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N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu antimicrobial na-enweghị kemịkal dabere na nanotechnology na-eji nanostructures mmiri artificial (EWNS).EWNS nwere ụgwọ elu dị elu ma jujuo ya na ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ROS) nke nwere ike imekọrịta na ime ka ọtụtụ microorganisms rụọ ọrụ, gụnyere nje na-ebute nri.N'ebe a, a na-egosi na ihe onwunwe ha n'oge njikọ nwere ike ịhazi ya nke ọma na kachasị mma iji kwalitewanye ikike nje bacteria ha.Ezubere ikpo okwu ụlọ nyocha EWNS iji mezie njirimara nke EWNS site n'ịgbanwe usoro njikọ.Njiri mara njirimara EWNS (ụgwọ, nha na ọdịnaya nke ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ.Na mgbakwunye, a tụlere ha maka ikike inactivation nke microbial ha megide microorganisms sitere na nri dịka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum na Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Nsonaazụ ewepụtara ebe a na-egosi na akụrụngwa nke EWNS nwere ike imezigharị nke ọma n'oge njikọta, na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ enweghị ọrụ.Karịsịa, ụgwọ elu ahụ mụbara site na ihe anọ na ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume mụbara.Ọnụego mwepụ nke microbial dabere na microbially wee malite site na 1.0 ruo 3.8 log ka nkeji 45 gachara na ọgwụ ikuku nke 40,000 #/cc EWNS.
Mmetọ microbial bụ isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa na-ebute nri site na ntinye nke nje nje ma ọ bụ nsị ha.Na United States nanị, ọrịa sitere n'ihe oriri na-akpata ihe dị ka nde ọrịa 76, nnabata ụlọ ọgwụ 325,000, na ọnwụ 5,000 kwa afọ1.Na mgbakwunye, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) na-eme atụmatụ na ịba ụba nke ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na-akpata 48% nke ọrịa sitere na nri na United States2.Ọnụ ọrịa na ọnwụ nke ọrịa nje na-ebute nri na United States dị oke elu, nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC) mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị ijeri US $ 15.6 kwa afọ3.
Ugbu a, chemical4, radiation5 na thermal6 antimicrobial interventions iji hụ na nchekwa nri na-emekarị na njedebe dị oke mkpa (CCPs) n'usoro mmepụta (na-emekarị mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na / ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwakọ ngwaahịa) kama ịga n'ihu.ya mere, ha na-enwekarị mmerụ ahụ.7. njikwa mma nke ọrịa sitere na nri na mmebi nri na-achọ enyemaka mgbochi nke nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ofe ugbo-na-tebụl na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ahịa.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu antimicrobial na-enweghị kemịkalụ, nanotechnology nke nwere ike ime ka nje bacteria dị elu na ikuku na-arụ ọrụ site na iji mmiri nanostructures (EWNS).A na-ejikọta EWNS site na iji usoro abụọ yiri ya, electrospray na mmiri ionization (Fig 1a).Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosila na EWNS nwere ihe pụrụ iche nke anụ ahụ na nke ndu8,9,10.EWNS nwere nkezi nke 10 electrons kwa nhazi yana nkezi nanoscale nha nke 25 nm (Fig 1b,c)8,9,10.Na mgbakwunye, electron spin resonance (ESR) gosiri na EWNS nwere nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS), tumadi hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c) 8.EVNS nọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge ma nwee ike ịdaba na microorganisms kwụsịtụrụ na ikuku ma dị n'elu, na-ebuga ụgwọ ọrụ ROS ha ma na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke microorganisms (Fig 1d).Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ ndị a gosikwara na EWNS nwere ike imekọrịta ma mee ka nje bacteria dị iche iche gram-adịghị mma na gram-positive, gụnyere mycobacteria, na elu na ikuku.Igwe nyocha elektrọn na-ebufe gosipụtara na arụghị ọrụ ahụ bụ nbibi nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell.Na mgbakwunye, nnukwu ọmụmụ iku ume egosiwo na nnukwu doses nke EWNS adịghị akpata mmebi ngụgụ ma ọ bụ mbufụt 8.
