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N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu nje na-enweghị kemịkal nke dabere na nanotechnology site na iji nanostructures mmiri arụrụ arụ (EWNS). EWNS nwere nnukwu chajị elu ma jupụta na ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS) nke nwere ike iso ma mee ka ọtụtụ nje dị ndụ na-akpakọrịta, gụnyere nje ndị na-ebute site na nri. N'ebe a, egosiri na enwere ike ịhazi ihe onwunwe ha n'oge mmepụta iji mee ka ikike nje bacteria ha dịkwuo mma. E mere ikpo okwu ụlọ nyocha EWNS iji hazie ihe onwunwe nke EWNS site na ịgbanwe paramita njikọta. Nkọwa nke ihe onwunwe EWNS (charge, size na ọdịnaya nke ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, enyochala ha maka ikike mgbochi nje bacteria ha megide nje ndị na-ebute site na nri dị ka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum na Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nsonaazụ egosiri ebe a na-egosi na enwere ike ịhazi ihe onwunwe nke EWNS n'oge mmepụta, na-ebute mmụba exponential na arụmọrụ inactivation. Karịsịa, chajị elu mụbara site na ihe dị ka anọ na ụdị oxygen reactive mụbara. Ọnụọgụ mwepụ nje bacteria dabere na nje bacteria ma malite na 1.0 ruo 3.8 log mgbe e kpughechara ya ruo nkeji iri anọ na ise na ọgwụ aerosol nke 40,000 #/cc EWNS.
Mmetọ nje bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa sitere na nri nke sitere na iri nje ma ọ bụ nsí ha. Na United States naanị, ọrịa sitere na nri na-akpata ihe dị ka nde ọrịa 76, mmadụ 325,000 na-abanye n'ụlọ ọgwụ, na ọnwụ 5,000 kwa afọ1. Na mgbakwunye, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) na-eme atụmatụ na mmụba nke oriri nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ bụ ihe kpatara 48% nke ọrịa niile a kọrọ na nri na United States2. Ọnụ ego ọrịa na ọnwụ sitere na nje ndị sitere na nri na United States dị oke elu, dịka Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC) si kwuo na ihe karịrị ijeri US $15.6 kwa afọ3.
Ugbu a, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ nje chemical4, radieshon5 na thermal6 eme ihe iji hụ na nchekwa nri na-aga n'ihu n'ebe dị oke mkpa (CCPs) n'akụkụ usoro mmepụta (karịsịa mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na/ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwakọ ngwaahịa) kama ịnọgide na-enwe mmetọ. Ya mere, ha na-adịkarị mfe ibute mmetọ. 7. Ijikwa ọrịa nri nke ọma na mmebi nri chọrọ ọgwụ nje nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ofe ubi-site na tebụl ma na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ahịa.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu nje na-enweghị kemịkalụ, nke dabere na nanotechnology nke nwere ike ime ka nje bacteria dị n'elu na ikuku ghara ịrụ ọrụ site na iji usoro nanostructures mmiri arụrụ arụ (EWNS). E jiri usoro abụọ yiri ya mepụta EWNS, electrospray na ionization mmiri (Fig. 1a). Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga egosila na EWNS nwere otu ihe pụrụ iche nke ihe anụ ahụ na nke dị ndụ8,9,10. EWNS nwere nkezi nke elektrọn 10 kwa nhazi na nkezi nha nanoscale nke 25 nm (Fig. 1b,c)8,9,10. Na mgbakwunye, electron spin resonance (ESR) gosiri na EWNS nwere nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS), ọkachasị hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c)8. EVNS dị n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge ma nwee ike ịsọ mpi na nje ndị a kwụgidere n'ikuku ma dị n'elu, na-ebuga ibu ọrụ ROS ha ma na-akpata mmechi nke nje ndị dị ndụ (Fig. 1d). Nnyocha mbụ ndị a gosikwara na EWNS nwere ike iso nje bacteria dị iche iche na-adịghị mma na gram-positive, gụnyere mycobacteria, na-akpakọrịta ma na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'elu na n'ikuku. Nnyocha eletrọn nke nnyefe gosiri na ọ bụ mmebi nke akpụkpọ ahụ sel kpatara ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ihe iku ume dị oke njọ egosila na oke doses nke EWNS anaghị akpata mmebi akpa ume ma ọ bụ mbufụt 8.
