Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga rya POWERGEN ryo Gusaba Ibikubiyemo ryafunguye! Turimo gushaka abavuga rikijyana bo mu nganda zikora imirimo n'ingufu. Ingingo zirimo ikoreshwa mu kubyaza ingufu zisanzwe n'izishobora kuvugururwa, guhindura inganda z'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, kubika ingufu, mikorogi, kunoza inganda, ingufu zikoreshwa aho zikorera, n'ibindi.
Abanditsi bagiye basuzuma ibipimo bishya by’umushinga w’amashanyarazi inshuro nyinshi, aho abashushanya inganda bakunze guhitamo icyuma kitagira umugese cya 304 cyangwa 316 cyo gukoresha mu gukonjesha no mu miyoboro y’ubushyuhe. Kuri benshi, ijambo icyuma kitagira umugese rituma habaho ingese idashobora gutsindwa, mu gihe mu by’ukuri, ibyuma bitagira umugese rimwe na rimwe bishobora kuba amahitamo mabi kuko bishobora kwangirika. Kandi, muri iki gihe cyo kugabanuka k’amazi meza yo gukonjesha amazi, hamwe n’iminara ikonjesha ikora ku buryo bwinshi, uburyo bwo gucika kw’icyuma kitagira umugese burushaho kwiyongera. Mu buryo bumwe na bumwe, icyuma kitagira umugese cya 300 kizakomeza kubaho amezi gusa, rimwe na rimwe ibyumweru gusa, mbere yuko kigwa. Iyi nkuru yibanda nibura ku ngingo zikwiye kwitabwaho mu guhitamo ibikoresho by’imiyoboro y’ubugese mu rwego rwo gutunganya amazi. Izindi ngingo zitavuzwe muri iyi nyandiko ariko zigira uruhare mu guhitamo ibikoresho birimo imbaraga z’ibikoresho, imiterere yo kohereza ubushyuhe, no kurwanya imbaraga za mekanike, harimo umunaniro n’ingufu z’isuri.
Kongera kromiyumu 12% cyangwa irenga mu cyuma bituma icyuma gikora urwego rwa okiside rukomeza kurinda icyuma cyo hasi. Niyo mpamvu ijambo icyuma kitagira umugese. Iyo nta bindi bikoresho byo guteranya (cyane cyane nikeli), icyuma cya karuboni kiri mu itsinda rya ferrite, kandi akaremangingo kayo gafite imiterere ya cubic ishingiye ku mubiri (BCC).
Iyo nikeli yongewe mu mvange y’aloyi ku kigero cya 8% cyangwa kirenga, ndetse no mu bushyuhe bw’ikirere, akaremangingo kazaba mu buryo bwa cubic buherereye hagati mu maso (FCC) bwitwa austenite.
Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, ibyuma 300 bita stainless steel hamwe n'ibindi byuma bita stainless steel bifite nikeli ikora imiterere ya austenitic.
Ibyuma bya Austenitic byagaragaye ko bifite agaciro gakomeye mu bikorwa byinshi, harimo nk'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'imiyoboro ishyushya mu byuma bitanga umuriro. By'umwihariko, uruhererekane rwa 300 rukunze gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu miyoboro ihindura ubushyuhe mu bushyuhe buke, harimo n'ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe mu kirere. Ariko, muri ibyo bikorwa niho benshi birengagiza uburyo bushobora kwangirika.
Ingorane nyamukuru mu byuma bitagira umugese, cyane cyane ibikoresho bizwi cyane bya 304 na 316, ni uko urwego rwa okiside rurinda rukunze kwangizwa n'imyanda iri mu mazi akonje ndetse n'imyenge n'ibisigazwa bifasha guhumeka imyanda. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cyo kuziba, amazi ahagaze ashobora gutuma mikorobe zikura, ibyo zikora mu buryo bwa metabolike bishobora kwangiza cyane ibyuma.
Ubusembwa busanzwe bwo mu mazi akonjesha, kandi bumwe mu buryo bugoye cyane gukuraho mu buryo buciriritse, ni chloride. Iyi iyoni ishobora guteza ibibazo byinshi mu byuma bitanga umwuka, ariko mu byuma bitanga umwuka n'ibindi bikoresho bitanga ubushyuhe, ingorane nyamukuru ni uko chloride mu rugero ruhagije zishobora kwinjira no gusenya urwego rwa oxide rurinda icyuma kidashonga, bigatera ingese mu gace runaka, ni ukuvuga imyanda.