(a) Electrospray na-eme mgbe a na-etinye voltaji dị elu n'etiti tube capillary nke nwere mmiri mmiri na electrode counter.(b) Ngwa nke nrụgide dị elu na-ebute ihe abụọ dị iche iche: (i) electrospraying nke mmiri na (ii) nhazi ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ions) tọrọ na EWNS.(c) Ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke EWNS.(d) N'ihi ọdịdị nanoscale ha, EWNS na-agagharị agagharị nke ukwuu ma nwee ike imekọrịta ihe na nje nje ikuku.
Egosiputala ikike nke ikpo okwu mgbochi nje EWNS ime ka microorganisms sitere n'ihe oriri na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nri ọhụrụ egosipụtakwala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.E gosikwara na enwere ike iji ụgwọ elu nke EWNS jikọtara ya na ọkụ eletrik iji nweta nnyefe ezubere iche.Ọzọkwa, nsonaazụ mmalite maka tomato organic ka mkpughe nkeji 90 gasịrị na EWNS nke ihe dịka 50,000 #/cm3 bụ ihe na-agba ume, ebe a hụrụ ụdị microorganisms dị iche iche nke nri dị ka E. coli na Listeria 11.Na mgbakwunye, ule mbụ nke organoleptic gosipụtara enweghị mmetụta mmetụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere tomato na-achịkwa.Agbanyeghị na nsonaazụ mbido mbụ a na-agba ume maka ngwa nchekwa nri ọbụlagodi na obere EWNS doses nke 50,000#/cc.lee, o doro anya na ikike ime ihe dị elu ga-aba uru karị iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na mmebi.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na nyocha anyị na mmepe nke usoro ọgbọ EWNS iji mee ka nhazi nhazi nke ọma na njikarịcha nke physicochemical nke EWNS iji kwalite ikike nje ha.Karịsịa, njikarịcha lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye ụgwọ elu ha (iji melite nnyefe ezubere iche) na ọdịnaya ROS (iji melite arụmọrụ arụ ọrụ).Mara njirimara physico-chemical kachasị mma (nha, ụgwọ na ọdịnaya ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ ma jiri microorganisms nri nkịtị dị ka E. .
Emepụtara EVNS site n'otu oge electrospraying na ionization nke mmiri dị ọcha dị elu (18 MΩ cm-1).A na-ejikarị nebulizer eletrik 12 eme ihe maka atomization nke mmiri mmiri na njikọ nke polymer na seramiiki 13 na eriri 14 nke nha a na-achịkwa.
Dị ka nkọwa zuru ezu na akwụkwọ ndị gara aga 8, 9, 10, 11, n'ime nnwale a na-ahụkarị, a na-etinye voltaji dị elu n'etiti capillary metal na ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ.N'oge usoro a, ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-eme: i) electrospray na ii) mmiri ionization.Igwe ọkụ eletrik siri ike n'etiti electrodes abụọ ahụ na-eme ka ebubo na-adịghị mma na-ewuli elu n'elu mmiri nke condensed, na-eme ka e guzobe Taylor cones.N'ihi nke a, a na-etolite ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ebu ibu nke ukwuu, nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbaji n'ime obere akụkụ, dị ka ọ dị na Rayleigh theory16.N'otu oge ahụ, ọkụ eletrik siri ike na-eme ka ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri mmiri kewaa ma wepụ electrons (ionize), nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS)17.N'otu oge emepụtara ROS18 ka etinyere na EWNS (Fig 1c).