(a) Electrospray na-eme mgbe etinyere nnukwu voltaji n'etiti ọkpọkọ capillary nke nwere mmiri mmiri na electrode counter. (b) Itinye nrụgide dị elu na-ebute ihe abụọ dị iche iche: (i) ịgba mmiri electros na (ii) ịmepụta ụdị oxygen reactive (ions) nke tọrọ n'ime EWNS. (c) Nhazi pụrụ iche nke EWNS. (d) N'ihi ọdịdị nanoscale ha, EWNS na-agagharị nke ukwuu ma nwee ike iso nje ndị na-efe efe na-akpakọrịta.
A gosikwara na ike nke ikpo okwu nje EWNS nwere iji gbochie nje ndị sitere na nri n'elu nri ọhụrụ. A gosikwara na enwere ike iji ike elu nke EWNS yana ọkụ eletrik mee ihe iji nweta nnyefe ezubere iche. Ọzọkwa, nsonaazụ mbụ maka tomato organic mgbe e kpughechara ha ruo nkeji 90 na EWNS ihe dị ka 50,000 #/cm3 na-agba ume, yana ọtụtụ nje ndị sitere na nri dịka E. coli na Listeria 11 hụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ule organoleptic mbụ egosighi mmetụta mmetụta uche ma e jiri ya tụnyere tomato njikwa. Ọ bụ ezie na nsonaazụ mbụ a na-agba ume maka ojiji nchekwa nri ọbụlagodi na obere doses EWNS nke 50,000 #/cc. lee, o doro anya na ike dị elu nke enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ga-abara uru karịa iji belata ihe egwu nke ọrịa na mmebi.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na nnyocha anyị na mmepe nke ikpo okwu mmepụta EWNS iji mee ka nhazi nke paramita mmepụta dị mma na imeziwanye njirimara physicochemical nke EWNS iji mee ka ikike nje bacteria ha dịkwuo mma. Karịsịa, nhazi ahụ elekwasịla anya n'ịbawanye ụgwọ elu ha (iji melite nnyefe ezubere iche) na ọdịnaya ROS (iji melite arụmọrụ inactivation). Chọpụta njirimara physico-chemical kachasị mma (nha, chajị na ọdịnaya ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ ma jiri obere ihe oriri nkịtị dịka E.
A na-emepụta EVNS site na iji ọkụ eletrik na ionization nke mmiri dị ọcha (18 MΩ cm–1). A na-ejikarị nebulizer eletriki 12 eme ihe maka ịgbapụta mmiri mmiri na njikọta nke ihe ndị dị na polima na seramiiki 13 na eriri 14 nke nha a na-achịkwa.
Dịka e kwuru n'akwụkwọ ndị gara aga nke 8, 9, 10, 11, na nnwale nkịtị, e tinyere nnukwu voltaji n'etiti capillary metal na electrode counter grounded. N'oge usoro a, ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-eme: i) electrospray na ii) ionization mmiri. Ọdụ eletriki siri ike n'etiti electrodes abụọ ahụ na-eme ka chajị na-adịghị mma jupụta n'elu mmiri ahụ, na-ebute mmepe nke Taylor cones. N'ihi ya, a na-emepụta mmiri mmiri dị oke ọkụ, nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbaji ka ọ bụrụ obere ihe, dịka ọ dị na ozizi Rayleigh16. N'otu oge ahụ, ọkụ eletrik siri ike na-eme ka ụfọdụ molekul mmiri kewaa ma wepụ electrons (ionize), nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS)17. E tinyere ROS18 n'otu oge na EWNS (Foto 1c).
