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Carousel yana nuna nunin faifai guda uku a lokaci guda.Yi amfani da maɓallan da suka gabata da na gaba don matsawa ta cikin nunin faifai guda uku a lokaci ɗaya, ko amfani da maɓallan maɓalli a ƙarshen don matsawa ta cikin nunin faifai uku a lokaci ɗaya.
Kwanan nan, an ɓullo da wani dandamali na rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta mara sinadarai dangane da nanotechnology ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS).EWNS suna da babban cajin saman ƙasa kuma suna cike da nau'in iskar oxygen mai aiki (ROS) waɗanda zasu iya yin hulɗa tare da kashe ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci.Anan an nuna cewa kadarorin su yayin haɗakarwa za a iya daidaita su da kyau da kuma inganta su don ƙara haɓaka yuwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta.An tsara dandalin dakin gwaje-gwaje na EWNS don daidaita kaddarorin EWNS ta hanyar canza sigogin kira.Halayen kaddarorin EWNS (caji, girman da abun ciki na ROS) ta amfani da hanyoyin nazari na zamani.Bugu da ƙari, an ƙididdige su don yuwuwar rashin kunna ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a kan ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci kamar Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum da Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan ya nuna cewa ana iya daidaita kaddarorin EWNS a lokacin haɗawa, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar rashin aiki.Musamman, cajin saman ya karu da kashi hudu kuma nau'in oxygen mai amsawa ya karu.Adadin kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta ya dogara da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya tashi daga 1.0 zuwa 3.8 log bayan bayyanar minti 45 zuwa kashi 40,000 na aerosol na 40,000 #/cc EWNS.
Gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta shine babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar abinci wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ko gubarsu.A cikin Amurka kadai, cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci suna haifar da cututtuka kusan miliyan 76, asibitoci 325,000, da mutuwar 5,000 kowace shekara1.Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) ta yi kiyasin cewa karuwar amfani da sabo ne ke da alhakin kashi 48% na duk cututtukan da aka ruwaito a cikin abinci a cikin Amurka2.Kudin cututtuka da mutuwa da cututtukan cututtukan abinci ke haifarwa a Amurka yana da yawa, wanda Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta ƙiyasta fiye da dalar Amurka biliyan 15.6 a kowace shekara3.
A halin yanzu, chemical4, radiation5 da thermal6 maganin ƙwayoyin cuta don tabbatar da amincin abinci ana aiwatar da su ne a ƙayyadaddun wuraren sarrafawa masu mahimmanci (CCPs) tare da sarkar samarwa (yawanci bayan girbi da/ko lokacin marufi) maimakon ci gaba.don haka, suna da saurin kamuwa da cuta.7. Ingantacciyar kula da cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci da lalata abinci na buƙatar matakan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin ci gaba na gona-zuwa tebur yayin rage tasirin muhalli da farashi.
Kwanan nan, an ɓullo da wani dandamali mara sinadari, na tushen nanotechnology wanda zai iya kashe ƙasa da ƙwayoyin cuta ta iska ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS).An haɗa EWNS ta amfani da matakai guda biyu masu daidaituwa, electrospray da ionization na ruwa (Fig. 1a).Nazarin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa EWNS yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan halitta na zahiri da na halitta8,9,10.EWNS suna da matsakaita na 10 electrons a kowane tsari da matsakaicin girman nanoscale na 25 nm (Fig. 1b,c)8,9,10.Bugu da ƙari, resonance na lantarki (ESR) ya nuna cewa EWNS ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), yawanci hydroxyl (OH•) da superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c) 8.EVNS yana cikin iska na dogon lokaci kuma yana iya yin karo da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka dakatar a cikin iska kuma suna samuwa a saman, suna isar da nauyin ROS ɗin su da haifar da rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta (Fig. 1d).Waɗannan binciken na farko sun kuma nuna cewa EWNS na iya yin hulɗa tare da hana ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri na gram-korau da gram-positive, gami da mycobacteria, akan saman da iska.Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Tantanin halitta ya haifar da rashin kunnawa.Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan binciken inhalation ya nuna cewa yawan adadin EWNS ba ya haifar da lalacewar huhu ko kumburi 8.