Gutera ibisasu ni bumwe mu buryo buteye ingese kuko bushobora gutuma inkuta zinjira mu buryo butunguranye kandi ibikoresho bikangirika buhoro.
Igipimo cya kloride ntabwo kigomba kuba kinini cyane kugira ngo gitere ingese mu byuma bita 304 na 316, kandi ku buso busukuye budafite aho bubohokera cyangwa imyenge, igipimo ntarengwa cya kloride gisabwa ubu gifatwa nk'iki:
Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora gutuma ingano ya chloride irenga aya mabwiriza, haba muri rusange no mu bice biherereye. Byabaye gake cyane kubanza gutekereza ku gukonjesha inshuro imwe ku nganda nshya z'amashanyarazi. Inyinshi zubatswe n'iminara ikonjesha, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe, ibikoresho bikonjesha umwuka (ACC). Ku bafite iminara ikonjesha, ingano y'imyanda mu bisigazwa ishobora "kwiyongera." Urugero, inkingi ifite ingano ya chloride y'amazi yo kwisiga ya 50 mg / l ikora hamwe n'ingendo eshanu z'ubwinshi, kandi ingano ya chloride mu mazi azenguruka ni 250 mg / l. Ibi byonyine muri rusange bigomba gukuraho 304 SS. Byongeye kandi, mu nganda nshya n'izisanzwe, hari ikibazo cyo gusimbuza amazi meza kugira ngo akoreshwe mu nganda. Ubundi buryo busanzwe ni amazi yanduye yo mu mujyi. Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igereranya isesengura ry'amazi ane meza n'amazi ane yanduye.
Witondere ubwiyongere bw'ingano ya kloride (n'indi myanda, nka azote na fosifore, bishobora kongera cyane ubwandu bwa mikorobe mu buryo bwo gukonjesha). Mu by'ukuri ku mazi yose y'umukara, uruziga urwo ari rwo rwose mu munara wo gukonjesha ruzarenga urugero rwa kloride rwasabwe na 316 SS.
Ikiganiro cyabanje gishingiye ku bushobozi bwo kwangirika bw'ubuso bw'icyuma gisanzwe. Uduce duto n'ibisigazwa bihindura cyane inkuru, kuko byombi bitanga ahantu imyanda ishobora kwikubira. Ahantu hasanzwe hagaragara imyanda mu byuma bigabanya ubushyuhe n'ibindi bisa ni aho imiyoboro y'amazi ihurira. Ibisigazwa biri mu muyoboro bishobora gutera imyanda ku mupaka w'ibisigazwa, kandi ibisigazwa ubwabyo bishobora kuba ahantu ho kwanduza. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko icyuma kitagira umugese gishingira ku rukuta rudahinduka rwa okiside mu kurinda, ibisigazwa bishobora gukora ahantu hadatunga umwuka wa ogisijeni bigatuma ubuso bw'icyuma gisigaye buhinduka anode.
Ibiganiro byavuzwe haruguru bigaragaza ibibazo abashushanya ibimera badakunze kwitaho iyo bagena ibikoresho bya condenser n'ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe by'inyongera ku mishinga mishya. Imitekerereze ku birebana na 304 na 316 SS rimwe na rimwe isa nkaho ari "ibyo twahoraga dukora" tudatekereje ku ngaruka z'ibikorwa nk'ibyo. Hari ibindi bikoresho bihari byo guhangana n'ibihe bikomeye by'amazi akonje ibimera byinshi bihura nabyo ubu.
Mbere yo kuganira ku byuma bisimbura ibindi, hari ikindi kintu kigomba kuvugwa muri make. Mu bihe byinshi, 316 SS cyangwa 304 SS yagenze neza mu gihe cy'imikorere isanzwe, ariko yananiwe mu gihe cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi. Mu bihe byinshi, gutsindwa biterwa no kubura amazi mu cyuma gihindura ubushyuhe cyangwa icyuma gihindura ubushyuhe bigatuma amazi adahagarara mu miyoboro. Iki gipimo gitanga imiterere myiza yo gukura kwa mikorobe. Imiterere ya mikorobe nayo ikora ibintu byangiza icyuma mu buryo butaziguye.