Na eserese nke 2a, a na-egosi usoro mmepụta EWNS e mepụtara ma jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ EWNS n'ọmụmụ ihe a. Mmiri dị ọcha echekwara na karama mechiri emechi ka e tinyere ya site na tube Teflon (dayameta ime 2 mm) n'ime agịga ígwè anaghị agba nchara 30G (capillary ígwè). Nrụgide ikuku dị n'ime karama ahụ na-achịkwa mmiri ahụ, dịka egosiri na eserese nke 2b. A na-etinye agịga ahụ na njikwa Teflon ma enwere ike ịhazi ya aka na anya ụfọdụ site na electrode counter. Elektrọd counter bụ diski aluminom a kpụchara akpụ nke nwere oghere n'etiti maka nnwale. N'okpuru elektrọd counter bụ ọwara nlele aluminom, nke ejikọtara na ntọala nnwale ndị ọzọ site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nlele (Fig. 2b). Iji zere mkpokọta chajị nke nwere ike imebi ọrụ sampler, ihe niile dị na sampler bụ nke e ji eletriki mee.
(a) Sistemụ Mmepụta Nanostructure Mmiri E Ji Eme Ihe (EWNS). (b) Nkebi nke ihe nlele na electrospray, nke na-egosi paramita kachasị mkpa. (c) Nhazi nnwale maka ịkwụsị nje bacteria.
Sistemụ mmepụta EWNS akọwara n'elu nwere ike ịgbanwe paramita ọrụ dị mkpa iji mee ka nhazi EWNS dị mfe. Gbanwee voltaji etinyere (V), anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter (L), na mmiri na-asọfe (φ) site na capillary iji hazie njirimara EWNS nke ọma. Akara ejiri na-anọchite anya njikọta dị iche iche: [V (kV), L (cm)]. Gbanwee mmiri na-asọfe iji nweta kọn Taylor kwụsiri ike nke otu set [V, L]. Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-edebe dayameta oghere nke elektrọd counter (D) na 0.5 inch (1.29 cm).
N'ihi oke ọdịdị na enweghị nkwekọ, ike ubi eletrik enweghị ike ịgbakọ site na ụkpụrụ mbụ. Kama nke ahụ, ejiri ngwanrọ QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 gbakọọ ubi eletrik. Oghere eletrik adịghị otu, yabụ ejiri uru nke ubi eletrik dị na nsọtụ capillary mee ihe dị ka uru ntụaka maka nhazi dị iche iche.
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe a, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọta voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter n'ihe gbasara nhazi kọn Taylor, nkwụsi ike kọn Taylor, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na imegharị ihe. E gosiri njikọta dị iche iche na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S1.
E jikọtara mmepụta nke sistemụ mmepụta EWNS ozugbo na Scanning Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) maka nha ntinye ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, yana Aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) maka mmiri ndị dị ndụ dịka akọwara na mbipụta anyị gara aga. Ma SMPS na electrometer aerosol a nwalere na ọnụego mmiri nke 0.5 L/min (mkpokọta mmiri nke ihe nlele 1 L/min). A tụrụ ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri dị ndụ maka sekọnd 120. A na-emegharị nha ahụ ugboro 30. Dabere na nha ugbu a, a na-agbakọ mkpokọta ụgwọ aerosol ma na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ụgwọ EWNS maka ọnụọgụgụ niile enyere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ EWNS ahọpụtara. Enwere ike ịgbakọ nkezi ọnụ ahịa EWNS site na iji Nha nhata (1):
ebe IEl bụ ọkụ eletrik a tụrụ, NSMPS bụ njupụta dijitalụ nke ejiri SMPS tụọ, na φEl bụ ọnụego mmiri kwa elektrọmita.
Ebe ọ bụ na iru mmiri dị n'etiti (RH) na-emetụta ike elu, okpomọkụ na (RH) nọgidere na-adị otu ebe n'oge nnwale ahụ na 21°C na 45%, n'otu n'otu.
E jiri igwe onyonyo ike atọm (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) na AC260T probe (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) tụọ nha na ndụ EWNS. Ugboro nyocha AFM bụ 1 Hz, mpaghara nyocha ahụ bụ 5 μm × 5 μm, yana ahịrị nyocha 256. E tinyere onyonyo niile n'usoro onyonyo nke mbụ site na iji ngwanrọ Asylum (oke ihe mkpuchi 100 nm, oke 100 pm).
