Kira na kasa da kasa na POWERGEN don abun ciki yanzu yana buɗewa! Muna neman masu magana daga kayan aiki da masana'antu na samar da wutar lantarki.Masullun sun haɗa da na'ura na al'ada da kuma sabunta wutar lantarki, canjin dijital na tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki, ajiyar makamashi, microgrids, haɓakar tsire-tsire, ikon kan-site, da sauransu.
Marubutan sun sake nazarin sabbin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikin wutar lantarki sau da yawa, wanda masu zanen shuka sukan zaɓi 304 ko 316 bakin karfe don kwandon shara da tubing na ƙarin zafi. Ga mutane da yawa, kalmar bakin ƙarfe tana haɗakar da aura na lalata mara ƙarfi, lokacin da a zahiri, bakin ƙarfe na iya zama mafi munin zaɓi a wasu lokuta saboda sun kasance masu iya jurewa da ƙarancin lalacewa na gida. ruwa don sanyaya ruwa kayan shafa, guda biyu tare da sanyaya hasumiyai aiki a high maida hankali hawan keke, m bakin karfe gazawar hanyoyin suna girma.A wasu aikace-aikace, 300 jerin bakin karfe zai kawai tsira na tsawon watanni, wani lokacin kawai makonni, kafin failing.This labarin mayar da hankali a kan a kalla da al'amurran da suka shafi cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da lokacin da zabar condenser tube kayan daga wani ruwa magani hangen zaman gaba, da sauran dalilai da ba a tattauna a cikin wannan takarda magani, amma cewa zafi da kaddarorin taka rawa a cikin wannan takarda, amma cewa zafi kaddarorin taka rawa a cikin wannan takarda, amma cewa zafi kaddarorin. ciki har da gajiya da zaizayar kasa.
Ƙara 12% ko fiye da chromium zuwa karfe yana haifar da haɗin gwiwa don samar da ci gaba mai girma oxide Layer wanda ke kare tushe karfe a ƙarƙashinsa.Saboda haka kalmar bakin karfe.In babu sauran kayan alloying (musamman nickel), carbon karfe wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar ferrite, kuma tantanin tantanin sa yana da tsarin jiki na tsakiya (BCC).
Lokacin da aka ƙara nickel zuwa gaurayawan gaurayawan a maida hankali na 8% ko sama da haka, ko da a yanayin zafi, tantanin halitta zai kasance a cikin tsarin cubic (FCC) mai fuskantar fuska da ake kira austenite.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1, 300 jerin bakin karfe da sauran bakin karfe suna da abun ciki na nickel wanda ke samar da tsarin austenitic.
Austenitic karfe sun tabbatar da su zama mai matukar muhimmanci a aikace-aikace da yawa, ciki har da a matsayin abu ga high zafin jiki superheater da reheater shambura a ikon boilers.The 300 jerin musamman sau da yawa amfani a matsayin abu ga low zafin jiki Exchanger tubes, ciki har da tururi surface condensers.Duk da haka, shi ne a cikin wadannan aikace-aikace cewa da yawa kau da kai m gazawar hanyoyin.
Babban wahala tare da bakin karfe, musamman mashahuri 304 da 316 kayan, shi ne cewa m oxide Layer ne sau da yawa halaka ta da impurities a cikin sanyaya ruwa da kuma crevices da adibas cewa taimaka mayar da hankali impurities.Bugu da ƙari, a karkashin yanayin rufewa, ruwa na tsaye zai iya haifar da ci gaban microbial, wanda abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa na iya zama mummunar lalacewa ga karafa.
A na kowa sanyaya ruwa ƙazanta, kuma daya daga cikin mafi wuya a cire tattalin arziki, shi ne chloride.This ion iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa a cikin tururi janareta, amma a cikin condensers da karin zafi Exchangers, babban wahala shi ne cewa chlorides a isasshen yawa na iya shiga da kuma halakar da m oxide Layer a kan bakin karfe, haifar da gida lalata, watau pitting.
Pitting yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan lalata saboda yana iya haifar da shigar bango da gazawar kayan aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe.
Matsakaicin chloride ba dole ba ne ya zama mai girma sosai don haifar da lalata a cikin 304 da 316 bakin karfe, kuma don tsabtataccen saman ba tare da wani ajiya ko fashe ba, matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin chloride yanzu ana ɗaukarsa:
Abubuwa da yawa na iya samun sauƙin samar da ƙwayar chloride wanda ya wuce waɗannan jagororin, duka a gaba ɗaya da kuma a cikin wuraren da ke cikin gida.Ya zama da wuya a fara la'akari da sau ɗaya ta hanyar sanyaya don sababbin tsire-tsire masu wutar lantarki.Mafi yawan an gina su tare da hasumiya mai sanyaya, ko a wasu lokuta, masu sanyaya iska (ACC) . Ga waɗanda ke da hasumiya mai sanyaya, ƙaddamar da ƙazantattun abubuwa a cikin kayan shafawa na iya yin hawan chloride 5 misali. mg / l yana aiki tare da zagayowar taro guda biyar, kuma abun ciki na chloride na ruwa mai yawo shine 250 mg / l. Wannan kadai ya kamata ya yi watsi da 304 SS. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sabbin tsire-tsire da na yanzu, ana ƙara buƙatar maye gurbin ruwa mai tsabta don sake cajin shuka.A madadin na gama gari shine ruwan sha na birni.Table 2 yayi kwatanta da bincike na kayan ruwa na ruwa guda huɗu da sharar gida.
