I-POWERGEN International Call for Content isivuliwe manje! Sifuna izikhulumi ezivela ezimbonini zezinsiza kanye nezimboni zokukhiqiza ugesi. Izihloko zifaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okuvamile nokuvuselelwa, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwezitshalo zamandla, isitoreji samandla, ama-microgrid, ukulungiswa kwezitshalo, ugesi osendaweni, nokuningi.
Abalobi babuyekeze imininingwane emisha yephrojekthi yamandla kaninginingi, lapho abaklami bezitshalo bevame ukukhetha insimbi engagqwali engu-304 noma engu-316 ye-condenser kanye ne-assistant heat exchanger tube. Kwabaningi, igama elithi insimbi engagqwali liveza isimo sokugqwala okungenakunqotshwa, kanti empeleni, izinsimbi ezingagqwali ngezinye izikhathi zingaba yisinqumo esibi kakhulu ngoba zisengozini yokugqwala kwendawo. Futhi, kule nkathi yokutholakala okuncishisiwe kwamanzi ahlanzekile okwenziwa kwamanzi okupholisa, kuhlanganiswe nemibhoshongo yokupholisa esebenza ngemijikelezo ephezulu yokuhlushwa, izindlela zokwehluleka kwensimbi engagqwali ezingaba khona ziyakhuliswa. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, insimbi engagqwali engu-300 izohlala izinyanga kuphela, ngezinye izikhathi amasonto kuphela, ngaphambi kokuba yehluleke. Lesi sihloko sigxile okungenani ezindabeni okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa izinto ze-condenser tube ngokombono wokwelashwa kwamanzi. Ezinye izinto ezingaxoxwanga ngazo kuleli phepha kodwa ezidlala indima ekukhetheni izinto zifaka phakathi amandla ezinto, izakhiwo zokudlulisa ukushisa, kanye nokumelana namandla emishini, kufaka phakathi ukukhathala nokugqwala kokuguguleka.
Ukwengeza i-chromium engu-12% noma ngaphezulu ensimbini kubangela ukuthi i-alloy yakhe ungqimba lwe-oxide oluqhubekayo oluvikela isisekelo sensimbi ngaphansi. Yingakho igama elithi insimbi engagqwali. Uma kungekho ezinye izinto zokuhlanganisa (ikakhulukazi i-nickel), insimbi yekhabhoni iyingxenye yeqembu le-ferrite, futhi iseli layo leyunithi linesakhiwo se-cubic (BCC) esigxile emzimbeni.
Uma i-nickel ingezwa engxubeni ye-alloy ekugxilweni okungu-8% noma ngaphezulu, ngisho noma izinga lokushisa elizungezile likhona, iseli lizoba khona esakhiweni se-cubic (FCC) esisebusweni esibizwa ngokuthi i-austenite.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingu-300 kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezingagqwali zinokuqukethwe kwe-nickel okukhiqiza isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Izinsimbi ze-Austenitic ziye zabonakala ziwusizo kakhulu ezicelweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa nezinto zokwakha amashubhu e-superheater anokushisa okuphezulu kanye namashubhu okuvuselela kuma-boiler kagesi. Uchungechunge lwe-300 ikakhulukazi luvame ukusetshenziswa njengento yokwakha amashubhu okushintshanisa ukushisa anokushisa okuphansi, okuhlanganisa nezihlanganisi zomsinga. Kodwa-ke, kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza abaningi abazinaki izindlela ezingase zingasebenzi kahle.
Ubunzima obukhulu ngensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi izinto ezidumile ezingu-304 no-316, ukuthi ungqimba lwe-oxide oluvikelayo luvame ukubhujiswa ukungcola emanzini apholile kanye nemifantu kanye nama-deposit asiza ukugxila kokungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuvala, amanzi amile angaholela ekukhuleni kwamagciwane, okubangelwa yimikhiqizo ye-metabolic engaba yingozi kakhulu ezinsimbini.