E wepụrụ ọwa nnwale ahụ, e wee tinye elu mica ahụ n'ebe dị anya nke 2.0 cm site na elektrọd counter maka oge nkezi nke 120 s iji zere njikọta nke ihe ndị dị na ya na ịmepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe na-adịghị mma na elu mica. E fesakwara EWNS ozugbo n'elu mica a gbuturu ọhụrụ (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Foto nke elu mica ozugbo AFM gbasasịrị. Akụkụ kọntaktị nke elu mica a gbuturu ọhụrụ dị nso na 0°, yabụ a na-ekesa EVNS n'elu mica n'ụdị dome. A tụrụ dayameta (a) na elu (h) nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ozugbo site na AFM topography ma jiri ya gbakọọ olu mgbasa EWNS domed site na iji usoro anyị akwadoro na mbụ. Ọ bụrụ na EWNS dị n'elu nwere otu olu ahụ, enwere ike ịgbakọ dayameta nhata site na iji Nha (2):
Dabere na usoro anyị mepụtara na mbụ, e jiri ọnyà ntụgharị elektrọn spin resonance (ESR) chọpụta ọnụnọ nke ndị na-adịte aka na EWNS. E tinyere afụ ikuku site na 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) nke nwere ihe ngwọta DEPMPO(5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.). Portland, Oregon. Ejiri igwe nyocha Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) na sel panel dị larịị mee nha ESR niile. Ejiri ngwanrọ Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) chịkọta ma nyochaa data ahụ. Emere nchọpụta nke njirimara nke ROS naanị maka otu ọnọdụ ọrụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ejiri SMPS tụọ njupụta EWNS mgbe a gbasịrị maka mfu EWNS na impactor.
E jiri 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10 nyochaa ọkwa Ozone.
Maka ihe onwunwe EWNS niile, a na-eji uru nkezi dị ka uru nha, a na-ejikwa mgbanwe ọkọlọtọ dị ka njehie nha. Emere ule T iji tụnyere uru nke njirimara EWNS kachasị mma na uru ndị kwekọrọ na nke EWNS ntọala.
Foto nke 2c na-egosi sistemụ "dọpụta" nke mmiri ozuzo electrostatic (EPES) mepụtara na nke a maara nke ọma nke enwere ike iji maka nnyefe EWNS ezubere iche na elu. EPES na-eji ụgwọ EVNS nke enwere ike "duzie" ozugbo na elu ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke ubi eletriki siri ike. Nkọwa nke sistemụ EPES ka egosiri na mbipụta ọhụrụ nke Pyrgiotakis et al. 11. Ya mere, EPES nwere ụlọ PVC ebipụtara 3D nwere nsọtụ dị warara ma nwee efere ígwè abụọ yiri ya (ígwè anaghị agba nchara 304, nke a kpuchiri enyo) n'etiti 15.24 cm iche. Ejikọtara bọọdụ ndị ahụ na isi iyi voltaji dị elu nke mpụga (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), efere ala ahụ na-ejikọkarị na voltaji dị mma, a na-ejikọkwa efere elu ahụ mgbe niile na ala (ala na-ese n'elu mmiri). A na-ekpuchi mgbidi ụlọ ahụ na foil aluminom, nke a na-eji ọkụ eletrik ekpuchi iji gbochie mfu ihe. Ụlọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ụzọ e ji ebu ibu nke e mechiri emechi nke na-enye ohere itinye elu ule n'elu ihe eji echekwa plastik nke na-ebuli ha elu n'elu efere ígwè dị n'okpuru iji zere nnukwu nsogbu voltaji.
A gbakọrọ arụmọrụ nchekwa nke EWNS na EPES dịka usoro e mepụtara na mbụ nke akọwara na Mgbakwunye Foto S111.
