POWERGEN Ihamagarwa mpuzamahanga ryibirimo rirakinguye! Turashaka abavuga munganda zinganda n’inganda zitanga amashanyarazi. Ingingo zirimo amashanyarazi asanzwe kandi ashobora kuvugururwa, guhindura amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, kubika ingufu, microgrid, kuzamura ibimera, ku mbuga za interineti, n'ibindi.
Abanditsi bongeye gusuzuma umushinga mushya w'amashanyarazi ibisobanuro inshuro nyinshi, aho abashushanya ibihingwa bahitamo 304 cyangwa 316 ibyuma bitagira umuyonga wa kondenseri hamwe nubufasha bwingufu zoguhindura ibyuma. Kuri benshi, ijambo ibyuma bitagira umuyonga rivuga aura ya ruswa idashobora kuneshwa, mugihe mubyukuri, ibyuma bitagira umwanda bishobora rimwe na rimwe guhitamo gukabije kubwo gukonjeshwa kwamazi hamwe no kugabanuka kwamazi meza. iminara ikonjesha ikorera kumurongo wikurikiranya ryinshi, uburyo bwo kunanirwa ibyuma butagira umwanda burakuzwa.Mu porogaramu zimwe na zimwe, ibyuma 300 bitagira ibyuma bizakomeza kubaho amezi gusa, rimwe na rimwe ibyumweru gusa, mbere yo kunanirwa.Iyi ngingo yibanze byibuze ku bibazo byakagombye gutekerezwaho muguhitamo ibikoresho bya kondenseri bivuye mu gutunganya amazi.Ibindi bintu bitaganiriweho muri iyi mpapuro ariko bigira uruhare mu guhitamo ibikoresho, imbaraga zo gukwirakwiza amavuta, hamwe no kurwanya amavuta, hamwe no kurwanya amavuta, hamwe no kurwanya amavuta, hamwe no kurwanya amavuta, hamwe no gukurura amavuta, hamwe no kurwanya amavuta.
Ongeramo 12% cyangwa byinshi bya chromium mubyuma bitera umusemburo gukora urwego rukomeza rwa oxyde irinda ibyuma shingiro munsi.Nuko rero ijambo ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Mu gihe hatabayeho ibindi bikoresho bivangavanze (cyane cyane nikel), ibyuma bya karubone biri mumatsinda ya ferrite, kandi selile yibice bifite imiterere ya cubic (BCC).
Iyo nikel yongewe kumvange ivanze kuri 8% cyangwa irenga, ndetse no mubushyuhe bwibidukikije, selile izabaho muburyo bwa cubic bushingiye kumaso (FCC) bita austenite.
Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, 300 ikurikirana ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nibindi byuma bidafite ingese bifite nikel itanga imiterere ya austenitis.
Ibyuma bya Austenitike byagaragaye ko bifite agaciro cyane mubikorwa byinshi, harimo nkibikoresho byubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane hamwe nubushyuhe bwa reheater mu byuma byamashanyarazi. Urukurikirane 300 cyane cyane rukoreshwa nkibikoresho byumuvuduko ukabije w’ubushyuhe, harimo n’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Ingorane nyamukuru hamwe nicyuma kitagira umwanda, cyane cyane ibikoresho bizwi cyane 304 na 316, ni uko urwego rwa okiside ikingira akenshi rwangizwa n’umwanda uri mu mazi akonje ndetse n’imigezi hamwe n’ububiko bifasha kwibanda ku mwanda. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cyo guhagarika, amazi ahagaze ashobora gutera mikorobe, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bishobora kwangiza cyane ibyuma.
Umwanda ukonje ukonje, kandi kimwe mubigoye kuvanaho mubukungu, ni chloride.Iyi ion irashobora gutera ibibazo byinshi mumashanyarazi, ariko muri kondenseri hamwe noguhindura ubushyuhe bwingirakamaro, ingorane nyamukuru nuko chloride yibitekerezo bihagije ishobora kwinjira no gusenya urwego rwa oxyde ikingira ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ni ukuvuga gutobora.
Gutobora ni bumwe mu buryo bufifitse bwo kwangirika kuko bushobora gutera urukuta kwinjira no kubura ibikoresho hamwe no gutakaza ibyuma bike.