Ukungcola kwamanzi okupholisa okuvamile, futhi okunye okunzima kakhulu ukukususa ngokwezomnotho, yi-chloride. Le ion ingabangela izinkinga eziningi kuma-generator omusi, kodwa kuma-condenser kanye nama-extra heat exchangers, ubunzima obukhulu ukuthi ama-chloride asezingeni elanele angangena futhi abhubhise ungqimba lwe-oxide oluvikelayo ensimbi engagqwali, okubangela ukugqwala kwendawo, okungukuthi i-pitting.
Ukugqwala kungenye yezinhlobo zokugqwala eziyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungabangela ukungena kodonga kanye nokwehluleka kwemishini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinsimbi.
Amazinga e-chloride akudingeki abe phezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukugqwala kwemigodi ensimbi engagqwali engu-304 kanye no-316, futhi ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezingenazo izinsalela noma imifantu, amazinga aphezulu e-chloride anconywayo manje abhekwa njengalawa:
Izici eziningana zingakhiqiza kalula amazinga e-chloride adlula lezi ziqondiso, kokubili ngokujwayelekile nasezindaweni ezisendaweni. Sekuyivelakancane kakhulu ukucabanga ngokuphola kanye kuphela kwezitshalo ezintsha zamandla. Eziningi zakhiwe ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa, noma kwezinye izimo, ama-condenser apholile emoyeni (i-ACC). Kulabo abanemibhoshongo yokupholisa, amazinga okungcola ezimonyweni "angaqhubeka." Isibonelo, ikholomu enezinga le-chloride yamanzi okwenza izimonyo elingu-50 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelezo emihlanu yokuhlushwa, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-chloride emanzini ajikelezayo kungu-250 mg/l. Lokhu kukodwa kufanele kuvimbele i-304 SS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni ezintsha nezikhona, kunesidingo esikhulu sokushintsha amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze kuphinde kushajwe izitshalo. Enye indlela evamile amanzi angcolile kamasipala. Ithebula 2 liqhathanisa ukuhlaziywa kwemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile amane nemithombo yamanzi angcolile amane.
Qaphela amazinga e-chloride akhuphukile (kanye nokunye ukungcola, njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, okungandisa kakhulu ukungcola kwamagciwane ezinhlelweni zokupholisa). Ngokuyisisekelo kuwo wonke amanzi ampunga, noma yikuphi ukujikeleza kombhoshongo wokupholisa kuzodlula umkhawulo we-chloride onconywe yi-316 SS.
Ingxoxo engenhla isekelwe emandleni okugqwala kwezindawo zensimbi ezivamile. Ukuqhekeka kanye nezibi kuyishintsha kakhulu indaba, njengoba kokubili kunikeza izindawo lapho ukungcola kungagxila khona. Indawo evamile yokuqhekeka kwemishini kuma-condenser kanye nama-heat exchanger afanayo isendaweni yokuhlangana kweshidi le-tube-to-tube. Ukungcola ngaphakathi kwe-tube kungadala imifantu emngceleni we-sediment, kanti i-sediment ngokwayo ingasebenza njengendawo yokungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba insimbi engagqwali ithembele kungqimba oluqhubekayo lwe-oxide ukuze ivikeleke, ama-deposit angakha izindawo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo eziguqula ubuso bensimbi obusele bube yi-anode.
Ingxoxo engenhla iveza izinkinga abaklami bezitshalo abavame ukuzicabangela lapho bechaza izinto ze-condenser kanye ne-assistant heat exchanger tube zamaphrojekthi amasha. Umqondo mayelana ne-304 kanye ne-316 SS ngezinye izikhathi usabonakala sengathi “yilokho ebesikwenza njalo” ngaphandle kokucabangela imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo. Ezinye izinto ziyatholakala ukuze zibhekane nezimo zamanzi okupholisa ezinzima izitshalo eziningi ezibhekene nazo manje.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezinsimbi ezingasetshenziswa, kufanele kuchazwe kafushane elinye iphuzu. Ezimweni eziningi, i-316 SS noma i-304 SS isebenze kahle ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, kodwa yehluleka ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kukagesi. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwehluleka kungenxa yokugeleza okungekuhle kwe-condenser noma i-heat exchanger okubangela amanzi amile emapayipini. Le ndawo inikeza izimo ezifanele zokukhula kwama-microorganisms. Amakholoni ama-microbial nawo akhiqiza ama-compounds agqwalisayo agqwalisa ngqo insimbi eshubhu.
Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukugqwala okubangelwa amagciwane (i-MIC), yaziwa ngokubhubhisa amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kanye nezinye izinsimbi zingakapheli amasonto. Uma i-heat exchanger ingenakukwazi ukukhishwa amanzi, kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokujulile amanzi ajikeleza njalo nge-heat exchanger kanye nokufaka i-biocide ngesikhathi senqubo. (Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngezinqubo ezifanele zokubeka, bheka u-D. Janikowski, “Layering Up Condenser and BOP Exchangers – Considerations”; ebibanjwe ngoJuni 4-6, 2019 eChampaign, IL Eyethulwe kwi-39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Ngezindawo ezinzima ezigqanyisiwe ngenhla, kanye nezindawo ezinzima njengamanzi anosawoti noma amanzi olwandle, izinsimbi ezihlukile zingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukungcola. Amaqembu amathathu e-alloy aphumelele, i-titanium emsulwa ngokwezentengiselwano, insimbi engagqwali ye-molybdenum austenitic engu-6% kanye nensimbi engagqwali ye-superferritic. Lawa ma-alloy nawo amelana ne-MIC. Nakuba i-titanium ibhekwa njengemelana kakhulu nokugqwala, isakhiwo sayo sekristalu esinama-hexagonal close-packed kanye ne-modulus ephansi kakhulu yenza kube lula ukulimala kwemishini. Le alloy ifaneleka kakhulu ekufakweni okusha okunezakhiwo eziqinile zokusekela amashubhu. Enye indlela enhle kakhulu yi-super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®. Ukwakheka kwale nto kuboniswe ngezansi.
Insimbi ine-chromium eningi kodwa ine-nickel ephansi, ngakho-ke iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic kunokuba ibe yinsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphansi kwe-nickel, ibiza kancane kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo ze-alloy. Amandla aphezulu kanye ne-modulus ye-elastic ye-Sea-Cure kuvumela izindonga ezincane kunezinye izinto, okuholela ekudlulisweni kokushisa okuthuthukisiwe.
Izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zalezi zinsimbi ziboniswe eshadini elithi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, njengoba igama lisikisela, eliyinqubo yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukumelana kwezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ekugqwaleni kwemigodi.
Omunye wemibuzo evame kakhulu ukuthi “Yini okuqukethwe kwe-chloride okuphezulu okungabekezelelwa yizinga elithile lensimbi engagqwali?” Izimpendulo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izici zifaka phakathi i-pH, izinga lokushisa, ukuba khona kanye nohlobo lokuqhekeka, kanye namathuba ezinhlobo eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. Ithuluzi lingeziwe ku-axis efanele yeSithombe 5 ukusiza ngalesi sinqumo. Lisekelwe ku-pH engathathi hlangothi, amanzi agelezayo angu-35°C avame ukutholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-BOP kanye nokufakwa komswakama (ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwediphozithi kanye nokwakheka kokuqhekeka). Uma i-alloy enokwakheka kwamakhemikhali athile isikhethiwe, i-PRen inganqunywa bese ixhunyaniswa ne-slash efanele. Izinga le-chloride eliphakeme elinconywayo linganqunywa ngokudweba umugqa ovundlile ku-axis efanele. Ngokuvamile, uma i-alloy izocatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amdaka noma amanzi olwandle, idinga ukuba ne-CCT engaphezu kwama-degree Celsius angu-25 njengoba kulinganiswa yi-G 48 test.
