I-POWERGEN International Call for Content ngoku ivuliwe! Sifuna izithethi ezivela kumashishini asebenza ngombane kunye nokuvelisa umbane. Izihloko ziquka ukuveliswa kombane okuqhelekileyo nokuvuselelwayo, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwezityalo zamandla, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ii-microgrids, ukulungiswa kwezityalo, umbane okwindawo, nokunye.
Ababhali baye bahlaziya iinkcukacha ezintsha zeprojekthi yamandla amaxesha ngamaxesha, apho abayili bezityalo badla ngokukhetha intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 okanye engama-316 kwi-condenser kunye neetyhubhu zokutshintsha ubushushu ezincedisayo. Kwabaninzi, igama elithi intsimbi engagqwaliyo lithetha umoya wokugqwala okungenakoyiswa, ngelixa eneneni, iintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba lolona khetho lubi kuba zisengozini yokugqwala kwendawo. Kwaye, kweli xesha lokufumaneka okuncinci kwamanzi amatsha okwenza amanzi okupholisa, kunye neenqaba zokupholisa ezisebenza kwimijikelo ephezulu yoxinzelelo, iindlela ezinokubakho zokungaphumeleli kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziyandiswa. Kwezinye izicelo, intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-300 iya kuhlala iinyanga kuphela, ngamanye amaxesha iiveki kuphela, ngaphambi kokuba ingasebenzi. Eli nqaku ligxile ubuncinane kwimiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kukhethwa izinto zetyhubhu ye-condenser ngokwembono yonyango lwamanzi. Ezinye izinto ezingaxoxwanga kweli phepha kodwa ezidlala indima ekukhetheni izinto ziquka amandla ezinto, iipropati zokudlulisa ubushushu, kunye nokumelana namandla oomatshini, kubandakanya ukudinwa kunye nokugqwala kokukhukuliseka.
Ukongeza i-12% okanye ngaphezulu kwe-chromium kwintsimbi kubangela ukuba i-alloy yenze umaleko we-oxide oqhubekayo okhusela isiseko sesinyithi esingaphantsi. Yiyo loo nto igama elithi i-stainless steel. Ukuba azikho ezinye izinto zokudibanisa (ingakumbi i-nickel), i-carbon steel yinxalenye yeqela le-ferrite, kwaye iyunithi yayo yeseli inesakhiwo se-cubic (BCC) esisemzimbeni.
Xa i-nickel yongezwa kumxube we-alloy kuxinzelelo lwe-8% okanye ngaphezulu, nokuba kubushushu obuphakathi, iseli iya kubakho kwisakhiwo se-cubic esisebusweni (FCC) esibizwa ngokuba yi-austenite.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezingama-300 kunye nezinye iintsimbi eziqinileyo zinomxholo we-nickel ovelisa isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic zibonakalise ukuba zixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi, kuquka njengezinto zokusebenzisa ii-superheater ezinobushushu obuphezulu kunye neetyhubhu zokuphinda zifudumale kwiibhoyila zamandla. Olu luhlu lwe-300 ngokukodwa lusetyenziswa njengezinto zokusebenzisa iityhubhu zokutshintsha ubushushu obuphantsi, kuquka nee-condenser zomphezulu womphunga. Nangona kunjalo, kwezi zicelo uninzi aluzihoyi iindlela zokungaphumeleli.
Eyona ngxaki iphambili ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ingakumbi izinto ezidumileyo ze-304 kunye ne-316, kukuba umaleko we-oxide okhuselayo uhlala utshatyalaliswa bubumdaka emanzini apholisayo kunye neengxondorha kunye neediphozithi ezinceda ukugxininisa ubumdaka. Ukongeza, phantsi kweemeko zokuvalwa, amanzi amileyo anokukhokelela ekukhuleni kweentsholongwane, ezimveliso zazo zemetabolism zinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwiisinyithi.
Ukungcola okuqhelekileyo kwamanzi okupholisa, kwaye yenye yezona zinzima ukuzisusa ngokwezoqoqosho, yi-chloride. Le ion inokubangela iingxaki ezininzi kwiijenereyitha zomphunga, kodwa kwii-condenser kunye nee-extractive heat exchangers, ubunzima obukhulu kukuba ii-chloride ezikwizinga elaneleyo zinokungena zize zitshabalalise umaleko we-oxide okhuselayo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, nto leyo ebangela ukubola kwendawo ethile, oko kukuthi, i-pitting.