Dịka ụlọ njikwa, e jikọtara ụlọ mmiri nke abụọ na-asọ asọ n'usoro na sistemụ EPES, ebe e ji nzacha HEPA dị n'etiti wepụ EWNS. Dịka egosiri na Foto 2c, a na-awụpụ aerosol EWNS site na ụlọ abụọ e wuru n'ime ya. Ihe nzacha dị n'etiti ụlọ njikwa na EPES na-ewepụ EWNS ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ nke na-ebute otu okpomọkụ (T), iru mmiri dị n'etiti (RH) na ọkwa ozone.
A chọpụtala na nje ndị dị mkpa sitere na nri na-emerụ nri ọhụrụ dịka E. coli (ATCC #27325), ihe ngosi nsị, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), nje ndị na-ebute nri, Listeria unewless (ATCC #33090), ihe nnọchi maka nje Listeria monocytogenes, nke sitere na ATCC (Manassas, VA) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098), ihe nnọchi maka yist spoilage, na nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Zụta igbe tomato mkpụrụ vaịn sitere n'okike n'ahịa obodo gị ma tinye ha na friji na okpomọkụ 4°C ruo mgbe e jiri ha (ruo ụbọchị atọ). Tomato ndị a nwalere nha ha niile bụ otu nha, ihe dị ka 1/2 inch na dayameta.
A kọwara usoro omenala, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ikpughe, na ọnụọgụgụ ndị bi n'ime ya n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga ma kọwaa ya nke ọma na Data Mgbakwunye. A tụlere irè nke EWNS site n'ikpughe tomato ndị a gbara ọgwụ ruo 40,000 #/cm3 maka nkeji 45. N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, ejiri tomato atọ nyochaa nje ndị dị ndụ n'oge t = 0 nkeji. E tinyere tomato atọ na EPES ma gosi ha na EWNS na 40,000 #/cc (tomato ndị a gbara EWNS) ebe e tinyere atọ ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ụlọ njikwa (tomato ndị a na-agba ọgwụ mgbochi). Emeghị nhazi ọzọ nke tomato n'ime otu abụọ ahụ. E wepụrụ tomato ndị a gbapụrụ agbapụ na tomato ndị a gbapụrụ agbapụ na EWNS mgbe nkeji 45 gachara iji nyochaa mmetụta nke EWNS.
E mere nnwale ọ bụla n'ụzọ atọ. E mere nyocha data dịka usoro akọwara na Data Mgbakwunye si dị.
A tụlere usoro mgbochi ọrịa site na itinye ihe nlele EWNS ndị a hụrụ n'anya (nkeji 45 na njupụta aerosol EWNS 40,000 #/cm3) na ihe nlele nje bacteria na-adịghị emerụ ahụ E. coli, Salmonella enterica na Lactobacillus. E tinyere ihe ndị ahụ na 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% picric acid na 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) ruo awa 2 n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ụlọ. Mgbe ịsachara ahụ, tinyezie ya na 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) ruo awa 2, saa ya ugboro atọ na mmiri ma tinye ya na 1% uranyl acetate maka otu awa, wee saa ya ugboro abụọ na mmiri, wee gbazee ya ruo nkeji 10 na 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% mmanya. E tinyeziri ihe nlele ndị ahụ na propylene oxide ruo otu awa ma tinye ha na ngwakọta propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA) nke 1:1. E tinyere ihe nlele ndị ahụ na TAAB Epon ma mee ka ha dị ọcha na 60°C ruo awa 48. E jiri igwe microscope eletrọn nnyefe nkịtị JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) nke nwere igwefoto AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA) bee ma hụ ihe nlele ndị ahụ.
E mere nnwale niile n'ụzọ atọ. Maka oge ọ bụla, a na-akụ mkpụrụ nje bacteria n'ụzọ atọ, nke mere ka ngụkọta nke isi data itoolu kwa isi, nke a na-eji nkezi ya dị ka mkpokọta nje bacteria maka nje ahụ. Ejiri mgbanwe ọkọlọtọ mee ihe dị ka njehie nha. Isi ihe niile dị mkpa.
