Kua tuwhera te POWERGEN International Call for Content! Kei te rapu mātou i ngā kaikōrero mai i ngā umanga ratonga me te whakaputa hiko. Kei roto i ngā kaupapa ko te whakaputa hiko tuku iho me te whakaputa hiko hou, te huringa mamati o ngā tipu hiko, te rokiroki hiko, ngā whatunga iti, te arotau tipu, te hiko kei te papaanga, me te maha atu.
Kua arotakehia e ngā kaituhi ngā whakatakotoranga kaupapa hiko hou i ia wā, i ia wā, ko ngā kaihoahoa tipu e whiriwhiri ana i te 304, i te 316 rānei te kowiri tira mō ngā ngongo whakapūmau me ngā ngongo whakawhiti wera āwhina. Mō te tini, ko te kupu kowiri tira he aura o te waikura kore e taea te hinga, engari ko te mea pono, ko ngā kowiri tira te mea kino rawa atu i ētahi wā nā te mea he ngawari ki te waikura ā-rohe. Ā, i tēnei wā o te iti o te wātea o te wai māori mō te hanga wai whakamatao, me ngā pourewa whakamatao e mahi ana i ngā huringa kukū teitei, ka whakanuia ngā tikanga rahunga kowiri tira. I ētahi tono, ka ora noa te kowiri tira raupapa 300 mō ngā marama, i ētahi wā he wiki noa iho, i mua i te rahunga. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki ngā take me whakaaro i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi ngongo whakapūmau mai i te tirohanga maimoatanga wai. Ko ētahi atu mea kāore i kōrerohia i roto i tēnei pepa engari he wāhi nui ki te kōwhiringa rauemi ko te kaha o te rauemi, ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti wera, me te ātete ki ngā kaha miihini, tae atu ki te ngenge me te waikura horo.
Mā te tāpiri i te 12% neke atu rānei o te chromium ki te maitai ka hangaia he paparanga waikura tonu e tiaki ana i te konganuku turanga i raro. Nō reira te kupu kowiri tira. I te korenga o ētahi atu rauemi whakakoi (ina koa ko te nikara), ko te maitai waro he wāhanga o te rōpū ferrite, ā, he hanganga pūtoru tinana-pokapū (BCC) tōna pūtau kotahi.
Ina tāpirihia te nikara ki te ranunga koranu i te kukū o te 8%, neke atu rānei, ahakoa i te pāmahana taiao, ka noho te pūtau i roto i te hanganga poraka mata-pokapū (FCC) e kiia nei ko te austenite.
E ai ki te Ripanga 1, he nui te nikara o ngā maitai kowiri tira raupapa 300 me ētahi atu maitai kowiri tira, ā, he hanganga austenitic tēnei.
Kua kitea te whai huatanga o ngā maitai Austenitic i roto i ngā mahi maha, tae atu ki te whakamahi hei rauemi mō ngā ngongo whakamahana wera pāmahana teitei me ngā ngongo whakamahana anō i roto i ngā poiha hiko. Ko te raupapa 300, inā koa, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei rauemi mō ngā ngongo whakawhiti wera pāmahana iti, tae atu ki ngā whakapūmau mata mamaoa. Heoi, i roto i ēnei mahi ka warewarehia e te tini ngā tikanga pakaru pea.
Ko te uauatanga matua o te maitai kore waikura, inā koa ko ngā rauemi rongonui 304 me 316, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakangaromia te paparanga waikura tiaki e ngā poke o te wai whakamatao me ngā kapiti me ngā putunga e āwhina ana ki te whakaemi i ngā poke. Hei tāpiri, i raro i ngā āhuatanga kati, ka taea e te wai tū te arahi ki te tipu o ngā moroiti, ā, ko ngā hua taha o te pākia ka tino kino ki ngā konganuku.
Ko te pūhaumāota he poke wai whakamatao noa, ā, ko tētahi o ngā mea tino uaua ki te tango atu i te taha ōhanga. He maha ngā raruraru ka pā mai i tēnei katote i roto i ngā whakaputa mamaoa, engari i roto i ngā whakapūngao me ngā whakawhiti wera āwhina, ko te uauatanga matua ko te kaha o ngā pūhaumāota i roto i ngā kukū nui ki te uru me te whakangaro i te paparanga waikura tiaki i runga i te maitai kore waikura, ka puta te waikura ā-rohe, arā, te poka.