Na fig.2a na-egosi usoro ọgbọ EWNS mepụtara ma jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ EWNS na ọmụmụ ihe a.A na-enye mmiri dị ọcha nke echekwara na karama mechiri emechi site na tube Teflon (dayameta 2 mm n'ime) n'ime agịga igwe anaghị agba nchara 30G (capillary metal).A na-achịkwa mmiri nke mmiri site na ikuku ikuku n'ime karama ahụ, dị ka egosiri na foto 2b.A na-agbanye agịga ahụ na ihe njikwa Teflon ma nwee ike iji aka dozie ya n'ebe dị anya site na electrode counter.Eletrọd counter bụ diski aluminom na-egbu maramara nke nwere oghere dị n'etiti maka nlele.N'okpuru electrode counter bụ aluminom sampling funnel, nke ejikọrọ na ndị ọzọ nke nnwale setup site a sample ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (Fig. 2b).Iji zere nrụkọba ụgwọ nke nwere ike ịkpaghasị ọrụ sampler, ihe niile nke sampler na-agbanye ọkụ.
(a) Igwe Ọgbọ Mmiri Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS).(b) Cross-ngalaba nke sampler na electrospray, na-egosi ndị kasị mkpa paramita.(c) Nhazi nnwale maka ịgbanye nje bacteria.
Sistemụ ọgbọ EWNS akọwara n'elu nwere ike ịgbanwe paramita ọrụ isi iji kwado nlegharị anya nke ọma nke akụrụngwa EWNS.Gbanwee voltaji etinyere (V), ebe dị anya n'etiti agịga na counter electrode (L), na mmiri na-erugharị (φ) site na capillary iji mezie àgwà EWNS.Akara eji anọchi anya mkpokọta dị iche iche: [V (kV), L (cm)].Gbanwee ọsọ mmiri iji nweta cone Taylor kwụsiri ike nke otu set [V, L].Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a, edobere dayameta oghere nke counter electrode (D) na 0.5 inch (1.29 cm).
N'ihi obere geometry na asymmetry, enweghị ike ịgbakọ ike eletrik site na ụkpụrụ mbụ.Kama, ngwa ngwa QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 ka e ji gbakọọ mpaghara eletrik.Igwe ọkụ eletrik abụghị otu, n'ihi ya, a na-eji uru nke ọkụ eletrik dị n'ọnụ ọnụ nke capillary mee ihe dị ka ihe ntinye aka maka nhazi dị iche iche.
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọ nke voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na counter electrode n'ihe gbasara nhazi Taylor cone, Taylor cone nkwụsi ike, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na mmepụtaghachi.Nchikota dị iche iche ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S1.
Ejikọtara mmepụta nke usoro ọgbọ EWNS ozugbo na nyocha nke Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) maka nha ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ, yana Aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) n'ihi na aerosol mmiri na-atụ dị ka akọwara n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga.Ma SMPS na aerosol electrometer atụnyere na ọnụego erute nke 0.5 L / min (mkpokọta nlele nlele 1 L / min).A tụrụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ikuku aerosol maka sekọnd 120.A na-emegharị nha ugboro iri atọ.Dabere na nha ndị dị ugbu a, a na-agbakọ ụgwọ ikuku aerosol yana nkezi ụgwọ EWNS bụ maka ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ nke ahọpụtara nke EWNS.Enwere ike ịgbakọ nkezi ọnụ ahịa EWNS site na iji nha (1):
Ebe Iel bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ ugbu a, NSMPS bụ ọnụọgụ dijitalụ a tụrụ ya na SMPS, na φEl bụ ọnụego nrịba nke ọ bụla.
N'ihi na iru mmiri dị n'akụkụ (RH) na-emetụta ụgwọ elu, okpomọkụ na (RH) ka edobere n'oge nnwale ahụ na 21°C na 45%, n'otu n'otu.
Atomic Force microscope (AFM), mgbapu MFP-3D (Nchọpụta mgbapu, Santa Barbara, CA) na AC260T nyocha (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) ka ejiri tụọ nha na ndụ EWNS.Ugboro nyocha AFM bụ 1 Hz, mpaghara nyocha bụ 5 μm × 5 μm, yana ahịrị nyocha 256.Edere onyonyo niile n'usoro nhazi onyonyo nke mbụ site na iji ngwa mgbapu (ihe mkpuchi 100 nm, ọnụ ụzọ 100 pm).