Ubwinshi bwa Chloride ntibugomba kuba hejuru cyane kugirango butere kwangirika kwicyuma muri 304 na 316 ibyuma bitagira umwanda, naho hejuru yisuku idafite aho ibitse cyangwa imyobo, ibyifuzo bya chloride ntarengwa byasabwe ubu ni:
Impamvu nyinshi zishobora kubyara byoroshye chloride irenze aya mabwiriza, haba muri rusange ndetse no mu turere twaho.Byabaye gake cyane kubanza gutekereza ku gukonjesha inshuro imwe ku mashanyarazi mashya. Byinshi byubatswe hamwe niminara ikonjesha, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe, ibyuma bikonjesha bikonje (ACC) .Kubafite iminara ikonje, kwibumbira hamwe kwamazi hamwe na chloride hamwe na lisiti hamwe na chloride hamwe na chloride hamwe na 50. chloride yibiri mumazi azenguruka ni 250 mg / l.Ibi byonyine bigomba kwirinda muri rusange 304 SS. Byongeye kandi, mubihingwa bishya kandi bihari, hakenewe kwiyongera gusimbuza amazi meza kugirango hongerwe ibihingwa.Ubundi buryo busanzwe ni amazi y’amazi ya komine.Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igereranya isesengura ry’ibikoresho bine by’amazi meza hamwe n’amazi ane y’amazi.
Witondere kwiyongera kwa chloride (nibindi byanduye, nka azote na fosifore, bishobora kongera cyane kwanduza mikorobe muri sisitemu yo gukonjesha) .Kubusanzwe amazi yose yumukara, kuzenguruka muminara ikonje bizarenga urugero rwa chloride rusabwa na 316 SS.
Ikiganiro kibanziriza iki gishingiye ku bushobozi bwo kwangirika hejuru yicyuma gisanzwe.Ivunika n’ibimera bihindura ku buryo bugaragara inkuru, kuko byombi bitanga ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’imyanda. Ahantu hasanzwe hashobora gukomeretsa imashini zikoreshwa muri kondenseri hamwe n’ibihinduranya bisa n’ubushyuhe biri ku masangano y’imyanda. Imyanda iri mu muyoboro irashobora gutera ibice ku mipaka y’imyanda, kandi imyanda ubwayo irashobora kuba nk'ikibanza cyangiza. kurinda, kubitsa birashobora gukora ogisijeni ikennye ihindura hejuru yicyuma gisigaye muri anode.
Ikiganiro cyavuzwe haruguru cyerekana ibibazo abashushanya ibihingwa mubisanzwe badatekereza mugihe hagaragajwe ibikoresho bya kondereseri hamwe nubufasha bwingufu zoguhindura ubushyuhe bwimishinga mishya.Imitekerereze yerekeye 304 na 316 SS rimwe na rimwe irasa nkaho ari "ibyo twahoraga dukora" tutitaye ku ngaruka zibyo bikorwa.Ibikoresho bya kera birahari kugira ngo bikemure amazi akonje akonje ibihingwa byinshi ubu bihura nabyo.
Mbere yo kuganira ku bindi byuma, ikindi kintu kigomba kuvugwa muri make.Mu bihe byinshi, SS 316 cyangwa ndetse na 304 SS yitwaye neza mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bisanzwe, ariko bikananirana mu gihe cy’umuriro w'amashanyarazi. Mu bihe byinshi, gutsindwa biterwa no gutwarwa nabi kwa kondereseri cyangwa guhinduranya ubushyuhe bitera amazi adahagaze mu miyoboro. Ibi bidukikije bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukura kwa mikorobe ikora neza.
Ubu buryo buzwi nka ruswa yatewe na mikorobe (MIC), buzwiho gusenya imiyoboro idafite ibyuma hamwe n’ibindi byuma bitarenze ibyumweru.Niba impinduka z’ubushyuhe zidashobora gutwarwa, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane ku mazi azenguruka rimwe na rimwe binyuze mu guhinduranya ubushyuhe no kongeramo biocide mu gihe cyagenwe. (Niba ushaka ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bukwiye, reba D. Janikowski, “Layering Up Condenser na BOP IL Yatanzwe mu nama ya 39 ya Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kubidukikije bikaze byagaragaye hejuru, hamwe nibidukikije bikaze nkamazi meza cyangwa amazi yinyanja, ubundi buryo bwamabuye burashobora gukoreshwa kugirango hirindwe umwanda. Amatsinda atatu yimvange yerekanye ko yatsindiye neza, yubucuruzi bwa titanium, 6% ya molybdenum austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nicyuma cya kirisitu cyinshi. modulus nkeya cyane ya elastike ituma ishobora kwangirika kwubukanishi.Iyi mavuta ikwiranye nuburyo bushya hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo gushyigikira imiyoboro.Ubundi buryo bwiza cyane ni super ferritic stainless ibyuma Inyanja-Cure®.Ibigize ibi bikoresho birerekanwa hepfo.
Icyuma ni kinini muri chromium ariko kiri munsi ya nikel, bityo rero nicyuma cya ferritic stainless aho kuba ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga.Kubera kuri nikel nkeya, bitwara amafaranga make ugereranije nandi mavuta.
Imiterere yiyongereye yibi byuma irerekanwa ku mbonerahamwe ya “Pitting Resistance Equival Number”, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, ni uburyo bwo kwipimisha bukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane imbaraga z’ibyuma bitandukanye byo kwangirika.