E jiri usoro a gbakọọ logarithm nke mbelata njupụta nke nje bacteria ma e jiri ya tụnyere t = 0 min:
ebe C0 bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria n'ime ihe nlele njikwa n'oge 0 (ya bụ, mgbe elu ahụ kpọrọ nkụ mana tupu etinye ya n'ime ụlọ ahụ) na Cn bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria n'elu mgbe nkeji n nke ikpughe gasịrị.
Iji kọwaa maka mmebi eke nke nje bacteria n'oge mkpughe nkeji iri anọ na ise, a gbakọọkwara mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa mgbe nkeji iri anọ na ise gasịrị dị ka ndị a:
ebe Cn bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria na ihe nlele njikwa n'oge n na Cn-Control bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria njikwa n'oge n. A na-egosi data dị ka mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (enweghị mkpughe EWNS).
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe a, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọta voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter n'ihe gbasara nhazi cone Taylor, nkwụsi ike nke cone Taylor, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na imegharị ihe. E gosiri njikọta dị iche iche na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S1. A họọrọ ikpe abụọ na-egosi ihe ndị kwụsiri ike na ndị a pụrụ imegharị ihe (Taylor cone, mmepụta EWNS, na nkwụsi ike ka oge na-aga) maka ọmụmụ ihe zuru oke. Na eserese 3 na-egosi nsonaazụ maka chajị, nha, na ọdịnaya nke ROS n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ. Egosikwara nsonaazụ ndị a na Tebụl 1. Maka ntụaka, ma eserese 3 na Tebụl 1 gụnyere ihe ndị dị na EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 nke emepụtara na mbụ (ntọala-EWNS). A na-ebipụtaghachi mgbakọta mkpa ọnụọgụgụ site na iji ule t-ọdụ abụọ na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S2. Na mgbakwunye, data ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmetụta nke dayameta oghere nlele elektrọd counter (D) na anya dị n'etiti elektrọd ala na tip (L) (Foto Mgbakwunye S2 na S3).
(ac) Nkesa nha nke AFM tụrụ. (df) Njirimara chajị elu. (g) Njirimara ROS nke EPR.
Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na maka ọnọdụ niile dị n'elu, ọkụ eletrik a tụrụ dị n'etiti 2 na 6 μA na voltaji dị n'etiti -3.8 na -6.5 kV, nke butere oriri ike nke na-erughị 50 mW maka otu modulu kọntaktị ọgbọ EWNS a. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-emepụta EWNS n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, ọkwa ozone dị oke ala, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gafere 60 ppb.
Foto mgbakwunye S4 na-egosi ebe eletriki e mere ka ọ dị ka ihe atụ maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] n'otu n'otu. Maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ngụkọ ubi bụ 2 × 105 V/m na 4.7 × 105 V/m, n'otu n'otu. A na-atụ anya nke a, ebe ọ bụ na n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, oke anya voltaji dị elu karịa.
Na fig. 3a,b na-egosi dayameta EWNS nke e ji AFM8 tụọ. Nkezi dayameta EWNS agbakọrọ bụ 27 nm na 19 nm maka atụmatụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu. Maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ geometric nke nkesa bụ 1.41 na 1.45, n'otu n'otu, na-egosi nkesa nha dị warara. Ma nha nkezi na nkezi ọkọlọtọ geometric dị nnọọ nso na EWNS ntọala, na 25 nm na 1.41, n'otu n'otu. Na fig. 3c na-egosi nkesa nha nke EWNS ntọala a tụrụ site na iji otu usoro ahụ n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ.
Na eserese 3d,e na-egosi nsonaazụ nke njirimara chajị. Data bụ nha nkezi nke nha 30 nke njupụta (#/cm3) na nke ugbu a (I). Nyocha ahụ na-egosi na nkezi chajị na EWNS bụ 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- maka [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu. Ha nwere chajị elu dị elu karịa EWNS nke mbụ (10 ± 2 e-), okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na okpukpu anọ karịa [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Foto 3f na-egosi chajị. data maka Baseline-EWNS.