E wepụrụ oghere ule ahụ ma tinye elu mica n'ebe dị anya nke 2.0 cm site na electrode counter maka nkezi oge nke 120 s iji zere agglomeration urughuru na nhazi nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-adịghị mma n'elu mica.A na-efesa EWNS ozugbo n'elu mica a kpụrụ akpụ (Ted Pella, Redding, CA).Onyonyo nke elu mica ozugbo AFM gbasasịrị.Akuku kọntaktị nke elu nke mica na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe dị nso na 0 Celsius, ya mere EVNS na-ekesa n'elu mica n'ụdị dome.A tụrụ dayameta (a) na ịdị elu (h) nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-agbasa ozugbo site na topography AFM wee jiri gbakọọ olu mgbasa ozi EWNS domed site na iji usoro anyị kwadoro na mbụ.N'iche na EWNS nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri nwere otu olu, enwere ike gbakọọ dayameta ya na iji nha (2):
Dabere na usoro anyị mepụtara na mbụ, a na-eji ọnyà eletrọn spin resonance (ESR) iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke etiti radical dị mkpụmkpụ dị na EWNS.A na-afụ ikuku ikuku site na 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) nwere ngwọta 235 mM nke DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.).Portland, Oregon).Emere nha ESR niile site na iji Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) na cell panel dị larịị.A na-eji ngwanrọ Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) nakọta na nyochaa data ahụ.A na-eme mkpebi nke njirimara nke ROS naanị maka nhazi ọnọdụ ọrụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].A tụlere mkpokọta EWNS site na iji SMPS mgbe ọ gbasasịrị maka mfu EWNS na mmetụta.
A na-enyocha ọkwa ozone site na iji 205 Dual Beam ozone Monitor™ (2B Teknụzụ, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Maka akụrụngwa EWNS niile, a na-eji uru pụtara dị ka uru nha, a na-ejikwa ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ dị ka njehie nha.Emere T-ule iji tụnyere ụkpụrụ nke njirimara EWNS kachasị mma yana ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ na isi EWNS.
Ọgụgụ 2c na-egosi usoro “ịdọrọ” nke e mepụtara na mbụ ma mara ọkwa electrostatic (EPES) nke enwere ike iji maka nnyefe ezubere iche nke EWNS n'elu.EPES na-eji ụgwọ EVNS nke nwere ike "eduzi" ozugbo n'elu ihe mgbaru ọsọ n'okpuru mmetụta nke ọkụ eletrik siri ike.E gosipụtara nkọwa nke usoro EPES na mbipụta na nso nso a nke Pyrgiotakis et al.11 .Ya mere, EPES nwere ọnụ ụlọ PVC ebipụtara 3D nwere ngwụcha tapered ma nwee efere igwe anaghị agba nchara abụọ (304 igwe anaghị agba nchara, mkpuchi mkpuchi) n'etiti etiti 15.24 cm iche.A na-ejikọta bọọdụ ahụ na isi iyi dị elu dị elu (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), a na-ejikọta efere ala mgbe niile na voltaji dị mma, na efere elu na-ejikọta ya na ala (ala na-ese n'elu).A na-ekpuchi mgbidi ụlọ ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ aluminom, bụ nke a na-agbanye n'ọkụ eletrik iji gbochie mfu ihe.Ụlọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ụzọ ntinye ihe n'ihu nke na-enye ohere ka etinye ihe nlele n'elu ihe nkwụnye plastik na-ebuli ha elu n'elu efere metal ala iji zere nnyonye anya elu voltaji.
A gbakọrọ arụmọrụ nke EWNS na EPES dị ka ụkpụrụ e mepụtara na mbụ si dị nke nkọwapụta na S111 Mgbakwunye.
