kubhekwa njengokulandelayo:
Izinto ezimbalwa zingakhiqiza kalula ukugxila kwe-chloride okudlula lezi ziqondiso, kokubili ngokujwayelekile nasezindaweni zasendaweni. Sekuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuthi siqale sicabangele kanye ngokupholisa izitshalo ezintsha zamandla.Iningi lakhiwe ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa, noma kwezinye izimo, izikhonkwane ezipholisa umoya (ACC).Kulabo abanemibhoshongo yokupholisa, ukugxiliswa kokungcola ku-cools yokwenza amakholomu. I-chloride concentration ka-50 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelezo yokugxila emihlanu, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-chloride emanzini ajikelezayo kungu-250 mg/l.Lokhu kukodwa kufanele kukhiphe u-304 SS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni ezintsha nezikhona, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokushintsha amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze kufakwe kabusha isitshalo.Okunye okuvamile ukutholakala kwamanzi angcolile kamasipala.Ithebula 2
Qaphela amazinga e-chloride anyukile (kanye nokunye ukungcola, okufana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, engakhuphula kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwe-microbial ezinhlelweni zokupholisa). Empeleni wonke amanzi ampunga, noma yikuphi ukujikeleza kumbhoshongo wokupholisa kuzodlula umkhawulo we-chloride otuswe yi-316 SS.
Ingxoxo eyandulele isekelwe emandleni okugqwala ezindawo ezivamile zensimbi.Ukuphuka nenhlabathi kuyishintsha kakhulu indaba, njengoba kokubili kunikeza izindawo lapho ukungcola kungagxila khona. ukungcola.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali incike kungqimba lwe-oxide eqhubekayo ukuze ivikeleke, amadiphozithi angenza amasayithi angenawo umoya-mpilo aguqule indawo yensimbi esele ibe i-anode.
Le ngxoxo engenhla iveza izindaba abaklami bezitshalo ngokuvamile abangazicabangeli lapho becacisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo zeshubhu yokushisisa kanye ne-condenser yamaphrojekthi amasha. Umqondo omayelana ne-304 kanye ne-316 SS ngezinye izikhathi ubonakala sengathi "yilokho esihlale sikwenza" ngaphandle kokucabangela imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo.Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyatholakala ukuze kusingathwe izimo zamanzi zokupholisa eziqinile manje ezibhekana nezitshalo eziningi.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezinye izinsimbi, elinye iphuzu kufanele lishiwo kafushane.Ezimweni eziningi, i-316 SS noma i-304 SS yenze kahle ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile, kodwa yehluleka ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kukagesi.Ezimweni eziningi, ukwehluleka kungenxa yokungagelezi kahle kwe-condenser noma isishintshi sokushisa esibangela amanzi amile kumashubhu.Le ndawo inikeza izimo ezikahle zokukhula kwe-microorganismssive corponissive corponissive corponissive ngqo i-microorganismsrode ikhiqiza i-Microorganismsrode ngqo. insimbi ye-tubular.
Le mishini, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-microbially induced corrosion (MIC), yaziwa ngokucekela phansi amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali nezinye izinsimbi phakathi namasonto. 4-6, 2019 e-Champaign, IL Yethulwa Ku-39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ezigqanyiswe ngenhla, kanye nezimo eziqinile ezifana namanzi anosawoti noma amanzi olwandle, ezinye izinsimbi zingasetshenziswa ukuvala ukungcola.Amaqembu amathathu engxubevange aphumelele, i-titanium emsulwa ngokwezentengiselwano, i-6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel kanye ne-superferritic stainless steel. isakhiwo sayo sekristalu esinezinhlangothi ezine ezisondelene kanye nemodulus enwebekayo ephansi kakhulu kuyenza ibe lula ekulimaleni komshini.Le ngxubevange ifaneleka kangcono ukufakwa okusha okunezakhiwo eziqinile zokusekela amashubhu.Enye indlela enhle kakhulu i-super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®.Ukwakheka kwale nto kuboniswe ngezansi.
Insimbi ine-chromium ephezulu kodwa iphansi nge-nickel, ngakho iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic kune-austenitic stainless steel.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphansi kwe-nickel, ibiza kancane kakhulu kunamanye ama-alloys.Amandla aphezulu we-Sea-Cure kanye ne-elastic modulus kuvumela izindonga ezincanyana kunezinye izinto, okuholela ekudluliseni ukushisa okuthuthukisiwe.
Izici ezithuthukisiwe zalezi zinsimbi ziboniswa eshadini elithi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, okuthi, njengoba igama libonisa, inqubo yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukumelana kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ekugqwaleni komgodi.
