Pulogalamu ya POWERGEN International Call for Content tsopano yatsegulidwa! Tikufuna okamba nkhani ochokera kumakampani opanga magetsi ndi magetsi. Mitu ikuphatikizapo kupanga magetsi achikhalidwe komanso obwezerezedwanso, kusintha kwa digito kwa magetsi, kusungira mphamvu, ma microgrid, kukonza bwino mafakitale, mphamvu pamalopo, ndi zina zambiri.
Olembawo awunikiranso mafotokozedwe atsopano a ntchito yamagetsi nthawi ndi nthawi, momwe opanga mafakitale nthawi zambiri amasankha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 kapena 316 cha condenser ndi machubu othandizira osinthira kutentha. Kwa ambiri, mawu akuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amatanthauza aura ya dzimbiri losagonjetseka, pomwe kwenikweni, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zina zimakhala chisankho choipa kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kugwidwa ndi dzimbiri. Ndipo, munthawi ino yocheperako kupezeka kwa madzi abwino ophikira madzi, kuphatikiza nsanja zoziziritsira zomwe zimagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri, njira zolephera zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimakulitsidwa. Mu ntchito zina, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 300 chimangokhala miyezi ingapo, nthawi zina milungu ingapo, chisanathe. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri pa nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha zida za chubu cha condenser kuchokera pamalingaliro a chithandizo cha madzi. Zinthu zina zomwe sizinakambidwe mu pepalali koma zomwe zimagwira ntchito posankha zinthu ndi monga mphamvu ya zinthu, katundu wotumizira kutentha, komanso kukana mphamvu zamakanika, kuphatikiza kutopa ndi dzimbiri la kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Kuwonjezera chromium 12% kapena kuposerapo ku chitsulo kumapangitsa kuti alloy ipange wosanjikiza wa okosijeni wopitilira womwe umateteza chitsulo choyambira pansi pake. Chifukwa chake mawu akuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Popanda zinthu zina zophatikizira (makamaka nickel), chitsulo cha kaboni ndi gawo la gulu la ferrite, ndipo selo lake la unit lili ndi kapangidwe ka cubic (BCC) kozungulira thupi.
Nikeli ikawonjezedwa ku chisakanizo cha alloy pamlingo wa 8% kapena kupitirira apo, ngakhale kutentha kozungulira, selo limakhalapo mu kapangidwe ka cubic (FCC) kotchedwa austenite.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 1, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 300 ndi zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi nickel yomwe imapanga kapangidwe ka austenitic.
Zitsulo za Austenitic zatsimikizira kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri pazinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo ngati zinthu zopangira ma superheater otentha kwambiri komanso machubu obwezeretsanso kutentha m'maboiler amphamvu. Makamaka mndandanda wa 300 nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira machubu osinthira kutentha otsika kutentha, kuphatikiza ma condenser okhala ndi nthunzi pamwamba. Komabe, ndi m'mapulogalamu awa omwe ambiri amanyalanyaza njira zomwe zingalephereke.
Vuto lalikulu ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, makamaka zinthu zodziwika bwino za 304 ndi 316, ndilakuti gawo loteteza la okosijeni nthawi zambiri limawonongeka ndi zinthu zosafunika m'madzi ozizira komanso ndi ming'alu ndi zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kudzaza zinthu zosafunika. Kuphatikiza apo, pansi pa kutseka, madzi oima angayambitse kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kagayidwe kachakudya zimatha kuwononga kwambiri zitsulo.
Chodetsa chofala kwambiri cha madzi ozizira, komanso chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri kuchotsa pamtengo wotsika, ndi chloride. Ioni iyi ingayambitse mavuto ambiri mu majenereta a nthunzi, koma mu ma condenser ndi ma heat exchanger othandizira, vuto lalikulu ndilakuti ma chloride okhala ndi kuchuluka kokwanira amatha kulowa ndikuwononga gawo loteteza la oxide pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dzimbiri liziyenda, mwachitsanzo, kuphulika kwa maenje.
Kuboola ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya dzimbiri chifukwa ingayambitse kulowa kwa makoma ndi kulephera kwa zida popanda kutayika kwachitsulo.
Kuchuluka kwa kloridi sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuti kupangitse dzimbiri mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 ndi 316, ndipo pamalo oyera opanda mipata kapena zinyalala, kuchuluka kwa kloridi komwe kumalimbikitsidwa tsopano kumaonedwa kuti ndi:
Zinthu zingapo zingapangitse kuti chloride ikhale yochuluka kuposa malangizo awa, onse m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso m'malo ena. Kwakhala kosowa kwambiri kuganizira kaye za kuziziritsa kamodzi kokha kwa magetsi atsopano. Ambiri amamangidwa ndi nsanja zoziziritsira, kapena nthawi zina, ma condenser ozizira mpweya (ACC). Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi nsanja zoziziritsira, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala mu zodzoladzola kumatha "kuzungulira." Mwachitsanzo, mzati wokhala ndi madzi odzola chloride wochuluka wa 50 mg/l umagwira ntchito ndi ma cycle asanu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chloride m'madzi ozungulira ndi 250 mg/l. Izi zokha ziyenera kuchotsa 304 SS. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mafakitale atsopano ndi omwe alipo, pali kufunika kowonjezera kusintha madzi abwino kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya zomera. Njira ina yodziwika bwino ndi madzi otayira a m'matauni. Gome 2 likuyerekeza kusanthula kwa madzi anayi abwino ndi madzi anayi otayira.