Dị ka ọnụ ụlọ njikwa, a na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ cylindrical nke abụọ n'usoro na usoro EPES, nke a na-eji ihe nzacha HEPA dị n'etiti wepụ EWNS.Dị ka egosiri na eserese 2c, a na-agbanye ikuku EWNS site na ụlọ abụọ arụnyere.Ihe nzacha n'etiti ọnụ ụlọ njikwa na EPES na-ewepụ EWNS ọ bụla fọdụrụ na-ebute otu okpomọkụ (T), iru mmiri (RH) na ọkwa ozone.
Achọpụtala microorganisms ndị na-eri nri dị mkpa na-emerụ ihe oriri ọhụrụ dị ka E. coli (ATCC #27325), ihe ngosi fecal, Salmonella enterica (ATCC # 53647), pathogen foodborne, Listeria na-adịghị njọ (ATCC #33090), surrogate maka pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, nke sitere na ATssacceromy (ATCC) 4098), onye nọchiri anya yist na-emebi emebi, yana nje bacteria anaghị arụ ọrụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Zụta igbe tomato greepu na-enweghị usoro n'ahịa mpaghara gị wee tinye ya na friji na 4 Celsius ruo mgbe ejiri ya (ruo ụbọchị 3).Tomato nnwale ahụ niile bụ otu nha, ihe dịka 1/2 inch na dayameta.
Ọdịbendị, inoculation, mkpughe, na ọnụ ọgụgụ okpuru ọchịchị ka akọwara n'uju n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga yana nkọwapụta na Data Mgbakwụnye.A tụlere ịdị irè nke EWNS site n'ikpughe tomato agbanyere na 40,000 #/cm3 maka nkeji 45.Na nkenke, a na-eji tomato atọ iji nyochaa microorganisms dị ndụ n'oge t = 0 min.A na-etinye tomato atọ na EPES wee kpughee EWNS na 40,000 #/cc (EWNS kpughere tomato) na atọ ndị fọdụrụ ka etinyere na ụlọ nchịkwa (maka tomato).E mebeghị nhazi ọzọ nke tomato na otu abụọ ahụ.E wepụrụ tomato na njikwa tomato EWNS mgbe nkeji iri anọ na ise gachara iji nyochaa mmetụta EWNS.
Emere nnwale ọ bụla n'ụzọ atọ.Emere nyocha data dịka ụkpụrụ akọwara na data mgbakwunye.
A na-enyocha usoro mmeghe site na sedimentation nke ihe nlele EWNS ekpughere (minti 45 na 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS aerosol concentration) na ihe ndị na-adịghị agbasa nke nje bacteria E. coli, Salmonella enterica na Lactobacillus.Edobere ihe ndị ahụ na 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% picric acid na 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) maka awa 2 n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ.Mgbe ịsachara, post-fix na 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) maka awa 2, saa 3 ugboro na mmiri na incubate na 1% uranyl acetate maka 1 hour, wee sachaa ugboro abụọ na mmiri, mgbe ahụ dehydrate n'ime 10 nkeji na 0%, 0% mmanya na 50%, 0% mmanya.A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na propylene oxide maka awa 1 ma tinye ya na 1: 1 ngwakọta propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA).A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na TAAB Epon na polymerized na 60 Celsius maka awa 48.A na-egbutu resin granular a gwọrọ wee hụ ya site na TEM site na iji microscope eletrọn JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) nwere igwefoto AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microoscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Emere nnwale niile ugboro atọ.Maka oge ọ bụla, a na-asacha nje bacteria ugboro atọ, na-eme ka ọnụọgụ data itoolu dị n'otu isi ihe, nke a na-eji nkezi ya mee ihe dị ka ntinye nke nje bacteria maka otu microorganism ahụ.Ejiri ndahie ọkọlọtọ dị ka njehie nha.Isi ihe niile na-agụ.