Ukugrumba ngenye yezona ndlela zinobungozi zokugrumba kuba kunokubangela ukungena kodonga kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo ngaphandle kokulahleka kwesinyithi.
Amanqanaba e-chloride akufuneki abe phezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukubola kwemingxuma kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 kunye ne-316, kwaye kwiindawo ezicocekileyo ezingenazo naziphi na iidiphozithi okanye iimfanta, amanqanaba aphezulu e-chloride acetyiswayo ngoku athathwa njengala:
Izinto ezininzi zinokubangela ukuxinana kwe-chloride okungaphezulu kwezi zikhokelo, ngokubanzi nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Kuye kwaba yinto engaqhelekanga ukuqala ngokuqwalasela ukuphola kube kanye kwizityalo ezintsha zamandla. Uninzi lwakhiwe ngeenqaba zokupholisa, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ii-condenser ezipholileyo ngomoya (i-ACC). Kwabo baneendawo zokupholisa, ukuxinana kokungcola kwizithambiso "kunokujikeleza." Umzekelo, ikholamu ene-make-up water chloride concentration ye-50 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelo emihlanu yokuxinana, kwaye umxholo we-chloride wamanzi ajikelezayo yi-250 mg/l. Oku kukodwa kufuneka kuthintele i-304 SS. Ukongeza, kwizityalo ezintsha nezikhoyo, kukho isidingo esikhulayo sokutshintsha amanzi amatsha ukuze kuphinde kusetyenziswe izityalo. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo ngamanzi amdaka kamasipala. Itheyibhile 2 ithelekisa uhlalutyo lwezixhobo ezine zamanzi acocekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezine zamanzi amdaka.
Lumka amanqanaba e-chloride anyukileyo (kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ezifana ne-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, ezinokunyusa kakhulu ungcoliseko lweentsholongwane kwiinkqubo zokupholisa). Ngokusisiseko kuwo onke amanzi amdaka, naluphi na ujikelezo olujikelezayo kwinqaba yokupholisa luya kudlula umda we-chloride ocetyisiweyo yi-316 SS.
Ingxoxo yangaphambili isekelwe kumandla okugqwala kweendawo zesinyithi eziqhelekileyo. Ukuqhekeka kunye neentsalela ziyayitshintsha kakhulu le nto, njengoko zombini zibonelela ngendawo apho ukungcola kunokuxinana khona. Indawo eqhelekileyo yeentsalela zoomatshini kwiikhondensi kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu zikwiindawo zokudibanisa amaphepha etyhubhu ukuya kwityhubhu. Intsalela ngaphakathi kwityhubhu inokwenza iintsalela kumda wentsalela, kwaye intsalela ngokwayo inokusebenza njengendawo yongcoliseko. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba intsimbi engagqwaliyo ixhomekeke kumaleko we-oxide oqhubekayo ukuzikhusela, iintsalela zinokwenza iindawo ezingena-oxygen eziguqula umphezulu wentsimbi oseleyo ube yi-anode.
Le ngxoxo ingasentla ichaza imiba abayili bezityalo abaqhele ukuyiqwalasela xa bechaza izinto zetyhubhu ye-condenser kunye ne-assistant heat exchanger kwiiprojekthi ezintsha. Ingcinga malunga ne-304 kunye ne-316 SS ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala ngathi “yiloo nto besisoloko siyenza” ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iziphumo zezenzo ezinjalo. Ezinye izinto ziyafumaneka ukujongana neemeko ezinzima zamanzi okupholisa ezijongene nezityalo ezininzi ngoku.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuxoxwe ngezinye iintsimbi, kufuneka kuchazwe ngokufutshane elinye inqaku. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-316 SS okanye i-304 SS iqhube kakuhle ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, kodwa yasilela ngexesha lokucinywa kombane. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kungenxa yokuphuma kakuhle kwe-condenser okanye i-heat exchanger ebangela amanzi amileyo kwiityhubhu. Le ndawo ibonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula kweentsholongwane. Iikholoni ze-microbial zivelisa iikhompawundi ezirhabaxa ezitshabalalisa ngokuthe ngqo isinyithi setyhubhu.
Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-microbially induced corrosion (MIC), yaziwa ngokutshabalalisa imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nezinye iintsimbi kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Ukuba isixhobo sokutshintsha ubushushu asinakukhutshelwa amanzi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokunzulu ukujikeleza amanzi rhoqo ngesixhobo sokutshintsha ubushushu kunye nokongeza i-biocide ngexesha lenkqubo. (Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokubeka, jonga u-D. Janikowski, “Ukubeka iCondenser kunye nee-BOP Exchangers – Izinto Eziqwalaselwayo”; ebibanjwe ngoJuni 4-6, 2019 eChampaign, IL Inikezelwe kwi-39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kwiindawo ezirhabaxa ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, kunye neendawo ezirhabaxa ezifana namanzi amdaka okanye amanzi olwandle, ezinye iintsimbi zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukungcola. Amaqela amathathu e-alloy abonakalise impumelelo, i-titanium ecocekileyo ngokwezorhwebo, i-6% ye-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel kunye ne-superferritic stainless steel. Ezi alloys nazo ziyamelana ne-MIC. Nangona i-titanium ithathwa njengemelana kakhulu nokugqwala, isakhiwo sayo sekristale esixineneyo esinama-hexagonal kunye ne-modulus ephantsi kakhulu yenza ukuba ibe sesichengeni sokonakala koomatshini. Le alloy ifanelekile kakhulu kwiindawo ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezixhasayo zeetyhubhu ezinamandla. Enye indlela ebalaseleyo yi-super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®. Ulwakhiwo lwale nto luboniswe ngezantsi.
Intsimbi ine-chromium eninzi kodwa ine-nickel encinci, ngoko ke yintsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-ferritic endaweni yentsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic. Ngenxa yomxholo wayo ophantsi we-nickel, ixabisa kancinci kakhulu kunezinye ii-alloys. Amandla aphezulu e-Sea-Cure kunye ne-elastic modulus zivumela udonga oluncinci kunezinye izinto, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshintsheni kobushushu ngcono.
Iimpawu eziphuculweyo zezi metali ziboniswe kwitshathi ethi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, njengoko igama lisitsho, yinkqubo yokuvavanya esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukumelana kweemetali ezahlukeneyo nokugqwala kwemetali.
Omnye wemibuzo eqhelekileyo ngulo uthi “Yintoni umxholo ophezulu we-chloride onokuwunyamezela umgangatho othile wentsimbi engagqwaliyo?” Iimpendulo ziyahluka kakhulu. Izinto ziquka i-pH, ubushushu, ubukho kunye nohlobo lokuqhekeka, kunye nokwenzeka kweentlobo zebhayoloji ezisebenzayo. Isixhobo songeziwe kwi-axis esekunene yoMfanekiso 5 ukunceda kwesi sigqibo. Sisekelwe kwi-pH engathathi cala, amanzi ahambayo angama-35°C afumaneka rhoqo kwizicelo ezininzi ze-BOP kunye nokufuma (ukuthintela ukwakheka kwediphozithi kunye nokwakheka kweqhekeko). Nje ukuba i-alloy enomxholo othile weekhemikhali ikhethiwe, i-PRen inokumiselwa ize idityaniswe ne-slash efanelekileyo. Inqanaba eliphezulu le-chloride elicetyiswayo linokugqitywa ngokuzoba umgca othe tye kwi-axis ekunene. Ngokubanzi, ukuba i-alloy iza kuqwalaselwa kwizicelo zamanzi amdaka okanye olwandle, kufuneka ibe ne-CCT engaphezulu kwama-25 degrees Celsius njengoko kulinganiswa luvavanyo lwe-G 48.