(a) Electrospray yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin bututun capillary mai ɗauke da ruwa da na'urar lantarki.(b) Yin amfani da babban matsin lamba yana haifar da al'amura daban-daban guda biyu: (i) electrospraying na ruwa da (ii) samuwar nau'in iskar oxygen mai aiki (ions) da ke cikin EWNS.(c) Tsarin musamman na EWNS.(d) Saboda yanayin nanoscale su, EWNS suna da hannu sosai kuma suna iya yin hulɗa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na iska.
Ƙwararrun dandali na antimicrobial na EWNS don kunna ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci a saman sabon abinci shima kwanan nan an nuna shi.Hakanan an nuna cewa ana iya amfani da cajin saman EWNS tare da filin lantarki don cimma isar da niyya.Haka kuma, sakamakon farko na tumatur na halitta bayan bayyanar minti 90 a EWNS na kusan 50,000 #/cm3 sun kasance masu ƙarfafawa, tare da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na abinci kamar E. coli da Listeria 11 da aka lura.Bugu da kari, gwaje-gwajen organoleptic na farko sun nuna babu wani tasiri na azanci idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa tumatir.Kodayake waɗannan sakamakon rashin kunnawa na farko suna ƙarfafawa don aikace-aikacen amincin abinci har ma da ƙarancin adadin EWNS na 50,000 #/cc.gani, a bayyane yake cewa mafi girman yiwuwar rashin kunnawa zai zama mafi fa'ida don ƙara rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da lalacewa.
Anan, za mu mai da hankali kan bincikenmu game da haɓakar dandamalin tsara EWNS don ba da damar daidaita daidaitattun sigogin ƙira da haɓaka kayan aikin physicochemical na EWNS don haɓaka yuwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta.Musamman ma, haɓakawa ya mayar da hankali kan ƙara yawan cajin su (don inganta isar da niyya) da abun ciki na ROS (don inganta haɓakar rashin aiki).Haɓaka ingantattun kaddarorin physico-chemical (girman, caji da abun ciki na ROS) ta amfani da hanyoyin nazari na zamani da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci gama gari kamar E..
An haɗa EVNS ta hanyar electrospraying na lokaci ɗaya da ionization na ruwa mai tsabta (18 MΩ cm-1).Ana amfani da nebulizer na lantarki 12 yawanci don atomization na ruwa da kuma haɗin polymer da yumbura 13 da fibers 14 na girman sarrafawa.
Kamar yadda dalla-dalla a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata 8, 9, 10, 11, a cikin gwaji na yau da kullun, an yi amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin ma'aunin ƙarfin ƙarfe da na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa.A lokacin wannan tsari, abubuwa biyu daban-daban suna faruwa: i) electrospray da ii) ionization na ruwa.Filin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi tsakanin igiyoyin lantarki guda biyu yana haifar da caji mara kyau don taruwa a saman ruwan da aka datse, wanda ya haifar da samuwar mazugi na Taylor.Sakamakon haka, an samu ɗigon ruwa masu caji sosai, waɗanda ke ci gaba da watsewa zuwa ƙananan ɓangarorin, kamar yadda yake a ka'idar Rayleigh16.A lokaci guda kuma, filaye masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi suna haifar da wasu ƙwayoyin ruwa su tsaga tare da cire electrons (ionize), wanda ke haifar da samuwar nau'in iskar oxygen mai yawa (ROS)17.An samar da ROS18 lokaci guda a cikin EWNS (Fig. 1c).