Samalani kuchuluka kwa chloride (ndi zinthu zina zodetsa, monga nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, zomwe zingawonjezere kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'makina ozizira). Pa madzi onse otuwa, kuyenda kulikonse mu nsanja yozizira kudzapitirira malire a chloride omwe akulangizidwa ndi 316 SS.
Nkhani yapitayi yachokera pa kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa malo achitsulo wamba. Kusweka ndi zinyalala zimasintha kwambiri nkhaniyi, chifukwa zonsezi zimapereka malo omwe zinyalala zimatha kukhazikika. Malo omwe ming'alu yamakina mu ma condenser ndi ma heat exchanger ofanana ndi omwe ali pamalo olumikizirana ma tube-to-tube sheet. Zinyalala mkati mwa chubu zimatha kupanga ming'alu pamalire a zinyalala, ndipo zinyalala zokha zimatha kukhala malo oipitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimadalira wosanjikiza wopitilira wa oxide kuti chiteteze, zinyalalazo zimatha kupanga malo opanda mpweya wabwino omwe amasintha pamwamba pa chitsulo chotsalacho kukhala anode.
Kukambirana komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kukufotokoza nkhani zomwe opanga zomera nthawi zambiri saganizira akamasankha zipangizo za condenser ndi chubu chosinthira kutentha chothandizira pa ntchito zatsopano. Maganizo okhudza 304 ndi 316 SS nthawi zina amaoneka kuti ndi "zomwe takhala tikuchita nthawi zonse" popanda kuganizira zotsatira za zochita zotere. Zipangizo zina zilipo kuti zithetse mavuto a madzi ozizira omwe zomera zambiri zimakumana nawo tsopano.
Tisanakambirane za zitsulo zina, mfundo ina iyenera kufotokozedwa mwachidule. Nthawi zambiri, 316 SS kapena 304 SS idagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse, koma idalephera panthawi yamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, kulephera kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kwa condenser kapena heat exchanger zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asayende bwino m'machubu. Malo amenewa amapereka mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizikula. Ma colonies a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatulutsa zinthu zowononga zomwe zimawononga mwachindunji chitsulo cha chubu.
Njira imeneyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti microbial induced corrosion (MIC), imadziwika kuti imawononga mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zina mkati mwa milungu ingapo. Ngati chosinthira kutentha sichingathe kuchotsedwa madzi, ganizirani mozama za kuyendetsa madzi nthawi ndi nthawi kudzera mu chosinthira kutentha ndikuwonjezera biocide panthawiyi. (Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira zoyenera zoyikira, onani D. Janikowski, “Layering Up Condenser and BOP Exchangers – Considerations”; yomwe idachitika pa June 4-6, 2019 ku Champaign, IL Yoperekedwa ku 39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Pa malo ovuta omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso malo ovuta monga madzi amchere kapena madzi a m'nyanja, zitsulo zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuteteza zinyalala. Magulu atatu a alloy apambana, titaniyamu yoyera bwino, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha molybdenum austenitic ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha superferritic. Alloys awa ndi otetezedwa ndi MIC. Ngakhale titaniyamu imaonedwa kuti imalimbana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri, kapangidwe kake ka kristalo kozungulira komanso modulus yotsika kwambiri zimapangitsa kuti iwonongeke mosavuta. Alloy iyi ndi yoyenera kwambiri pamakina atsopano okhala ndi zida zolimba zothandizira machubu. Njira ina yabwino kwambiri ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha super ferritic Sea-Cure®. Kapangidwe ka zinthuzi kakuwonetsedwa pansipa.
Chitsulochi chili ndi chromium yambiri koma nickel yochepa, kotero ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic osati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kochepa kwa nickel, chimadula mtengo wotsika kwambiri kuposa ma alloys ena. Mphamvu yayikulu komanso modulus ya Sea-Cure imalola makoma opyapyala kuposa zipangizo zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kusamutsidwe bwino.
Kapangidwe kowonjezereka ka zitsulozi kakuwonetsedwa pa tchati cha "Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number", chomwe, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi njira yoyesera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kukana kwa zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ku dzimbiri la zinyalala.