Iyi nzira, izwi nka mikorobe ziterwa na mikorobe (MIC), izwiho gusenya imiyoboro y'icyuma kitagira umugese n'ibindi byuma mu byumweru bike. Niba icyuma gihindura ubushyuhe kidashobora gukurwamo amazi, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane kuzenguruka amazi buri gihe binyuze muri icyo cyuma gihindura ubushyuhe no kongeramo biocide mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. (Kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku buryo bukwiye bwo kuyishyiramo, reba D. Janikowski, “Layering Up Condenser and BOP Exchangers – Ibyitabwaho”; yabaye ku ya 4-6 Kamena 2019 i Champaign, IL Yatanzwe mu nama ya 39 y’ubutabire bw’amashanyarazi.)
Ku bidukikije bikomeye byavuzwe haruguru, ndetse n'ibidukikije bikomeye nk'amazi y'umunyu cyangwa amazi yo mu nyanja, ibyuma bishobora gukoreshwa mu kwirinda imyanda. Amatsinda atatu y'ibyuma byagaragaye ko byagize uruhare runini mu gukora titanium nziza, icyuma cya molybdenum austenitic stainless steel cya 6% na superferritic stainless steel. Izi alloys nazo zirwanya MIC. Nubwo titanium ifatwa nk'irwanya ingese cyane, imiterere yayo ya kristale ifite impande esheshatu hamwe na modulus nke cyane ituma ishobora kwangirika. Iyi alloy ikwiriye cyane gushyirwamo ibintu bishya bifite imiterere ikomeye yo gushyigikira umuyoboro. Ubundi buryo bwiza ni icyuma cya superferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®. Imiterere y'iki gikoresho igaragara hano hepfo.
Icyuma gifite chromium nyinshi ariko nikeli nke, bityo ni icyuma cya ferritic stainless aho kuba icyuma cya austenitic stainless. Bitewe n'uko gifite nikeli nke, gihenda cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho. Ingufu nyinshi za Sea-Cure hamwe na modulus yoroshye bituma inkuta zoroshye kurusha ibindi bikoresho, bigatuma ubushyuhe burushaho kwiyongera.
Imiterere myiza y’ibi byuma igaragara ku mbonerahamwe yitwa “Inomero Ingana yo Kurwanya Imboga”, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, ni uburyo bwo gupima bukoreshwa mu kumenya uburyo ibyuma bitandukanye birwanya ingese.
Kimwe mu bibazo bikunze kugaragara ni “Ni ikihe gipimo ntarengwa cya chloride gishobora kwihanganira urwego runaka rw’icyuma kidashonga?” Ibisubizo biratandukanye cyane. Ibintu birimo pH, ubushyuhe, kubaho n’ubwoko bw’ibyavunitse, hamwe n’ubushobozi bw’ibinyabuzima bifatika. Igikoresho cyongewe ku murongo w’iburyo wa Ishusho ya 5 kugira ngo gifashe muri iki cyemezo. Gishingiye kuri pH idafite aho ibogamiye, 35°C amazi atemba akunze kuboneka muri BOP nyinshi no mu mikoreshereze y’amazi (kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi yangirika n’ibyuka bicika). Iyo icyuma gifite imiterere runaka y’ibinyabutabire cyatoranijwe, PREn irashobora kumenyekana hanyuma igahuzwa n’umusemburo ukwiye. Igipimo ntarengwa cya chloride gisabwa gishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe umurongo utambitse ku murongo w’iburyo. Muri rusange, niba icyuma kigomba kwitabwaho mu mikoreshereze y’amazi y’umunyu cyangwa y’inyanja, kigomba kugira CCT iri hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 25 nk’uko bipimwe n’ikizamini cya G 48.