Ko te poka waikura tētahi o ngā momo waikura tino kino rawa atu nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakapū i ngā pakitara me te pakaru o ngā taputapu, ā, he iti noa te ngaronga o te konganuku.
Kāore e hiahiatia kia tino teitei ngā kukū o te hauota hei whakapūmau i te waikura i roto i te maitai kore waikura 304 me te 316, ā, mō ngā mata ma, kāore he putunga, he kapiti rānei, ko ngā kukū hauota mōrahi kua tūtohutia ko:
He maha ngā āhuatanga ka taea te whakaputa ngāwari i ngā kukū hauota e nui ake ana i ēnei aratohu, i te nuinga o te wā me ngā wāhi ā-rohe. Kua tino onge te whakaaro tuatahi ki te whakamatao kotahi-mā roto mō ngā tipu hiko hou. Ko te nuinga he mea hanga ki ngā pourewa whakamatao, i ētahi wā rānei, he pūwhakamātao hau (ACC). Mō te hunga he pourewa whakamatao, ka taea e te kukū o ngā poke i roto i ngā mea whakapaipai te "hurihuri ake." Hei tauira, ko te pou me te kukū hauota wai hanga-ake o te 50 mg/l e mahi ana me ngā huringa kukū e rima, ā, ko te ihirangi hauota o te wai e rere ana he 250 mg/l. Mā tēnei anake ka whakakorea te 304 SS. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā tipu hou me ngā tipu o mua, kei te piki haere te hiahia ki te whakakapi i te wai māori mō te whakahou tipu. Ko tētahi atu huarahi noa ko te wai para o te tāone. Ka whakatauritea e te Ripanga 2 te tātari o ngā puna wai māori e whā ki ngā puna wai para e whā.
Kia tūpato ki te pikinga o ngā taumata pūhaumāota (me ētahi atu poke, pērā i te hauota me te whākawa, ka nui ake te poke o ngā huakita i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamatao). Mō te nuinga o ngā wai hina katoa, ka nui ake te rere o te wai i roto i te pourewa whakamatao i te rohe pūhaumāota e taunakitia ana e te 316 SS.
Ko te kōrero o mua e pā ana ki te kaha o te waikura o ngā mata whakarewa noa. Ka tino whakarerekē te kōrero i ngā pakaru me ngā paru, nā te mea e whakarato ana i ngā wāhi e taea ai e ngā poke te kohikohi. Ko te wāhi noa mō ngā kapiti miihini i roto i ngā whakapūmau me ngā whakawhiti wera rite kei ngā hononga ngongo-ki-ngā-rau ngongo. Ka taea e te paru i roto i te ngongo te hanga kapiti i te rohe paru, ā, ka taea e te paru tonu te mahi hei wāhi mō te poke. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea ka whakawhirinaki te maitai kore waikura ki tētahi paparanga waikura tonu hei tiaki, ka taea e ngā putunga te hanga i ngā wāhi rawakore-hāora e huri ai te mata maitai e toe ana hei anode.
E whakamārama ana te kōrero i runga ake nei i ngā take kāore e whakaarohia ana e ngā kaihoahoa tipu ina tohua ana ngā rauemi ngongo whakamātao me ngā rauemi ngongo whakawhiti wera āwhina mō ngā kaupapa hou. Ko te whakaaro mō te 304 me te 316 SS i ētahi wā ka rite tonu ki te "koinā tā mātou mahi i ngā wā katoa" me te kore e whakaaro ki ngā hua o aua mahi. Kei te wātea ngā rauemi rerekē hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga wai whakamatao kaha ake e pā ana ki te nuinga o ngā tipu i nāianei.
I mua i te kōrero mō ngā konganuku rerekē, me kōrero poto tētahi atu kōrero. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, i pai te mahi a te 316 SS, tae atu ki te 304 SS i te wā mahi noa, engari i rahua i te wā motuhanga hiko. I te nuinga o ngā wā, ko te rahua nā te koretake o te rerenga wai o te condenser, te exchanger wera rānei, ka puta ai te wai i roto i ngā ngongo. Mā tēnei taiao ka whakaratohia he āhuatanga pai mō te tipu o ngā moroiti. Ko ngā koroni moroiti ka whakaputa i ngā matū waikura e waikura tika ana i te konganuku ngongo.