A kan fig.2a yana nuna tsarin tsara EWNS da aka haɓaka kuma aka yi amfani da su a cikin haɗin EWNS a cikin wannan binciken.Ruwan da aka tsarkake da aka adana a cikin rufaffiyar kwalabe an ciyar da shi ta bututun Teflon (diamita na ciki na mm 2) a cikin allurar bakin karfe 30G (karfe capillary).Ana sarrafa kwararar ruwa ta karfin iska a cikin kwalbar, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2b.Ana ɗora allurar a kan na'urar wasan bidiyo na Teflon kuma ana iya daidaita ta da hannu zuwa wani tazara daga na'urar lantarki.Wutar lantarki faifan aluminium goge ne mai gogewa tare da rami a tsakiya don yin samfur.A ƙasa da na'urar lantarki akwai mazugi na samfurin aluminum, wanda aka haɗa da sauran saitin gwaji ta hanyar tashar samfur (Fig. 2b).Don guje wa haɓakar caji wanda zai iya tarwatsa aikin samfurin, duk abubuwan samfuran samfuran suna ƙasa ta hanyar lantarki.
(a) Injiniyan Ruwa Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS).(b) Sashe na ƙetare na samfurin samfurin da electrospray, yana nuna mafi mahimmancin sigogi.(c) Saitin gwaji don rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta.
Tsarin tsara EWNS da aka kwatanta a sama yana da ikon canza maɓalli na aiki don sauƙaƙe daidaita kayan EWNS.Daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da shi (V), nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki (L), da kwararar ruwa (φ) ta cikin capillary don daidaita halayen EWNS.Alamar da aka yi amfani da ita don wakiltar haɗuwa daban-daban: [V (kV), L (cm)].Daidaita kwararar ruwa don samun mazugi Taylor barga na wani saiti [V, L].Don dalilan wannan binciken, an ajiye diamita na buɗaɗɗen na'urar lantarki (D) a 0.5 inci (1.29 cm).
Saboda ƙayyadaddun lissafi da asymmetry, ba za a iya ƙididdige ƙarfin filin lantarki daga ka'idodin farko ba.Madadin haka, an yi amfani da software na QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 don lissafin filin lantarki.Filin lantarki ba daidai ba ne, don haka ƙimar wutar lantarki a ƙarshen capillary an yi amfani da ita azaman ƙimar ƙima don daidaitawa daban-daban.
A yayin binciken, an ƙididdige haɗuwa da yawa na ƙarfin lantarki da nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki dangane da samuwar mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na samar da EWNS, da haɓakawa.Ana nuna haɗe-haɗe daban-daban a Ƙarin Tebura S1.
Fitowar tsarin tsarar EWNS an haɗa kai tsaye zuwa Analyzer ɗin Motsi na Motsi (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) don ma'aunin tattara adadin barbashi, da kuma Aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) don aerosol igiyoyin an auna kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafin da ya gabata.Dukansu SMPS da na'urar lantarki ta aerosol da aka yi samfura a ƙimar kwararar 0.5 L/min (jimillan samfurin ya kwarara 1 L/min).An auna yawan taro na barbashi da kwararar iska don 120 seconds.Ana maimaita ma'aunin sau 30.Dangane da ma'auni na yanzu, ana ƙididdige jimlar cajin aerosol kuma ana ƙididdige matsakaicin cajin EWNS don adadin adadin da aka zaɓa na ɓangarorin EWNS.Za a iya ƙididdige matsakaicin farashin EWNS ta amfani da Equation (1):
Inda Iel shine auna halin yanzu, NSMPS shine ƙididdiga na dijital da aka auna tare da SMPS, kuma φEl shine ƙimar kwarara ta kowane lantarki.
Saboda yanayin zafi (RH) yana rinjayar cajin saman, zafin jiki da (RH) an kiyaye su akai-akai yayin gwajin a 21 ° C da 45%, bi da bi.