Funso limodzi lodziwika bwino ndi lakuti “Kodi kuchuluka kwa chloride komwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chingapirire ndi kotani?” Mayankho ake amasiyana kwambiri. Zinthu zikuphatikizapo pH, kutentha, kukhalapo ndi mtundu wa kusweka, komanso kuthekera kwa zamoyo zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Chida chawonjezedwa pamzere wakumanja wa Chithunzi 5 kuti chithandize pa chisankhochi. Chimachokera pa pH yopanda mbali, madzi oyenda 35°C omwe amapezeka kwambiri mu BOP ndi ma condensation applications ambiri (kuti apewe kupangika kwa madontho ndi kupangika kwa ming'alu). Mukasankha alloy yokhala ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala enaake, PREn ikhoza kudziwika kenako n’kusakanikirana ndi slash yoyenera. Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa chloride womwe umalimbikitsidwa ukhoza kudziwika pojambula mzere wopingasa pamzere wakumanja. Kawirikawiri, ngati alloy iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu brackish kapena m'madzi a m'nyanja, iyenera kukhala ndi CCT yoposa madigiri 25 Celsius monga momwe imayesedwera ndi mayeso a G 48.
N'zoonekeratu kuti ma alloys a super ferritic omwe akuimiridwa ndi Sea-Cure® nthawi zambiri ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja. Pali phindu lina la zinthuzi lomwe liyenera kugogomezedwa. Mavuto a dzimbiri la manganese awonedwa kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo m'mafakitale omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Ohio. Posachedwapa, zosinthira kutentha m'mafakitale omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Mississippi ndi Missouri zaukiridwa. Kuzimiririka kwa manganese ndi vuto lofala m'machitidwe opangira madzi m'chitsime. Njira yozimiririka yazindikirika ngati manganese dioxide (MnO2) yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi oxidizing biocide kuti ipange hydrochloric acid pansi pa malo osungira. HCl ndiye amene amaukira zitsulo. [WH Dickinson ndi RW Pick, "Kuzimiririka Kodalira Manganese mu Industry Electric Power"; yoperekedwa pa Msonkhano Wapachaka wa NACE wa 2002, Denver, CO.] Zitsulo za Ferritic zimalimbana ndi njira yozimiririka iyi.
Kusankha zipangizo zapamwamba kwambiri za machubu a condenser ndi heat exchanger sikulowa m'malo mwa kuwongolera bwino kwa chemistry yochizira madzi. Monga momwe wolemba Buecker adafotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi yaukadaulo wamagetsi, pulogalamu yochizira mankhwala yokonzedwa bwino komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndiyofunikira kuti muchepetse kuthekera kwa kukula, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsa. Polymer chemistry ikubwera ngati njira ina yamphamvu m'malo mwa phosphate/phosphonate chemistry yakale kuti muwongolere dzimbiri ndi kukula m'makina ozizira a nsanja. Kulamulira kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwakhala ndipo kupitilirabe kukhala vuto lalikulu. Ngakhale kuti oxidative chemistry yokhala ndi chlorine, bleach, kapena mankhwala ofanana ndi omwe ndi maziko a kuwongolera tizilombo, mankhwala owonjezera nthawi zambiri amatha kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mapulogalamu ochizira. Chitsanzo chimodzi chotere ndi chemistry yokhazikika, yomwe imathandizira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kutulutsidwa ndi magwiridwe antchito a chlorine-based oxidizing biocides popanda kulowetsa mankhwala aliwonse owopsa m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chowonjezera chokhala ndi fungicides yosachulukitsa oxidizing chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri pakulamulira chitukuko cha tizilombo. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti pali njira zambiri zowongolera kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa osintha kutentha kwa magetsi, koma makina aliwonse ndi osiyana, kotero kukonzekera mosamala ndi kufunsana ndi akatswiri amakampani ndikofunikira posankha zipangizo ndi njira zamankhwala. Zambiri mwa Nkhaniyi yalembedwa kuchokera ku lingaliro la kuyeretsa madzi, sitikutenga nawo mbali pa zisankho zokhudzana ndi zinthu zakuthupi, koma tikupemphedwa kuti tithandize kuthana ndi zotsatira za zisankho zimenezo zida zikayamba kugwira ntchito. Chisankho chomaliza pa kusankha zinthu chiyenera kupangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'fakitale kutengera zinthu zingapo zomwe zafotokozedwa pa ntchito iliyonse.
Zokhudza Wolemba: Brad Buecker ndi Senior Technical Publicist ku ChemTreat. Ali ndi zaka 36 zokumana nazo mu kapena zogwirizana ndi makampani opanga magetsi, zambiri mwa izo mu chemistry yopanga nthunzi, kuchiza madzi, kuwongolera khalidwe la mpweya ndipo ku City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) ndipo Kansas City Power & Light Company ili ku La Cygne Station, Kansas. Anakhalanso zaka ziwiri ngati woyang'anira madzi/madzi otayira pa fakitale ya mankhwala. Buecker ali ndi digiri ya BS mu Chemistry kuchokera ku Iowa State University ndi maphunziro owonjezera mu Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, ndi Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Dan Janikowski ndi Woyang'anira Ukadaulo ku Plymouth Tube. Kwa zaka 35, wakhala akugwira ntchito yopanga zitsulo, kupanga ndi kuyesa zinthu zozungulira kuphatikizapo zitsulo zamkuwa, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo za nickel, titaniyamu ndi chitsulo cha carbon. Popeza wakhala akugwira ntchito ku Plymouth Metro kuyambira 2005, Janikowski adakhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana akuluakulu asanakhale Woyang'anira Ukadaulo mu 2010.