Ko tēnei tikanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te waikura i puta mai i te huakita (MIC), e mōhiotia ana ka whakangaro i ngā paipa maitai kore waikura me ētahi atu konganuku i roto i ngā wiki. Mena kāore e taea te tango i te wai mai i te whakawhiti wera, me whai whakaaro nui ki te rere o te wai i ia wā mā roto i te whakawhiti wera me te tāpiri i te biocide i te wā o te tukanga. (Mō ētahi atu taipitopito mō ngā tikanga whakatakoto tika, tirohia a D. Janikowski, "Te Whakatakoto i te Condenser me ngā Whakawhiti BOP - Ngā Whakaaro"; i tū i te 4-6 o Hune, 2019 i Champaign, IL I whakaaturia i te 39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Mō ngā taiao uaua kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, me ngā taiao uaua ake pērā i te wai mātao, te wai moana rānei, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā konganuku rerekē hei ārai i ngā poke. E toru ngā rōpū koranu kua whakamātauhia te angitu, arā, ko te titanium parakore arumoni, te 6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel me te superferritic stainless steel. He ātete MIC hoki ēnei koranu. Ahakoa e kiia ana he tino ātete te titanium ki te waikura, ko tōna hanganga karaihe hexagonal me te iti rawa o te modulus elastic ka ngawari ki te kino miihini. He pai rawa atu tēnei koranu mō ngā whakaurunga hou me ngā hanganga tautoko ngongo kaha. Ko tētahi atu huarahi pai ko te super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®. Kei raro nei te hanganga o tēnei rauemi.
He nui te chromium o te maitai engari he iti te nikara, nō reira he maitai kore waikura ferritic, ehara i te maitai kore waikura austenitic. Nā te iti o te nikara, he iti ake te utu i ērā atu koranu. Nā te kaha teitei me te ngāwari o Sea-Cure ka taea te hanga i ngā pakitara angiangi atu i ērā atu rauemi, ka pai ake te whakawhiti wera.
Ko ngā āhuatanga whakarei ake o ēnei konganuku e whakaaturia ana i te tūtohi "Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number", e ai ki te ingoa, he tikanga whakamātautau e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te ātete o ngā momo konganuku ki te waikura pitting.
Ko tētahi o ngā pātai e tino kitea ana ko "He aha te nui o te konupora ka taea e tētahi momo maitai kore waikura te tu atu?" He rerekē ngā whakautu. Kei roto i ngā āhuatanga ko te pH, te pāmahana, te aroaro me te momo pakaru, me te pūmanawa mō ngā momo koiora hohe. Kua tāpirihia he taputapu ki te tuaka matau o te Pikitia 5 hei āwhina i tēnei whakatau. Kei runga i te pH kūpapa, te wai rere 35°C e kitea ana i roto i te maha o ngā tono BOP me te whakapūpū (hei ārai i te hanganga putunga me te hanganga kapiti). Kia oti te whiriwhiri i tētahi koranu me tētahi hanganga matū motuhake, ka taea te whakatau i te PREn, kātahi ka honoa ki te tapahi tika. Ka taea te whakatau i te taumata konupora mōrahi kua tūtohutia mā te tuhi i tētahi rārangi whakapae ki te tuaka matau. I te nuinga o te wā, ki te whakaarohia he koranu mō ngā tono wai māori, wai moana rānei, me nui ake te CCT i te 25 nekehanga Celsius e ai ki te whakamātautau G 48.