Atomic Force microscopy (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Binciken mafaka, Santa Barbara, CA) da AC260T bincike (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) an yi amfani da su don auna girman da tsawon rayuwar EWNS.Mitar dubawa ta AFM ita ce 1 Hz, yankin dubawa shine 5 μm × 5 μm, da layukan duba 256.Dukkan hotuna an yi su ne zuwa jeri na hoto na oda na 1 ta amfani da software na mafaka (kewayon abin rufe fuska 100 nm, bakin kofa 100 na yamma).
An cire mazugi na gwajin kuma an sanya saman mica a nesa na 2.0 cm daga na'urar lantarki don matsakaicin lokacin 120 s don guje wa gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta da samuwar ɗigon ruwa marasa tsari a saman mica.An fesa EWNS kai tsaye a saman sabon yanke mica (Ted Pella, Redding, CA).Hoton saman mica nan da nan bayan AFM sputtering.Matsakaicin lamba na saman sabon yanke mica wanda ba a canza shi ba yana kusa da 0 °, don haka ana rarraba EVNS akan saman mica a cikin nau'in dome.An auna diamita (a) da tsayi (h) na diffusing diffusing kai tsaye daga hoton saman AFM kuma an yi amfani da su don ƙididdige ƙarar watsawar EWNS ta amfani da ingantaccen hanyar mu a baya.Idan aka ɗauka cewa EWNS na kan jirgin yana da girma iri ɗaya, ana iya ƙididdige madaidaicin diamita ta amfani da Equation (2):
Dangane da hanyar da muka ɓullo da baya, an yi amfani da tarko mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki (ESR) don gano kasancewar matsakaicin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin EWNS.Aerosols da aka kumfa ta 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) dauke da 235 mM bayani na DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.).Portland, Oregon).An yi duk ma'aunin ESR ta amfani da Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, Amurka) da tantanin halitta mai lebur.An yi amfani da software na Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, Amurka) don tattarawa da tantance bayanan.Ƙaddamar da halaye na ROS an yi shi ne kawai don saitin yanayin aiki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].An auna ƙididdigar EWNS ta amfani da SMPS bayan lissafin asarar EWNS a cikin mai tasiri.
An kula da matakan Ozone ta amfani da 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Ga duk kaddarorin EWNS, ana amfani da maƙasudin ƙimar azaman ƙimar ma'auni, kuma ana amfani da daidaitaccen karkata azaman kuskuren auna.An yi gwajin T-gwajin don kwatanta ƙimar ingantattun halayen EWNS tare da madaidaitan ƙimar EWNS na tushe.
Hoto 2c yana nuna tsarin hazo na lantarki (EPES) da aka haɓaka a baya kuma ana iya amfani da shi don isar da niyya na EWNS a saman.EPES yana amfani da cajin EVNS wanda za'a iya "shirya" kai tsaye zuwa saman maƙasudin ƙarƙashin rinjayar filin lantarki mai ƙarfi.An gabatar da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin EPES a cikin littafin kwanan nan ta Pyrgiotakis et al.11.Don haka, EPES ya ƙunshi ɗakin PVC da aka buga na 3D tare da madaidaicin iyakar kuma ya ƙunshi faranti na bakin karfe guda biyu (304 bakin karfe, mai rufin madubi) a tsakiyar 15.24 cm baya.An haɗa allunan zuwa tushen babban ƙarfin lantarki na waje (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), farantin ƙasa koyaushe yana haɗawa da ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki, kuma saman farantin koyaushe yana haɗa ƙasa (ƙasa mai iyo).An lulluɓe bangon ɗakin da foil na aluminium, wanda aka kafa ta lantarki don hana ɓarna.Gidan yana da ƙofar lodi ta gaba wacce ke ba da damar sanya filaye na gwaji akan tasoshin filastik waɗanda ke ɗaga su sama da farantin ƙarfe na ƙasa don guje wa tsangwama mai ƙarfi.
An ƙididdige ingancin sakawa na EWNS a cikin EPES bisa ga ƙa'idar da aka haɓaka a baya dalla-dalla a Ƙarin Hoto S111.