Site na maapụ njupụta nke nọmba EWNS (Foto mgbakwunye S5 na S6), a pụrụ ịhụ na ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche karịa ọnọdụ [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na a na-enyocha njupụta nọmba EWNS ruo awa anọ (Foto mgbakwunye S5 na S6), ebe nkwụsi ike nke mmepụta EWNS gosipụtara otu ọkwa nke njupụta nọmba ihe dị iche iche n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.
Na eserese 3g, ọ na-egosi ụdị EPR mgbe ewepụchara njikwa EWNS kachasị mma (ndabere) na [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E jirikwa ụdị ROS tụnyere ọnọdụ Baseline-EWNS n'ọrụ e bipụtara na mbụ. A gbakọrọ ọnụọgụgụ EWNS na-emeghachi omume na ọnyà ntụgharị ka ọ bụrụ 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, nke yiri nke e bipụtara na mbụ na Baseline-EWNS8. Ụdị EPR gosiri nke ọma ọnụnọ nke ụdị ROS abụọ, ebe O2- bụ ụdị kachasị na OH• enweghị oke. Na mgbakwunye, ntụnyere kpọmkwem nke ike kachasị elu gosiri na EWNS kachasị mma nwere ọdịnaya ROS dị elu karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS ntọala.
Na eserese nke 4 na-egosi arụmọrụ nke EWNS na EPES. A chịkọtakwara data ahụ na Tebụl nke Mbụ ma tụnyere ya na data EWNS mbụ. Maka ikpe abụọ nke EUNS, nkwụnye ahụ dị nso na 100% ọbụlagodi na obere voltaji nke 3.0 kV. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, 3.0 kV zuru oke maka nkwụnye 100%, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe chajị elu. N'otu ọnọdụ ahụ, arụmọrụ nkwụnye nke Baseline-EWNS bụ naanị 56% n'ihi obere chajị ha (nkezi elektrọn 10 kwa EWNS).
Na eserese nke 5 na na tebụl. 2 na-achịkọta uru mgbochi nke nje ndị a gbara n'elu tomato mgbe e tinyere ha ihe dị ka 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS maka nkeji 45 na ọnọdụ kachasị mma [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E. coli na Lactobacillus a gbara ọgwụ n'enweghị ihe ọjọọ gosiri mbelata dị ukwuu nke osisi 3.8 n'oge mkpughe nkeji 45. N'otu ọnọdụ ahụ, S. enterica nwere mbelata 2.2-log, ebe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortutum nwere mbelata 1.0-log.
Ihe onyonyo elektrọn (Foto nke 6) na-egosi mgbanwe anụ ahụ nke EWNS kpatara na mkpụrụ ndụ Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, na Lactobacillus na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke mere ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ. Nje bacteria ndị a na-achịkwa nwere akpụkpọ sel ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ebe nje bacteria ndị a na-ekpughere emebiela akpụkpọ ahụ ndị dị n'èzí.
Foto elektrọn microscopic nke njikwa na nje bacteria ekpughere gosiri mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ.
Data gbasara ihe ndị dị na physicochemical nke EWNS emelitere na-egosi na ihe ndị dị na EWNS (charge surface na ọdịnaya ROS) ka mma nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere data ntọala EWNS e bipụtara na mbụ8,9,10,11. N'aka nke ọzọ, nha ha nọgidere na oke nanometer, nke yiri nke a kọrọ na mbụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge. Enwere ike ịkọwa polydispersity a hụrụ site na mgbanwe charge surface nke na-ekpebi nha EWNS, enweghị usoro nke mmetụta Rayleigh, na ike coacence. Agbanyeghị, dịka Nielsen et al. 22 kọwara, nnukwu charge surface na-ebelata uzuoku site na ịbawanye ike/mgbali elu nke mmiri mmiri. Na mbipụta anyị gara aga8, ekwenyela na echiche a maka microdroplets 22 na EWNS. Mfu charge n'oge oge karịrị akarị nwekwara ike imetụta nha ma tinye aka na nkesa nha a hụrụ.