POWERGEN International Call for Content tsopano yatsegulidwa! Tikuyang'ana oyankhula kuchokera kuzinthu zothandizira ndi mafakitale opanga magetsi.Mitu imaphatikizapo kupanga magetsi ochiritsira komanso osinthika, kusintha kwa digito kwa magetsi, kusungirako mphamvu, ma microgrid, kukhathamiritsa kwa zomera, mphamvu zapamalo, ndi zina.
Olembawo adawunikiranso mafotokozedwe amagetsi atsopano nthawi ndi nthawi, momwe opanga zomera amasankha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 kapena 316 zopangira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso chothandizira kutentha kwachubu. Kupezeka kwa madzi abwino opangira madzi ozizira, kuphatikiza ndi nsanja zoziziritsa zomwe zimagwira ntchito mozungulira kwambiri, njira zomwe zitha kulephera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakulitsidwa. Muzinthu zina, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 300 zitha kupitilira miyezi ingapo, nthawi zina milungu ingapo, zisanalephereke. mphamvu zakuthupi, katundu kutengerapo kutentha, ndi kukana mphamvu makina, kuphatikizapo kutopa ndi kukokoloka dzimbiri.
Kuwonjezera 12% kapena kuposa chromium zitsulo kumapangitsa aloyi kupanga mosalekeza okusayidi wosanjikiza amene amateteza m`munsi zitsulo underneath.Hence mawu akuti zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo.Pakalibe alloying zipangizo (makamaka faifi tambala), carbon zitsulo ndi mbali ya gulu ferrite, ndipo unit selo ali ndi thupi-centered kiyubiki (BCC) dongosolo.
Nickel ikawonjezeredwa kusakaniza kwa aloyi pamlingo wa 8% kapena kupitilira apo, ngakhale kutentha kozungulira, selo limakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a cubic (FCC) otchedwa austenite.
Monga tawonetsera mu Table 1, 300 mndandanda wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi nickel zomwe zimapanga austenitic structure.
Zitsulo za Austenitic zatsimikizira kukhala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'mapulogalamu ambiri, kuphatikizapo monga zinthu zopangira kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi machubu otenthetsera m'mabotolo amphamvu.Mndandanda wa 300 makamaka umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zochepetsera kutentha kwa machubu, kuphatikizapo nthunzi pamwamba pa condensers.
Vuto lalikulu ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, makamaka zida zodziwika bwino za 304 ndi 316, ndikuti chitsulo choteteza oxide wosanjikiza nthawi zambiri chimawonongedwa ndi zonyansa m'madzi ozizira komanso ndi mikwingwirima ndi ma depositi omwe amathandizira kuyika zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri.
A wamba kuzirala chidetso madzi, ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa chuma, ndi chloride.Iyoni Izi zingayambitse mavuto ambiri mu jenereta nthunzi, koma condensers ndi wowonjezera kutentha exchangers, vuto lalikulu ndi kuti kloridi mu ndende zokwanira akhoza kudutsa ndi kuwononga okusayidi zoteteza wosanjikiza pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, kuchititsa dzimbiri localized pitting.
Kubowola ndi imodzi mwa njira zoonekeratu za dzimbiri chifukwa zimatha kulowetsa khoma ndi kulephera kwa zida ndi kutayika pang'ono kwachitsulo.
Kuchuluka kwa chloride sikuyenera kukhala kokwezeka kwambiri kuti kupangitse dzimbiri muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 ndi 316, komanso pamalo oyera opanda madipoziti kapena ming'alu, kuchuluka kokwanira kwa chloride komwe kukuyembekezeka tsopano kuganiziridwa kukhala:
Zinthu zingapo zimatha kupanga kuchuluka kwa chloride komwe kumapitilira malangizowa, onse komanso m'malo omwe ali komweko. Zakhala zosowa kwambiri kuti tiyambe kuganizira kamodzi kokha mwa kuzizira kwa magetsi atsopano. Zambiri zimamangidwa ndi nsanja zozizirira, kapena nthawi zina, zokometsera zoziziritsa kukhosi (ACC) . chloride ndende ya 50 mg/l imagwira ntchito mozungulira kasanu, ndipo chloride yomwe ili m'madzi ozungulira ndi 250 mg/l. Izi zokha ziyenera kuletsa 304 SS. Kuphatikiza apo, muzomera zatsopano ndi zomwe zilipo, pakufunika kuwonjezereka m'malo mwa madzi abwino kuti muwonjezenso mbewu.