A matsayin ɗakin kulawa, an haɗa ɗaki mai gudana na cylindrical na biyu a jeri zuwa tsarin EPES, wanda aka yi amfani da madaidaicin matatar HEPA don cire EWNS.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2c, EWNS aerosol an zuga ta cikin ɗakuna biyu da aka gina.Tace tsakanin dakin sarrafawa da EPES yana cire duk wani sauran EWNS wanda ke haifar da zazzabi iri ɗaya (T), ƙarancin dangi (RH) da matakan ozone.
An gano mahimman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci don gurɓata sabbin abinci kamar E. coli (ATCC #27325), alamar fecal, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), pathogenic abinci, Listeria mara lahani (ATCC #33090), surrogate ga pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, wanda aka samo daga ATssacceromy 4098), maye gurbin yisti mai lalacewa, da kuma ƙwayar cuta mara aiki, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Sayi kwalayen tumatur ɗin innabi bazuwar daga kasuwar gida kuma a sanyaya a 4°C har sai an yi amfani da su (har zuwa kwanaki 3).Tumatir na gwaji duk girman iri ɗaya ne, kusan 1/2 inch a diamita.
An yi dalla-dalla dalla-dalla al'ada, ƙaddamarwa, fallasa, da ƙa'idodin ƙididdiga a cikin littafinmu na baya kuma dalla-dalla a cikin Ƙarin Bayanai.An kimanta tasirin EWNS ta hanyar fallasa tumatur ɗin da aka yiwa allura zuwa 40,000 #/cm3 na mintuna 45.A taƙaice, an yi amfani da tumatur guda uku don kimanta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai a lokaci t = 0 min.An sanya tumatur guda uku a cikin EPES kuma an fallasa su zuwa EWNS akan 40,000 #/cc (EWNS fallen tumatir) sannan sauran ukun an sanya su a cikin dakin sarrafawa (tumatir sarrafawa).Ba a aiwatar da ƙarin sarrafa tumatir a cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu ba.An cire tumatir da aka fallasa EWNS da tumatir mai sarrafawa bayan mintuna 45 don kimanta tasirin EWNS.
Kowane gwaji an yi shi sau uku.An yi nazarin bayanai bisa ga ka'idar da aka kwatanta a Ƙarin Bayanai.
An ƙididdige hanyoyin rashin aiki ta hanyar lalata samfuran EWNS da aka fallasa (minti 45 a 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS aerosol maida hankali) da samfuran da ba su da iska na ƙwayoyin cuta marasa lahani E. coli, Salmonella enterica da Lactobacillus.An gyara barbashi a cikin 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde da 0.03% picric acid a cikin 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) na awanni 2 a zafin jiki.Bayan wankewa, bayan gyara tare da 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) na tsawon awanni 2, wanke sau 3 a cikin ruwa kuma a saka a cikin 1% uranyl acetate 1% na 1 hour, sannan a wanke sau biyu a ruwa, sannan a cire ruwa a cikin minti 10 a cikin 50%, 0% barasa.An sanya samfuran a cikin propylene oxide na sa'a 1 kuma an yi musu ciki tare da 1: 1 cakuda propylene oxide da TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA).An saka samfuran a cikin TAAB Epon kuma an sanya su a cikin 60 ° C na awanni 48.An yanke resin granular da aka warke kuma an gani ta hanyar TEM ta amfani da na'urar microscope na yau da kullun JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) sanye da kyamarar AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microoscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, Amurka).
Dukkan gwaje-gwajen an yi su ne sau uku.A kowane lokaci, ana shuka wankin ƙwayoyin cuta sau uku, wanda ya haifar da jimillar maki tara a kowace aya, matsakaicin wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don wannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.An yi amfani da madaidaicin sabani azaman kuskuren awo.Duk maki suna ƙidaya.