Biragaragara ko aloyi za super ferritic zigaragazwa na Sea-Cure® muri rusange zikwiriye gukoreshwa mu mazi yo mu nyanja. Hari indi nyungu kuri ibi bikoresho igomba kwibandwaho. Ibibazo bya manganese byagaragaye kuri 304 na 316 SS mu myaka myinshi, harimo no ku nganda ziri ku ruzi rwa Ohio. Vuba aha, ibikoresho bihindura ubushyuhe ku nganda ziri ku nkengero z'uruzi rwa Mississippi na Missouri byibasiwe. Ingeso ya manganese nayo ni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu buryo bwo gukora amazi yo mu iriba. Uburyo bwa manganese bwagaragaye ko ari dioxyde ya manganese (MnO2) ikorana na biocide igabanya ubushyuhe kugira ngo ikore aside hydrochloric munsi y'aho iherereye. HCl ni yo yibasira ibyuma. [WH Dickinson na RW Pick, "Ingeso ya Manganese Ishingiye ku Nganda z'Ingufu z'Amashanyarazi"; byatanzwe mu nama ngarukamwaka ya NACE yo mu 2002, Denver, CO.] Ibyuma bya ferritic birarwanya ubu buryo bwa manganese.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo gukoresha imiyoboro ya condenser n'imashini zihindura ubushyuhe ntabwo bisimbura kugenzura neza shimi yo gutunganya amazi. Nk'uko umwanditsi Buecker yabisobanuye mu nkuru y'ubuhanga bw'ingufu zibanziriza iyi, gahunda yo gutunganya shimi yateguwe neza kandi ikoreshwa neza ni ngombwa kugira ngo igabanye ubushobozi bwo kwagura, kwangiza no guhumanya. Polimeri irimo kugaragara nk'ubundi buryo bukomeye bwo gusimbura shimi ya fosfeti/fosfeti ishaje kugira ngo igenzure kwangiza no kwangiza mu buryo bwo gukonjesha. Kugenzura ubwandu bwa mikorobe byabaye kandi bizakomeza kuba ikibazo gikomeye. Nubwo shimi ya oxidative hamwe na chlorine, bleach, cyangwa ibindi bisa ari byo shingiro ryo kugenzura mikorobe, ubuvuzi bw'inyongera akenshi bushobora kunoza imikorere ya gahunda zo kuvura. Urugero rumwe ni shimi yo kubungabunga, ifasha kongera igipimo cyo kurekura no gukora neza kwa oxidative ishingiye kuri chlorine hatabayeho kwinjiza ibintu byangiza mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, ibiryo by'inyongera hamwe n'imiti irwanya oxidation ishobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane mu kugenzura iterambere rya mikorobe. Ingaruka ni uko hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kunoza ibidukikije bihindura ubushyuhe mu bigo by'amashanyarazi, ariko buri buryo buratandukanye, bityo gutegura no kugisha inama impuguke mu nganda ni ingenzi mu guhitamo ibikoresho n'uburyo bwa shimi. Byinshi muri Iyi nkuru yanditswe mu buryo bwo gutunganya amazi, ntabwo turimo gufata ibyemezo by'ibikoresho, ariko turasabwa gufasha gucunga ingaruka z'ibyo byemezo igihe ibikoresho bizaba bitangiye gukoreshwa. Icyemezo cya nyuma ku guhitamo ibikoresho kigomba gufatwa n'abakozi b'uruganda hashingiwe ku bintu byinshi byagenwe kuri buri gikorwa.
Ku bijyanye n'umwanditsi: Brad Buecker ni umuvugizi mukuru wa tekiniki muri ChemTreat. Afite uburambe bw'imyaka 36 mu nganda z'amashanyarazi cyangwa afitanye isano na zo, inyinshi muri zo mu bijyanye no gukora amashanyarazi ashyushye, gutunganya amazi, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umwuka no muri City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) na Kansas City Power & Light Company iherereye kuri sitasiyo ya La Cygne, Kansas. Yanamaze imyaka ibiri ari umuyobozi w'agateganyo w'amazi/amazi yanduye mu ruganda rw'imiti. Buecker afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu butabire (BS) muri shimi yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Leta ya Iowa hamwe n'amasomo y'inyongera mu buhanga mu by'ubutabire, ingufu n'ibikoresho, na ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry'ubutabire.
Dan Janikowski ni Umuyobozi wa Tekiniki muri Plymouth Tube. Amaze imyaka 35 akora mu iterambere ry’ibyuma, gukora no kugerageza ibikoresho bya tubule birimo umuringa, ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma, nikeli, titaniyumu na karuboni. Kuva mu 2005, Janikowski yakoze imirimo itandukanye yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mbere yo kuba Umuyobozi wa Tekiniki mu 2010.