Omunye wemibuzo evame kakhulu uthi “Isiphi isilinganiso esiphezulu se-chloride izinga elithile lensimbi engagqwali elingabekezelela?” Izimpendulo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.Izici zifaka i-pH, izinga lokushisa, ubukhona kanye nohlobo lokuphuka, namandla ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.Ithuluzi lengeziwe eksisini elungile yoMfanekiso 5 ukuze lisize ngalesi sinqumo.Lisekelwe ku-pH engathathi hlangothi, engu-35°C amanzi agelezayo avame ukutholakala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-BOP kanye ne-condensation (ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwediphozithi kanye nokwakheka kwekhemikhali okunqunyiwe kungase kukhethwe ukwakheka kwekhemikhali ethile). bese iphambana ne-slash efanele.Izinga eliphezulu le-chloride elinconyiwe lingabe selinqunywa ngokudweba umugqa ovundlile eksisini engakwesokudla.Ngokujwayelekile, uma ingxubevange izocatshangelwa ukufakwa kwamanzi anosawoti noma amanzi olwandle, idinga ukuba ne-CCT engaphezu kuka-25 degrees Celsius njengoba kukalwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-G 48.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ama-super ferritic alloys amelelwa i-Sea-Cure® ngokuvamile afaneleka ngisho nasekufakweni kwamanzi olwandle.Kunenye inzuzo kulezi zinto okumelwe igcizelelwe.Izinkinga zokugqwala kwe-manganese zibonwe iminyaka engu-304 no-316 SS iminyaka eminingi, kuhlanganise nasezitshalweni ezise-Ohio River.Muva nje, izishintshisi zokushisa ezitshalweni eziseduze noMfula iManganese e-Missouri ziye zahlaselwa inkinga evamile. Amasistimu okwakheka kwamanzi omthombo.I-corrosion mechanism ihlonzwe njenge-manganese dioxide (MnO2) esabela nge-oxidizing biocide ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrochloric acid ngaphansi kwediphozithi.I-HCl iyona ehlasela ngempela izinsimbi.[WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry"; eyethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yonyaka Ka-2002 ye-NACE Yokugqwala, e-Denver, CO.] Izinsimbi ze-Ferritic zimelana nale nqubo yokugqwala.
Ukukhetha izinto zebanga eliphezulu ze-condenser kanye namashubhu okushintsha ukushisa akukayithathi indawo yokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okwelashwa okufanelekile kwamanzi.Njengoba umbhali u-Buecker aye wachaza esihlokweni sangaphambilini sobunjiniyela bamandla, uhlelo lokwelapha ngamakhemikhali oluklanywe kahle futhi olusetshenziswa luyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe amandla okukala, ukugqwala, kanye nokonakala.Ikhemikhali ye-polymer iyavela njengenye indlela enamandla yokulawula ukugqwala kwe-fosfate/i-fosfate tower systems.Ukulawula ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane bekulokhu futhi kusazoqhubeka kube yinkinga ebucayi.Nakuba i-oxidative chemistry ene-chlorine, i-bleach, noma izinhlanganisela ezifanayo iyisisekelo sokulawula amagciwane, ukwelashwa okungeziwe kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokwelapha.Esinye isibonelo esinjalo ikhemistri yokuzinzisa, esiza ukwandisa izinga lokukhululwa nokusebenza kahle kwe-chlorine-based oxidizing yamanzi. ukudla okunezibulala magciwane ezingaxubeki kungase kube yinzuzo enkulu ekulawuleni ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane.Umphumela uba ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa ukusimama nokuthembeka kwezishintshi zokushisa zezitshalo zamandla, kodwa zonke izinhlelo zihlukile, ngakho ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokuxhumana nochwepheshe bemboni kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ezisetshenziswayo nezinqubo zamakhemikhali.Okuningi kwalesi sihloko kubhalwe ngombono wokwelashwa kwamanzi, asibandakanyekanga ezinqumweni zosizo kanye nezinqumo ezidingekayo, kodwa asibandakanyi lezo zinqumo ukuze sisize izinto ezibonakalayo. egijima.Isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokukhethwa kwempahla kumele senziwe ngabasebenzi bemishini ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziningi ezibalulwe esicelweni ngasinye.
Mayelana Nombhali: U-Brad Buecker uyi-Senior Technical Publicist e-ChemTreat.Uneminyaka engu-36 yokuhlangenwe nakho noma ehlangene nemboni yamandla, ingxenye enkulu yayo kumakhemikhali okukhiqiza umusi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomoya kanye naseCity Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) kanye neKansas City Power & Light Company itholakala eLa Cygne Station, eKansas. plant.UBuecker uneziqu ze-BS kuKhemistry azithola e-Iowa State University enomsebenzi owengeziwe wezifundo ku-Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kanye ne-Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
U-Dan Janikowski uyi-Technical Manager e-Plymouth Tube.Iminyaka engu-35, ubelokhu ebambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsimbi, ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ye-tubular ehlanganisa ama-alloys ethusi, insimbi engagqwali, ama-nickel alloys, i-titanium ne-carbon steel.Ebe ne-Plymouth Metro kusukela ngo-2005, u-Janikowski ubambe izikhundla ezihlukahlukene eziphezulu ze-2010 Technical.