Kuyacaca ukuba ii-alloys ze-super ferritic ezimelwe yi-Sea-Cure® zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle ngokulinganayo. Kukho enye inzuzo kwezi zinto ekufuneka igxininiswe. Iingxaki zokubola kweManganese ziye zabonwa kwi-304 kunye ne-316 SS kangangeminyaka emininzi, kuquka nakwizityalo ezikuMlambo i-Ohio. Kutshanje, abatshintshi bobushushu kwizityalo ezikuMlambo iMississippi kunye neMissouri baye bahlaselwa. Ukubola kweManganese kukwayingxaki eqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokwenza amanzi equleni. Indlela yokubola ichongiwe njenge-manganese dioxide (MnO2) esabela kwi-oxidizing biocide ukuvelisa i-hydrochloric acid phantsi kwediphozithi. I-HCl yeyona nto ihlasela iintsimbi ngokwenene.[WH Dickinson kunye ne-RW Pick, "Ukubola okuxhomekeke kwiManganese kwiShishini laMandla oMbane"; eyavezwa kwiNgqungquthela yoNyaka yokubola ye-NACE ka-2002, eDenver, CO.] Iintsimbi zeFerritic ziyamelana nale ndlela yokubola.
Ukukhetha izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zeetyhubhu ze-condenser kunye ne-heat exchanger akukabikho endaweni yolawulo olufanelekileyo lwekhemistri yonyango lwamanzi. Njengoko umbhali uBuecker ecacisile kwinqaku lobunjineli bamandla angaphambili, inkqubo yonyango lweekhemikhali eyilwe kakuhle nesetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo iyimfuneko ukunciphisa amathuba okukhuhla, ukugqwala, kunye nokungcola. Ikhemistri yePolymer ivela njengendlela enamandla kunekhemistri endala ye-phosphate/phosphonate ukulawula ukugqwala kunye nokukhula kwiinkqubo zetower zokupholisa. Ukulawula ungcoliseko lweentsholongwane kuye kwaba yingxaki ebalulekileyo kwaye kuya kuqhubeka kuyingxaki ebalulekileyo. Ngelixa ikhemistri ye-oxidative ene-chlorine, i-bleach, okanye iikhompawundi ezifanayo ingundoqo yolawulo lweentsholongwane, unyango olongezelelweyo lunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zonyango. Omnye umzekelo onjalo yikhemistri yokuzinzisa, enceda ukwandisa izinga lokukhululwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwee-biocides ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine ngaphandle kokungenisa naziphi na iikhompawundi eziyingozi emanzini. Ukongeza, ukutya okongezelelweyo okune-fungicides ezingezizo ezingcolisayo kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni uphuhliso lweentsholongwane. Isiphumo kukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka kwee-heat exchangers zamandla, kodwa yonke inkqubo yahlukile, ngoko ke ukucwangcisa ngononophelo kunye nokubonisana neengcali zoshishino kubalulekile ekukhetheni izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zeekhemikhali. Uninzi lwe Eli nqaku libhalwe ngokwembono yonyango lwamanzi, asibandakanyeki kwizigqibo zezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa sicelwa ukuba sincede ekulawuleni impembelelo yezo zigqibo xa izixhobo zisebenza. Isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto kufuneka senziwe ngabasebenzi bezityalo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezininzi ezichazwe kwisicelo ngasinye.
Malunga noMbhali: UBrad Buecker yiSenior Technical Publicist eChemTreat. Unamava eminyaka engama-36 kwishishini lamandla okanye unxulumene nalo, uninzi lwawo lukwikhemistri yokuvelisa umphunga, unyango lwamanzi, ulawulo lomgangatho womoya kwaye eCity Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) kwaye iKansas City Power & Light Company ikwiLa Cygne Station, eKansas. Ukwachithe iminyaka emibini njengomphathi wamanzi/amanzi amdaka obambeleyo kwisityalo seekhemikhali. UBuecker uneBS kwiKhemistri kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa State kunye nomsebenzi wezifundo ezongezelelweyo kwiFluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kunye neAdvanced Inorganic Chemistry.
UDan Janikowski nguMphathi wezobuGcisa ePlymouth Tube. Kangangeminyaka engama-35, ebebandakanyeka kuphuhliso lweesinyithi, ukwenziwa nokuvavanywa kweemveliso zetyhubhu kuquka ii-alloys zekopolo, intsimbi engatyiwayo, ii-alloys zenickel, i-titanium kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni. Ekubeni ebesebenza ePlymouth Metro ukusukela ngo-2005, uJanikowski ubambe izikhundla eziphezulu ezahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba abe nguMphathi wezobuGcisa ngo-2010.