Samalani kuchuluka kwa kloridi (ndi zonyansa zina, monga nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, zomwe zingawonjezere kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu machitidwe ozizira) .Kwa madzi onse a imvi, kuzungulira kulikonse mu nsanja yozizirira kudzapitirira malire a chloride omwe akulimbikitsidwa ndi 316 SS.
Kukambitsirana kwapitako kumachokera ku kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsulo zodziwika bwino. Kuthyoka ndi matope kumasintha kwambiri nkhaniyo, chifukwa zonse zimapereka malo omwe zonyansa zimatha kukhazikika. Malo omwe amapangira ming'alu yamakina mu condensers ndi zotenthetsera zofananira zomwe zili pamapaketi amtundu wa chubu-to-chubu. Sediment mkati mwa chubu imatha kupanga ming'alu pa dothi lokha, komanso kukhala ngati malire a zinyalala. contamination.Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimadalira chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti chitetezeke, ma depositi amatha kupanga malo opanda mpweya omwe amatembenuza chitsulo chotsalira kukhala anode.
Zokambirana zomwe zili pamwambazi zikufotokoza zinthu zomwe opanga zomera samaziganizira akamatchula zinthu za condenser ndi zowonjezera kutentha kwa mapulojekiti atsopano. Maganizo okhudzana ndi 304 ndi 316 SS nthawi zina amawoneka ngati "ndizo zomwe takhala tikuchita nthawi zonse" osaganizira zotsatira za zochita zoterozo. Zida zina zilipo kuti zithetsere zomera zoziziritsa kuzizira zomwe zomera zambiri zimakumana nazo.
Pamaso kukambirana zitsulo zina, mfundo ina ayenera mwachidule ananena.Nthawi zambiri, 316 SS kapena 304 SS anachita bwino pa ntchito yachibadwa, koma analephera pa kuzima kwa magetsi.Nthawi zambiri, kulephera ndi chifukwa cha ngalande osauka a condenser kapena kutentha exchanger kuchititsa patsogolo madzi machubu. zitsulo za tubular.
Makinawa, omwe amadziwika kuti microbially induced corrosion (MIC), amadziwika kuti amawononga mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zina mkati mwa masabata. 4-6, 2019 in Champaign, IL Zoperekedwa ku 39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kwa madera ovuta omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso malo okhwima monga madzi amchere kapena madzi a m'nyanja, zitsulo zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa zonyansa.Magulu atatu a alloy atsimikizira kuti apambana, titaniyamu yoyera malonda, 6% molybdenum austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi superferritic stainless steel. mawonekedwe ake a hexagonal otsekeka kwambiri a kristalo komanso otsika kwambiri zotanuka modulus zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke ndi mawotchi. Aloyiyi ndiyoyenera kwambiri kuyika kwatsopano yokhala ndi machubu amphamvu othandizira.
Chitsulocho chimakhala ndi chromium yambiri koma chili ndi faifi tambala, choncho ndi ferritic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri m'malo mwa austenitic zosapanga dzimbiri.
Zowonjezereka zazitsulozi zikuwonetsedwa pa tchati cha "Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number" tchati, chomwe, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi njira yoyesera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kukana kwazitsulo zosiyanasiyana kuti zisawonongeke.