Kusobala ukuthi ama-alloy e-super ferritic amelwe yi-Sea-Cure® ngokuvamile afanelekela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi olwandle ngisho. Kukhona enye inzuzo yalezi zinto okumele igcizelelwe. Izinkinga zokugqwala kwe-Manganese ziye zabonwa ku-304 kanye no-316 SS iminyaka eminingi, kufaka phakathi ezitshalweni eziseduze noMfula i-Ohio. Muva nje, ama-heat exchanger ezitshalweni eziseduze noMfula i-Mississippi kanye ne-Missouri ahlaselwe. Ukugqwala kwe-Manganese nakho kuyinkinga evamile ezinhlelweni zokwenza amanzi emthonjeni. Indlela yokugqwala ikhonjwe njenge-manganese dioxide (MnO2) esabela nge-oxidizing biocide ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrochloric acid ngaphansi kwediphozithi. I-HCl yiyona ehlasela izinsimbi ngempela.[WH Dickinson kanye no-RW Pick, "Ukugqwala Okuxhomeke ku-Manganese Embonini Yamandla Kagesi"; kwethulwe eNgqungqutheleni Yonyaka Yokugqwala ye-NACE ka-2002, eDenver, CO.] Izinsimbi ze-Ferritic ziyamelana nale ndlela yokugqwala.
Ukukhetha izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zamashubhu e-condenser kanye ne-heat exchanger akuseyona indawo yokulawula i-chemistry efanele yokwelapha amanzi. Njengoba umbhali uBuecker echazile esihlokweni sobunjiniyela bamandla sangaphambilini, uhlelo lokwelapha ngamakhemikhali oluklanywe kahle futhi olusetshenziswa kahle luyadingeka ukunciphisa amathuba okukala, ukugqwala, kanye nokungcola. I-polymer chemistry ivela njengendlela enamandla esikhundleni se-phosphate/phosphonate chemistry endala ukulawula ukugqwala kanye nokukhula ezinhlelweni zokupholisa imibhoshongo. Ukulawula ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane kube yinkinga ebalulekile futhi kuzoqhubeka nokuba yinkinga ebalulekile. Ngenkathi i-oxidative chemistry ene-chlorine, i-bleach, noma ama-compound afanayo iyisisekelo sokulawulwa kwamagciwane, ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokwelapha. Esinye isibonelo esinjalo i-stabilizen chemistry, esiza ukwandisa izinga lokukhululwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwama-biocides asekelwe ku-chlorine ngaphandle kokufaka noma yimaphi ama-compound ayingozi emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okwengeziwe ngama-fungicides angewona ama-oxidative kungaba usizo kakhulu ekulawuleni intuthuko yamagciwane. Umphumela uba ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kanye nokuthembeka kwama-heat exchanger ezitshalo zamandla, kodwa uhlelo ngalunye luhlukile, ngakho ukuhlela ngokucophelela kanye nokubonisana nochwepheshe bemboni kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto nezinqubo zamakhemikhali. Okuningi Lesi sihloko sibhalwe ngombono wokwelashwa kwamanzi, asihilelekile ezinqumweni zezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa sicelwa ukuthi sisize ekuphatheni umthelela walezo zinqumo uma imishini isiqalile ukusebenza. Isinqumo sokugcina ngokukhethwa kwezinto kumele senziwe ngabasebenzi befektri ngokusekelwe ezicini eziningana ezichazwe kuhlelo ngalunye.
Mayelana Nombhali: UBrad Buecker unguMmeli Omkhulu Wezobuchwepheshe eChemTreat. Uneminyaka engu-36 yesipiliyoni embonini yamandla noma ehlobene nayo, iningi lalo lisekhemistri yokukhiqiza umusi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomoya kanye naseCity Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) kanye neKansas City Power & Light Company etholakala eLa Cygne Station, eKansas. Uphinde wachitha iminyaka emibili njengomphathi wamanzi/wamanzi angcolile obambele esitshalweni samakhemikhali. UBuecker uneziqu ze-BS kwiKhemistri ezivela e-Iowa State University kanye nomsebenzi wezifundo ezengeziwe ku-Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kanye ne-Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
UDan Janikowski unguMphathi Wezobuchwepheshe ePlymouth Tube. Sekuyiminyaka engama-35 ehilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsimbi, ekukhiqizweni nasekuhlolweni kwemikhiqizo yeshubhu okuhlanganisa i-alloys yethusi, insimbi engagqwali, i-alloys ye-nickel, i-titanium kanye nensimbi yekhabhoni. Njengoba ebesebenza ePlymouth Metro kusukela ngo-2005, uJanikowski ubambe izikhundla eziphezulu ezahlukahlukene ngaphambi kokuba abe yiMphathi Wezobuchwepheshe ngo-2010.