A na-agbakọ logarithm nke mbelata nke nje bacteria ma e jiri ya tụnyere t = 0 min site na iji usoro a:
ebe C0 bụ nchikota nke nje bacteria na njikwa akara n'oge 0 (ya bụ, mgbe elu akpọnwụwo ma tupu etinye ya n'ime ụlọ) na Cn bụ ntinye nke nje bacteria n'elu mgbe n nkeji nke ikpughe.
Iji nweta akaụntụ maka mbibi ebumpụta ụwa nke nje bacteria n'oge mkpughe nke nkeji 45, mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa mgbe nkeji 45 ga-agbakọkwa dị ka ndị a:
ebe Cn bụ ntinye nke nje bacteria na njikwa akara n'oge n na Cn-Control bụ nchịkọta nke nje bacteria na-achịkwa n'oge n.E gosipụtara data dị ka mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (enweghị mkpughe EWNS).
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọ nke voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na counter electrode n'ihe gbasara nhazi Taylor cone, Taylor cone nkwụsi ike, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na mmepụtaghachi.Nchikota dị iche iche ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S1.A na-ahọrọ ikpe abụọ na-egosi ihe kwụsiri ike na nke a na-emepụtagharị (Taylor cone, EWNS generation, na nkwụsi ike na oge) maka ọmụmụ ihe zuru oke.Na fig.Ọgụgụ 3 na-egosi nsonaazụ maka ụgwọ, nha, na ọdịnaya nke ROS n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.A na-egosipụtakwa nsonaazụ ya na Tebụl 1. Maka ntụnye aka, ma eserese 3 na tebụl 1 gụnyere njirimara nke EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS).A na-ebipụtagharị mgbakọ na mwepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa site na iji t-ule ọdụdụ abụọ na tebụl mgbakwunye S2.Na mgbakwunye, data ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta nke counter electrode sampling oghere dayameta (D) na anya n'etiti ala electrode na n'ọnụ (L) (Mgbakwunye Figures S2 na S3).
(ac) Nkesa nha tụrụ site na AFM.(df) Njirimara ụgwọ elu elu.(g) Nkọwapụta ROS nke EPR.
Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na maka ọnọdụ niile dị n'elu, ionization a tụrụ atụ dị ugbu a dị n'etiti 2 na 6 μA na voltaji n'etiti -3.8 na -6.5 kV, na-ebute ike oriri na-erughị 50 mW maka otu EWNS ọgbọ kọntaktị modul.Ọ bụ ezie na arụpụtara EWNS n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, ọkwa ozone dị ala nke ukwuu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gafere 60 ppb.
Eserese mgbakwunye S4 na-egosi oghere eletrik emepụtara maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu.Maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], mgbako mpaghara bụ 2 × 105 V / m na 4.7 × 105 V / m, n'otu n'otu.A na-atụ anya nke a, ebe ọ bụ na n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, oke voltaji-anya dị elu karịa.
Na fig.3a,b na-egosi dayameta EWNS tụrụ ya na AFM8.Nkezi dayameta EWNS gbakọrọ bụ 27 nm na 19 nm maka atụmatụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu.Maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ geometric nke nkesa bụ 1.41 na 1.45, n'otu n'otu, na-egosi oke nkesa dị warara.Ma nha nke pụtara na ngbanwe ọkọlọtọ geometric dị nso na ntọala EWNS, na 25 nm na 1.41, n'otu n'otu.Na fig.3c na-egosi nha nkesa nke isi EWNS tụrụ site na iji otu usoro n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ.
Na fig.3d,e na-egosi nsonaazụ nke njirimara ụgwọ.Data bụ nkezi nha nke nha 30 nke itinye uche n'otu oge (#/cm3) na ugbu a (I).Nyocha na-egosi na nkezi ụgwọ na EWNS bụ 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- maka [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu.Ha nwere ụgwọ dị elu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS baseline (10 ± 2 e-), ugboro abụọ karịa ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na ugboro anọ karịa [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm].Ọgụgụ 3f na-egosi ụgwọ a.data maka Baseline-EWNS.