Kula da ƙara yawan matakan chloride (da sauran ƙazanta, irin su nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin tsarin sanyaya) .Domin gaske duk ruwan toka, kowane wurare dabam dabam a cikin hasumiya mai sanyaya zai wuce iyakar chloride da shawarar 316 SS.
A baya tattaunawa dogara ne a kan lalata yuwuwar na kowa karfe saman. Karye da sediments cika fuska canza labarin, kamar yadda biyu samar da wuraren da ƙazanta iya maida hankali.A hankula wuri ga inji fasa a cikin condensers da kuma irin wannan zafi Exchanger ne a tube-to-tube takardar junctions.Sediment a cikin tube iya haifar da fasa a laka a kan iyaka da site, kuma zai iya haifar da fasa a cikin laka iyaka da wuri, da kuma iya yin aiki da fasa a cikin laka iyaka. gurɓatawa.Bugu da ƙari, saboda bakin karfe yana dogara ne akan ci gaba da Layer oxide don kariya, ajiyar kuɗi na iya samar da wuraren da ba su da isashshen iskar oxygen wanda ke juyar da sauran saman ƙarfe zuwa anode.
A sama tattaunawa fayyace al'amurran da suka shafi cewa shuka zanen kaya yawanci ba su yi la'akari da lokacin da kayyade condenser da karin zafi Exchanger tube kayan don sabon ayyukan.The tunanin game da 304 da 316 SS wani lokacin har yanzu alama ya zama "shi ne abin da muka ko da yaushe yi" ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon irin wannan ayyuka.Alternative kayan suna samuwa don rike da tsanani sanyaya ruwa yanayi cewa da yawa shuke-shuke fuskantar yanzu.
Kafin tattauna madadin karafa, wani batu dole ne a takaicce bayyana.A lokuta da yawa, wani 316 SS ko ma a 304 SS yi da kyau a lokacin al'ada aiki, amma ya kasa a lokacin da wutar lantarki outage.A mafi yawan lokuta, da gazawar ne saboda matalauta magudanar ruwa na condenser ko zafi Exchanger haddasa m ruwa a cikin tubes.This muhallin samar da manufa yanayi ga ci gaban da microorganisms a cikin juya coral colonies a cikin bi da bi, microbial fili samar da corticosteroids. karfe.
Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da lalatawar ƙwayoyin cuta (MIC), an san shi don lalata bututun ƙarfe da sauran ƙarfe a cikin makonni. Idan ba za a iya zubar da mai ba da zafi ba, ya kamata a yi la'akari da mahimmanci ga lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar ruwa mai zafi ta hanyar musayar zafi da kuma ƙara biocide yayin aiwatarwa. 2019 a Champaign, IL An Gabatar a Taron Taro na 39th Electric Utility Chemistry.)
Ga matsananci yanayi alama a sama, kazalika da m yanayi kamar brackish ruwa ko teku ruwa, madadin karafa za a iya amfani da su Ward kashe impurities.Three gami kungiyoyin sun tabbatar da nasara, kasuwanci tsarki titanium, 6% molybdenum austenitic bakin karfe da superferritic bakin karfe.These alloys ne kuma MIC resistant resistant. crystal tsarin da musamman low na roba modulus sa shi mai saukin kamuwa da inji lalacewa.This gami ne mafi dace da sabon shigarwa tare da karfi tube goyon bayan Tsarin.An m madadin ne super ferritic bakin karfe Sea-Cure®.The abun da ke ciki na wannan abu da aka nuna a kasa.
Ƙarfe yana da girma a cikin chromium amma ƙananan nickel, don haka yana da bakin karfe na ferritic maimakon austenitic bakin karfe.Due ga ƙananan abun ciki na nickel, yana da yawa fiye da sauran kayan haɗin gwiwa. Ƙarfin teku-Cure yana ba da damar bangon bakin ciki fiye da sauran kayan, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen canja wurin zafi.
Ana nuna ingantattun kaddarorin waɗannan karafa a kan ginshiƙi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, wanda, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, hanya ce ta gwaji da ake amfani da ita don tantance juriyar ƙarafa daban-daban zuwa lalata.
Ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da aka fi sani shine "Mene ne matsakaicin abun ciki na chloride wanda wani nau'i na bakin karfe zai iya jurewa?" Amsoshin sun bambanta da yawa. Abubuwan da suka hada da pH, zafin jiki, kasancewa da nau'in fractures, da kuma yiwuwar nau'in halittu masu aiki. An ƙara kayan aiki a kan madaidaicin madaidaicin Hoto 5 don taimakawa tare da wannan yanke shawara. Yana dogara ne akan pH tsaka tsaki, 35 ° C ruwa mai gudana wanda aka samo a yawancin BOP da aikace-aikace na condensation (don hana ajiya samuwar da kuma fasa samuwar PH). intersected tare da slash da ya dace.Madaidaicin matakin chloride da aka ba da shawarar sannan za'a iya ƙayyade ta hanyar zana layi a kwance akan madaidaicin madaidaiciya. Gabaɗaya, idan ana yin la'akari da alloy don aikace-aikacen brackish ko ruwan teku, yana buƙatar samun CCT sama da digiri 25 Celsius kamar yadda aka auna ta gwajin G 48.
A bayyane yake cewa super ferritic gami da Sea-Cure® ke wakilta gabaɗaya sun dace da aikace-aikacen ruwan teku.Akwai wani fa'ida ga waɗannan kayan da dole ne a jaddada.An lura da matsalolin lalata na Manganese na 304 da 316 SS shekaru da yawa, gami da shuke-shuken da ke kusa da Kogin Ohio. Kwanan nan, masu musayar zafi a shuke-shuken da ke gefen kogin Mississippi da Missouri sun fuskanci matsala ta hanyar lalata ruwa. lalata inji da aka gano a matsayin manganese dioxide (MnO2) reacting tare da oxidizing biocide don samar da hydrochloric acid a karkashin ajiya.HCl ne abin da gaske kai farmaki karafa. wanda aka gabatar a 2002 NACE Annual Corrosion Conference, Denver, CO.
Zaɓin kayan aiki mafi girma don na'ura mai kwakwalwa da bututun musayar zafi har yanzu ba a maye gurbin ingantaccen kula da ilimin sunadarai na ruwa ba. Kamar yadda marubucin Buecker ya bayyana a cikin labarin injiniya na baya, tsarin da aka tsara da kuma sarrafa tsarin sinadarai ya zama dole don rage girman yuwuwar sikelin, lalata, da kuma lalata. Cooling hasumiya tsarin.Controlling microbial gurɓata ya kasance kuma zai ci gaba da zama wani m al'amari.Yayin da oxidative sunadarai tare da chlorine, Bleach, ko makamantansu mahadi shi ne ginshiƙi na microbial iko, ƙarin jiyya iya sau da yawa inganta yadda ya dace da jiyya shirye-shirye.Daya irin wannan misali ne stabilization sunadarai, wanda taimaka ƙara da saki kudi da kuma yadda ya dace da chlorine-based chlorine-based oxidation ba tare da yin amfani da chlorine. A cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin abinci tare da fungicides marasa oxidizing na iya zama da amfani sosai wajen sarrafa ci gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.Sakamakon shi ne cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa don inganta dorewa da amincin wutar lantarki masu musayar zafi, amma kowane tsarin ya bambanta, don haka a hankali tsarawa da shawarwari tare da masana masana'antu yana da mahimmanci ga zabi na kayan aiki da hanyoyin sinadarai.Mafi yawan wannan labarin da aka rubuta daga wani ruwa magani hangen zaman gaba, ba mu da hannu a cikin yanke shawara game da yadda za a yi amfani da kayan aiki, amma ba mu da hannu wajen yanke shawara game da hangen nesa na ruwa. yana gudana kuma yana gudana.Shawarar ƙarshe game da zaɓin kayan dole ne a yi ta ma'aikatan shuka bisa ga wasu dalilai da aka ƙayyade don kowane aikace-aikacen.
Game da Mawallafin: Brad Buecker babban jami'in fasaha ne a ChemTreat.He yana da shekaru 36 na gwaninta a cikin ko kuma yana da alaƙa da masana'antar wutar lantarki, yawancin shi a cikin sinadarai na samar da tururi, kula da ruwa, kula da ingancin iska da kuma a City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) da Kansas City Power & Light Company is located a La Cygne Station, Kansas kamar yadda Supervis ruwa ya kasance a La Cygne Station, Kansas. plant.Buecker yana riƙe da BS a Chemistry daga Jami'ar Jiha ta Iowa tare da ƙarin aikin kwas a Injin Fluid Mechanics, Makamashi da Ma'aunin Ma'auni, da Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Dan Janikowski shine Manajan Fasaha a Plymouth Tube, tsawon shekaru 35, yana da hannu wajen haɓaka karafa, kera da gwada samfuran tubular ciki har da alloys na jan karfe, bakin karfe, nickel gami, titanium da carbon steel. Bayan ya kasance tare da Plymouth Metro tun 2005, Janikowski ya rike manyan mukamai daban-daban kafin ya zama Manajan Fasaha a 2010.