Kimwe mu bibazo bikunze kugaragara ni “Ni ikihe kintu kinini cya chloride gishobora kugereranywa n'icyiciro runaka cy'icyuma kitagira umwanda gishobora kwihanganira?” Ibisubizo biratandukanye cyane.Ibintu birimo pH, ubushyuhe, kuboneka hamwe nubwoko bwavunitse, hamwe nubushobozi bwibinyabuzima bikora.Ibikoresho byongewe kumurongo wiburyo wigishushanyo cya 5 kugirango bifashe muri iki cyemezo.Bishingiye kuri pH idafite aho ibogamiye, 35 ° C amazi atemba akunze kuboneka muri BOP hamwe na progaramu ya kondegene (kugirango hirindwe ko hashyirwaho uburyo bunoze bwo guhunika hamwe no guhuza ibice). Urwego rwa chloride rushobora kugenwa mugushushanya umurongo utambitse kumurongo wiburyo.Muri rusange, niba umusemburo ugomba gutekerezwa kubikorwa byamazi cyangwa amazi yinyanja, bigomba kugira CCT hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 25 nkuko byapimwe nikizamini G 48.
Biragaragara ko ibishishwa bya super ferritic bigereranywa ninyanja-Cure® muri rusange bikwiranye no gukoresha amazi yo mu nyanja.Hariho izindi nyungu kuri ibyo bikoresho bigomba gushimangirwa. Ibibazo byo kwangirika kwa Manganese byagaragaye mu myaka 304 na 316 SS mu myaka myinshi ishize, harimo no ku bimera byo ku ruzi rwa Ohio. Mu minsi ishize, abahindura ubushyuhe ku bimera byo ku nkombe za Mississippi na Missouri bitwara neza. Uburyo bwo kwangirika bwamenyekanye nka dioxyde de manganese (MnO2) ikora hamwe na biocide ya okiside kugirango itange aside hydrochloric munsi yabikijwe. HCl nicyo kibasira ibyuma rwose. cyatanzwe mu nama ngarukamwaka ya ruswa ya NACE 2002, Denver, CO.] Ibyuma bya ferritic birwanya ubu buryo bwo kwangirika.
Guhitamo ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bya kondenseri hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe ntibirasimburwa no kugenzura imiti ikwiye yo gutunganya amazi.Nkuko umwanditsi Buecker yabivuze mu kiganiro cyabanjirije amashanyarazi, gahunda yo gutunganya imiti ikozwe neza kandi ikoreshwa neza irakenewe kugira ngo hagabanuke ubushobozi bwo gupima, kwangirika, no guhumanya. kandi bizakomeza kuba ikibazo gikomeye. Mugihe chimie oxydeide hamwe na chlorine, byakuya, cyangwa nibindi bisa nkibuye ryibanze ryo kugenzura mikorobe, imiti yinyongera irashobora kunoza imikorere ya gahunda yo kuvura.Urugero rumwe ni chimie stabilisation, ifasha kongera umuvuduko wo kurekura no gukora neza biocide ishingiye kuri chlorine itarinze kwinjiza ibintu byangiza cyane mumazi. kunoza uburyo burambye kandi bwizewe bwo guhanahana ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ariko buri sisitemu iratandukanye, bityo rero gutegura neza no kugisha inama impuguke mu nganda ni ngombwa muguhitamo ibikoresho hamwe nuburyo bwa chimique. Byinshi muriyi ngingo byanditswe duhereye kubitekerezo byo gufata amazi, ntabwo dushyirwa mubikorwa byemezo bifatika, ariko turasabwa gufasha gucunga ingaruka zibyo byemezo igihe ibikoresho bizaba byakozwe kandi bigomba gukorwa.
Ibyerekeye Umwanditsi: Brad Buecker ni Umuhanga mu bya Tekinike Ushinzwe Tekinike muri ChemTreat.Afite uburambe bwimyaka 36 mu bikorwa cyangwa bifitanye isano n’inganda z’amashanyarazi, ibyinshi muri byo mu bijyanye na chimie y’amashanyarazi, gutunganya amazi, kugenzura ikirere ndetse no mu mujyi wa City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) na Kansas City Power & Light Company biherereye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Iowa hamwe n’amazi y’imyanda. akazi muri Fluid Mechanics, Ingufu nibikoresho Bingana, hamwe na Chimie Yambere idasanzwe.
Dan Janikowski ni Umuyobozi wa Tekinike muri Plymouth Tube. Mu myaka 35, yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’ibyuma, gukora no kugerageza ibicuruzwa biva mu muringoti birimo umuringa w’umuringa, ibyuma bitagira umwanda, nikel alloys, titanium n’ibyuma bya karubone. Kuba yari kumwe na Metro ya Plymouth kuva mu 2005, Janikowski yari afite imyanya ikomeye mu mwaka wa 2010.