Site na maapụ ntinye uche nke nọmba EWNS (Mgbakwunye S5 na S6), enwere ike ịhụ na ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] nwere ihe dị ukwuu karịa ihe [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm].Ọ dịkwa mma ịmara na a na-enyocha ọnụọgụ nọmba EWNS ruo awa 4 (Nkọwa mgbakwunye S5 na S6), ebe nkwụsi ike nke ọgbọ EWNS gosipụtara otu ọkwa nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.
Na fig.3g na-egosi ụdịdị dị iche iche EPR ka e wepụrụ njikwa EWNS kachasị mma (n'azụ) na [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Atụlekwara ihe nkiri ROS na ọnọdụ Baseline-EWNS n'ọrụ e bipụtara na mbụ.A gbakọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ EWNS na-emeghachi omume na ọnyà ntụgharị ka ọ bụrụ 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, nke yiri Baseline-EWNS8 nke ebipụtara na mbụ.Ihe ngosi EPR gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ọnụnọ nke ụdị ROS abụọ, na O2-bụ ụdị kachasị na OH• na-adịchaghị ukwuu.Na mgbakwunye, ntụnyere kpọmkwem nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu gosiri na EWNS kachasị mma nwere ọdịnaya ROS dị elu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS ntọala.
Na fig.4 na-egosi arụmọrụ ntinye nke EWNS na EPES.A na-achịkọtakwa data a na Tebụl I wee jiri ya tụnyere data EWNS mbụ.Maka okwu abụọ nke EUNS, nkwụnye ego dị nso 100% ọbụna na obere voltaji nke 3.0 kV.Dịka, 3.0 kV zuru oke maka ntinye 100%, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ụgwọ elu.N'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ, arụmọrụ ntinye nke Baseline-EWNS bụ naanị 56% n'ihi ụgwọ dị ala ha (nkezi 10 electrons kwa EWNS).
Na fig.5 na tebụl.2 na-achikota uru inactivation nke microorganisms inoculated n'elu tomato mgbe ekpughere ihe dị ka 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS maka nkeji 45 na ọnọdụ kachasị mma [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Inoculated E. coli na Lactobacillus innocuous gosipụtara mbelata dị ukwuu nke ndekọ ndekọ 3.8 n'oge mkpughe 45 nkeji.N'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ, S. enterica nwere mbelata 2.2-log, ebe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortutum nwere mbelata 1.0-log.
Ihe onyonyo eletrọn (Foto 6) na-egosi mgbanwe anụ ahụ nke EWNS butere na mkpụrụ ndụ Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, na Lactobacillus na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na-eduga na arụghị ọrụ ha.Nje bacteria na-achịkwa nwere akpụkpọ anụ cell na-emebibeghị, ebe nje bacteria ndị ahụ ekpughere mebiri emebi n'èzí.
Onyonyo eletrọnịkị nke njikwa na nje bacteria ekpughere kpughere mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ.
Ihe omuma nke ihe omuma physicochemical nke EWNS kachasị mma na-egosi na mkpokọta (ụgwọ elu na ọdịnaya ROS) nke EWNS dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS baseline data8,9,10,11 e bipụtara na mbụ.N'aka nke ọzọ, nha ha nọgidere na nso nanometer, dị nnọọ ka nsonaazụ a kọrọ na mbụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge.Enwere ike ịkọwa polydispersity ahụ a na-ahụ anya site na mgbanwe ụgwọ elu nke na-ekpebi nha EWNS, enweghị nke mmetụta Rayleigh, na ike imekọ ọnụ.Agbanyeghị, dị ka nkọwa Nielsen et al.22, ụgwọ elu dị elu na-ebelata evaporation site n'ịbawanye ike / nchekasị elu nke ọdịda mmiri.N'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga8 ka akwadoro nnwale a maka microdroplets 22 na EWNS.Ọnwụ nke ụgwọ n'oge ihe karịrị oge nwekwara ike imetụta nha ma tinye aka na nkesa nha a hụrụ.