Logarithm na raguwar tattara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da t = 0 min an ƙididdige su ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
inda C0 shine yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokaci 0 (watau bayan saman ya bushe amma kafin a sanya shi a cikin ɗakin) kuma Cn shine ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a saman bayan n mintuna na bayyanar.
Don yin la'akari da lalacewar yanayi na ƙwayoyin cuta yayin bayyanar minti 45, raguwar log idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa bayan mintuna 45 kuma an ƙididdige su kamar haka:
inda Cn shine ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokaci n kuma Cn-Control shine ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin cuta a lokaci n.Ana gabatar da bayanai azaman raguwar log idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (babu bayyanar EWNS).
A yayin binciken, an ƙididdige haɗuwa da yawa na ƙarfin lantarki da nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki dangane da samuwar mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na samar da EWNS, da haɓakawa.Ana nuna haɗe-haɗe daban-daban a Ƙarin Tebura S1.An zaɓi shari'o'i biyu masu nuna barga da kaddarorin da za'a iya sakewa (Taylor cone, EWNS ƙarni, da kwanciyar hankali akan lokaci) don cikakken nazari.A kan fig.Hoto na 3 yana nuna sakamakon caji, girman, da abun ciki na ROS a lokuta biyu.Hakanan ana nuna sakamakon a cikin Tebu 1. Don tunani, duka Hoto 3 da Table 1 sun haɗa da kaddarorin da ba a inganta su ba EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS).Ana sake buga lissafin mahimmancin ƙididdiga ta amfani da t-gwajin wutsiya biyu a cikin Ƙarin Tebura S2.Bugu da kari, ƙarin bayanai sun haɗa da nazarin tasirin diamita na samfur na lantarki (D) da nisa tsakanin lantarki na ƙasa da tip (L) (Ƙarin Figures S2 da S3).
(ac) Rarraba girman da aka auna ta AFM.(df) Siffar cajin saman.(g) ROS halayyar EPR.
Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga duk abubuwan da ke sama, ƙimar ionization na yanzu yana tsakanin 2 da 6 μA da ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin -3.8 da -6.5 kV, wanda ya haifar da amfani da wutar lantarki ƙasa da 50 mW don wannan ƙirar ƙirar EWNS guda ɗaya.Kodayake EWNS an haɗa shi a ƙarƙashin matsanancin matsin lamba, matakan ozone sun yi ƙasa sosai, ba su wuce 60 ppb ba.
Ƙarin Hoto S4 yana nuna filayen lantarki da aka kwaikwayi don yanayin [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi.Don yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], lissafin filin shine 2 × 105 V / m da 4.7 × 105 V / m, bi da bi.Ana tsammanin wannan, tunda a cikin yanayi na biyu ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki-nisa ya fi girma.
A kan fig.3a,b yana nuna diamita na EWNS da aka auna tare da AFM8.Matsakaicin ƙididdiga na EWNS diamita sun kasance 27 nm da 19 nm don tsarin [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi.Don yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], madaidaitan ma'auni na geometric na rarraba sune 1.41 da 1.45, bi da bi, yana nuna kunkuntar girman rarraba.Dukansu girman ma'ana da ma'aunin ma'auni na geometric suna kusa da tushen EWNS, a 25 nm da 1.41, bi da bi.A kan fig.3c yana nuna girman rarraba tushen EWNS wanda aka auna ta amfani da hanya ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya.
A kan fig.3d,e yana nuna sakamakon siffanta caji.Bayanai sune matsakaicin ma'auni na ma'auni 30 na lokaci guda na taro (#/cm3) da na yanzu (I).Binciken ya nuna cewa matsakaicin cajin akan EWNS shine 22 ± 6 e- da 44 ± 6 e- don [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi.Suna da cajin mafi girma mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da EWNS na asali (10 ± 2 e-), sau biyu mafi girma fiye da yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] kuma sau hudu fiye da [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm].Hoto na 3f yana nuna cajin.bayanai don Baseline-EWNS.