Limodzi mwamafunso odziwika kwambiri ndi lakuti "Kodi chloride yochuluka bwanji yomwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingapirire?" Mayankho amasiyana mosiyanasiyana.Zomwe zikuphatikizapo pH, kutentha, kukhalapo ndi mtundu wa fractures, ndi kuthekera kwa mitundu yogwira ntchito zamoyo.Chida chawonjezeredwa pazitsulo zoyenera za Chithunzi 5 kuti zithandize pa chisankho ichi.Zimachokera ku pH yopanda ndale, 35 ° C madzi othamanga omwe amapezeka mu BOP ambiri ndi ntchito za condensation (kuteteza mapangidwe a deposit ndi kupangika kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi PRE loy yasankhidwa). ndiyeno nkumadutsana ndi slash yoyenera.Mlingo wa kloridi wovomerezeka ukhoza kuzindikiridwa pojambula mzere wopingasa pa oxis kumanja.Mwachizoloŵezi, ngati aloyi iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti igwiritse ntchito madzi a brackish kapena amadzi a m'nyanja, imayenera kukhala ndi CCT yoposa 25 digiri Celsius monga momwe imayesedwera ndi mayeso a G 48.
Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ma superferritic alloys omwe amaimiridwa ndi Sea-Cure® nthawi zambiri amakhala oyenera ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'nyanja.Palinso phindu lina kuzinthu izi lomwe liyenera kutsindika.Matenda a dzimbiri la manganese awonedwa kwa zaka 304 ndi 316 SS kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikiza pa zomera m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Ohio.Posachedwapa, osinthanitsa kutentha kwa zomera m'mphepete mwa Mitsinje yaManganese ku Missouri ndi vuto la Manganese la Missouri. Makina opangira madzi opangira madzi.The corrosion mechanism yadziwika kuti ndi manganese dioxide (MnO2) ikuchita ndi oxidizing biocide kupanga hydrochloric acid pansi pa deposit.HCl ndizomwe zimawononga zitsulo.[WH Dickinson ndi RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in Electric Power Industry"; zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Msonkhano Wapachaka wa NACE wa 2002, Denver, CO.] Zitsulo za Ferritic zimalimbana ndi njira yowononga iyi.
Kusankha zipangizo zapamwamba za condenser ndi heat exchanger tubes sikunalowe m'malo mwa mankhwala oyenera a madzi a chemistry control.Monga wolemba Buecker adafotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi yamagetsi yamagetsi, ndondomeko yopangira mankhwala opangidwa bwino ndi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yofunikira kuti kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa makulitsidwe, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsidwa.Polymer chemistry ikuwonekera ngati njira yamphamvu yochepetsera kuzizira kwa phosphate / phosphate chemistry Kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo kwakhala ndipo kudzapitirizabe kukhala nkhani yovuta.Ngakhale kuti chemistry ya okosijeni yokhala ndi chlorine, bleach, kapena mankhwala ofanana ndi mwala wapangodya wa kulamulira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala owonjezera amatha kupititsa patsogolo mapulogalamu a mankhwala. Kudyetsa ndi oxidizing fungicides kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri poletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti pali njira zambiri zopititsira patsogolo kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa makina opangira kutentha kwa magetsi, koma machitidwe onse ndi osiyana, kotero kukonzekera mosamala ndi kukambirana ndi akatswiri amakampani ndikofunikira pakusankha zipangizo ndi ndondomeko za mankhwala. running.Chigamulo chomaliza chosankha zinthu chiyenera kupangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito kufakitale kutengera zinthu zingapo zomwe zafotokozedwa pa ntchito iliyonse.
Zokhudza Wolemba: Brad Buecker ndi Senior Technical Publicist ku ChemTreat.Iye ali ndi zaka 36 zachidziwitso kapena ogwirizana ndi makampani opanga magetsi, zambiri mwazomwe zimapangidwira muzitsulo zamagetsi, kuyeretsa madzi, kulamulira khalidwe la mpweya komanso ku City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) ndi Kansas City Power & Light Company ili ku La Cygne Station, Kansaste zaka ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito madzi a Kansas. plant.Buecker ali ndi BS mu Chemistry kuchokera ku Iowa State University ndi maphunziro owonjezera a Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, ndi Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Dan Janikowski ndi Technical Manager ku Plymouth Tube. Kwa zaka 35, wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga zitsulo, kupanga ndi kuyesa zinthu za tubular kuphatikizapo copper alloys, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, nickel alloys, titaniyamu ndi carbon steel.