E mārama ana ko ngā konukōre ferritic super e tohuhia ana e Sea-Cure® he pai mō ngā tono wai moana. Tērā tētahi atu painga o ēnei rauemi me whakanui. Kua kitea ngā raruraru waikura konupūmā mō te 304 me te 316 SS mō ngā tau maha, tae atu ki ngā tipu i te taha o te awa o Ohio. Nō nā tata nei, kua whakaekea ngā whakawhiti wera i ngā tipu i te taha o ngā awa o Mississippi me Missouri. He raruraru noa hoki te waikura konupūmā i roto i ngā pūnaha hanga wai puna. Kua tautuhia te tikanga waikura ko te hauhā konupūmā (MnO2) e tauhohe ana ki te biocide whakahāngai hei whakaputa waikawa hauwaiora i raro i te putunga. Ko te HCl te mea e tino whakaeke ana i ngā konganuku. [WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry"; i whakaaturia i te Huihuinga Waikura ā-Tau NACE 2002, Denver, CO.] He ātete ngā maitai ferritic ki tēnei tikanga waikura.
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi kounga teitei ake mō ngā ngongo whakapūmau me ngā ngongo whakawhiti wera, ehara i te mea hei whakakapi mō te whakahaere matū maimoatanga wai tika. E ai ki tā te kaituhi a Buecker i roto i tētahi tuhinga hangarau hiko o mua, me whai kaupapa maimoatanga matū kua hoahoatia, kua whakahaerehia hoki kia tika ai te hanga hei whakaiti i te kaha o te tauine, te waikura, me te poke. Kei te puta ake te matū polymer hei huarahi kē atu ki te matū phosphate/phosphonate tawhito hei whakahaere i te waikura me te tauine i roto i ngā pūnaha pourewa whakamatao. Ko te whakahaere i te poke moroiti kua waiho hei take nui, ā, ka noho tonu hei take nui. Ahakoa ko te matū waikura me te chlorine, te bleach, me ngā matū rite rānei te tūāpapa o te whakahaere moroiti, ka taea e ngā maimoatanga tāpiri te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā kaupapa maimoatanga. Ko tētahi tauira ko te matū whakau, e āwhina ana ki te whakanui ake i te tere tukunga me te whai huatanga o ngā biocides waikura e hangai ana ki te chlorine me te kore e whakauru i ngā matū kino ki roto i te wai. Hei tāpiri, ko te whāngai tāpiri me ngā harore kore-waikura he tino whai hua ki te whakahaere i te whanaketanga moroiti. Ko te mutunga mai he maha ngā huarahi hei whakapai ake i te pumau me te pono o ngā whakawhiti wera tipu hiko, engari he rerekē ia pūnaha, nō reira he mea nui te whakamahere me te kōrero tupato ki ngā tohunga ahumahi mō te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga matū. Ko te nuinga o tēnei tuhinga i tuhia mai i I roto i te tirohanga maimoatanga wai, kāore mātou e whai wāhi ki ngā whakataunga rauemi, engari e tonoa ana mātou kia āwhina ki te whakahaere i te pānga o aua whakataunga ina oti te whakamahi i ngā taputapu. Ko te whakataunga whakamutunga mō te whiriwhiri rauemi me mahi e ngā kaimahi o te tipu i runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga kua tohua mō ia tono.
Mō te Kaituhi: He Kaipānui Hangarau Matua a Brad Buecker i ChemTreat. E 36 tau ōna wheako ki te umanga hiko, e hono ana rānei ki a ia, ko te nuinga o aua wheako he matū whakaputa mamaoa, he maimoatanga wai, he whakahaere kounga hau, ā, kei City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) me Kansas City Power & Light Company kei La Cygne Station, Kansas. E rua tau anō hoki ia e mahi ana hei kaiwhakahaere wai/wai para i tētahi tipu matū. He tohu Paetahi Paetahi (BS) tā Buecker i roto i te Matū mai i te Whare Wānanga o Iowa State me ētahi atu akoranga i roto i te Hangarau Wai, te Taurite Pūngao me ngā Rauemi, me te Matū Kore-Pararopi Matatau.
Ko Dan Janikowski te Kaiwhakahaere Hangarau i Plymouth Tube. Mō ngā tau 35, kua uru atu ia ki te whakawhanaketanga o ngā konganuku, te hanga me te whakamātautau i ngā hua ngongo tae atu ki ngā koranu parahi, te maitai kore waikura, ngā koranu nikara, te titanium me te maitai waro. Mai i te tau 2005 i mahi ai a Janikowski ki Plymouth Metro, ā, i puritia e ia ētahi tūranga matua i mua i tana noho hei Kaiwhakahaere Hangarau i te tau 2010.