Daga taswirar tattarawa na lambar EWNS (Ƙarin Figures S5 da S6), ana iya ganin cewa yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] yana da ƙarin barbashi fiye da yanayin [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm].Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa an kula da ƙaddamarwar lambar EWNS har zuwa sa'o'i 4 (Ƙarin Figures S5 da S6), inda zaman lafiyar tsarar EWNS ya nuna irin matakan ƙaddamar da lambar barbashi a cikin lokuta biyu.
A kan fig.3g yana nuna bakan EPR bayan an cire ingantaccen sarrafa EWNS (bayan baya) a [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm].Hakanan an kwatanta sifofin ROS tare da yanayin Baseline-EWNS a cikin aikin da aka buga a baya.An ƙididdige adadin EWNS da ke amsawa tare da tarko don zama 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, wanda yayi kama da Baseline-EWNS8 da aka buga a baya.Siffar EPR ta nuna a sarari kasancewar nau'ikan ROS guda biyu, tare da O2- kasancewar nau'in mafi girma da OH• ba su da yawa.Bugu da ƙari, kwatancen kai tsaye na ƙarfin kololuwa ya nuna cewa ingantaccen EWNS yana da babban abun ciki na ROS idan aka kwatanta da EWNS na asali.
A kan fig.4 yana nuna ingancin ajiya na EWNS a cikin EPES.Hakanan an taƙaita bayanan a cikin Tebur I kuma idan aka kwatanta da ainihin bayanan EWNS.Domin duka lokuta na EUNS, ƙaddamarwa yana kusa da 100% ko da a ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki na 3.0 kV.Yawanci, 3.0 kV ya isa ga 100% ajiya, ba tare da la'akari da canjin cajin saman ba.A ƙarƙashin yanayin guda ɗaya, ingancin ajiya na Baseline-EWNS shine kawai 56% saboda ƙarancin cajin su (matsakaicin 10 electrons a kowane EWNS).
A kan fig.5 kuma a cikin tebur.2 yana taƙaita ƙimar rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi wa saman tumatir bayan fallasa zuwa kusan 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS na mintuna 45 a mafi kyawun yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Inoculated E. coli da Lactobacillus innocuous sun nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci na 3.8 rajistan ayyukan yayin bayyanar 45 mintuna.A karkashin yanayi guda, S. enterica yana da raguwar 2.2-log, yayin da S. cerevisiae da M. parafortutum sun sami raguwar 1.0-log.
Micrographs na lantarki (Hoto 6) suna nuna canje-canjen jiki da EWNS ya haifar akan Escherichia coli mara lahani, Streptococcus, da Lactobacillus sel waɗanda ke haifar da rashin kunna su.Kwayoyin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fallasa sun lalata membranes na waje.
Hoton ƙananan ƙwayoyin lantarki na sarrafawa da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fallasa sun bayyana lalacewar membrane.
Bayanan da ke kan kaddarorin physicochemical na EWNS da aka inganta tare sun nuna cewa kayan (cajin saman da abun ciki na ROS) na EWNS sun inganta sosai idan aka kwatanta da bayanan EWNS da aka buga a baya8,9,10,11.A gefe guda kuma, girmansu ya kasance a cikin kewayon nanometer, yana kama da sakamakon da aka ruwaito a baya, wanda ya ba su damar kasancewa a cikin iska na dogon lokaci.Ana iya bayanin rarrabuwar da aka lura ta hanyar sauye-sauyen cajin saman da ke ƙayyade girman EWNS, bazuwar tasirin Rayleigh, da yuwuwar haɗin kai.Koyaya, kamar yadda Nielsen et al.22, high surface cajin rage evaporation ta yadda ya kamata ƙara surface makamashi / tashin hankali na ruwa drop.A cikin littafinmu na baya8 an tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta gwaji don microdroplets 22 da EWNS.Asarar caji yayin kari kuma na iya shafar girman kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rarraba girman da aka lura.