Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv CSS kev txhawb nqa.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis lov tes taw Compatibility Hom hauv Internet Explorer).Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav ua rau lub xaib tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Ib tug carousel uas qhia peb slides nyob rau tib lub sij hawm.Siv cov nyees khawm dhau los thiab Tom ntej kom txav mus los ntawm peb qhov swb ib zaug, lossis siv cov khawm slider thaum kawg kom txav mus los ntawm peb qhov swb ib zaug.
Tsis ntev los no, lub platform tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob raws li nanotechnology siv cov khoom siv dej nanostructures (EWNS) tau tsim.EWNS muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws thiab muaj cov kab mob uas muaj cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog thiab ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob, suav nrog cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov.Ntawm no nws tau pom tias lawv cov khoom thaum lub sijhawm sib txuas tuaj yeem raug kho kom zoo thiab kho kom zoo ntxiv txhawm rau txhim kho lawv cov peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob.Lub EWNS lub chaw kuaj sim platform tau tsim los kho cov khoom ntawm EWNS los ntawm kev hloov cov khoom sib txuas.Tus cwj pwm ntawm EWNS cov khoom (them nqi, qhov loj me thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ROS) siv cov kev ntsuas niaj hnub.Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau raug soj ntsuam rau lawv cov microbial inactivation muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj xws li Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum thiab Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm no qhia tau tias cov khoom ntawm EWNS tuaj yeem raug kho kom zoo thaum lub sijhawm sib txuas, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.Hauv particular, tus nqi saum npoo tau nce los ntawm ib qho ntawm plaub thiab cov pa oxygen reactive tau nce.Tus nqi tshem tawm cov kab mob microbial yog nyob ntawm microbially thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1.0 txog 3.8 teev tom qab 45 feeb raug rau aerosol koob tshuaj ntawm 40,000 # / cc EWNS.
Kev kis kab mob microbial yog qhov ua rau muaj kab mob hauv cov zaub mov los ntawm kev noj cov kab mob los yog lawv cov co toxins.Hauv Tebchaws Meskas ib leeg, kev noj zaub mov ua rau muaj txog 76 lab tus kabmob, 325,000 tus neeg mus pw hauv tsev kho mob, thiab 5,000 tus neeg tuag txhua xyoo.Tsis tas li ntawd, Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb (USDA) kwv yees tias kev noj cov khoom tshiab ntxiv yog lub luag haujlwm rau 48% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj uas tau tshaj tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas2.Tus nqi ntawm cov kab mob thiab kev tuag los ntawm cov khoom noj los ntawm cov kab mob hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog siab heev, kwv yees los ntawm Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC) ntawm ntau dua US $ 15.6 billion toj ib xyoo.
Tam sim no, chemical4, radiation5 thiab thermal6 antimicrobial kev cuam tshuam los ua kom cov zaub mov muaj kev nyab xeeb feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tswj (CCPs) raws cov saw hlau ntau lawm (feem ntau tom qab sau thiab / lossis thaum lub sij hawm ntim) es tsis tu ncua.yog li ntawd, lawv yog cov kab mob sib kis.7. Kev tswj kom zoo dua ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj kab mob thiab cov khoom noj lwj yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj peev xwm siv tau thoob plaws hauv kev ua liaj ua teb-rau- rooj txuas ntxiv thaum txo kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab cov nqi.
Tsis ntev los no, cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg, nanotechnology-based antimicrobial platform tau raug tsim los uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab siv cov khoom siv dej nanostructures (EWNS).EWNS tau tsim los siv ob txoj kev sib luag, electrospray thiab dej ionization (Fig. 1a).Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias EWNS muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev thiab cov khoom siv lom neeg 8,9,10.EWNS muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm 10 electrons ib tus qauv thiab qhov nruab nrab nanoscale loj ntawm 25 nm (Fig. 1b,c) 8,9,10.Tsis tas li ntawd, electron spin resonance (ESR) tau pom tias EWNS muaj ntau cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS), feem ntau hydroxyl (OH•) thiab superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c)8.EVNS nyob hauv huab cua ntev ntev thiab tuaj yeem sib tsoo nrog cov kab mob uas tau raug tshem tawm hauv huab cua thiab tam sim no nyob rau saum npoo, xa lawv cov ROS payload thiab ua rau cov kab mob tsis ua haujlwm (Daim duab 1d).Cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov no kuj tau pom tias EWNS tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog thiab ua tsis tau ntau yam kab mob gram-tsis zoo thiab gram-zoo, suav nrog mycobacteria, ntawm qhov chaw thiab hauv huab cua.Kev xa tawm electron microscopy qhia tias qhov tsis ua haujlwm yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov cell membrane.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev nqus nqus tau pom tau tias cov koob tshuaj ntau ntawm EWNS tsis ua rau lub ntsws puas lossis mob 8.
(a) Electrospray tshwm sim thaum muaj hluav taws xob siab siv nruab nrab ntawm lub raj capillary uas muaj cov kua thiab lub txee electrode.(b) Daim ntawv thov kev kub siab ua rau muaj ob qhov xwm txheej sib txawv: (i) electrospraying dej thiab (ii) tsim cov pa oxygen reactive hom (ions) daig hauv EWNS.(c) Tus qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm EWNS.(d) Vim lawv qhov xwm txheej nanoscale, EWNS yog cov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob hauv huab cua.
Lub peev xwm ntawm EWNS antimicrobial platform rau inactivate foodborne microorganisms nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov zaub mov tshiab kuj tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim.Nws kuj tau pom tias tus nqi saum npoo ntawm EWNS ua ke nrog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem siv los ua kom tiav cov khoom xa tuaj.Ntxiv mus, cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej rau cov txiv lws suav organic tom qab 90 feeb raug ntawm EWNS ntawm txog 50,000 #/cm3 tau txhawb nqa, nrog rau ntau yam khoom noj uas muaj kab mob xws li E. coli thiab Listeria 11 pom.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kuaj organoleptic ua ntej tsis pom muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev xav piv rau kev tswj cov txiv lws suav.Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshwm sim thawj zaug no tau txhawb nqa rau daim ntawv thov kev nyab xeeb zaub mov txawm tias tsawg heev EWNS koob tshuaj 50,000 # / cc.pom, nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog ntau dua yuav muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv los txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab lwj.
Ntawm no, peb yuav tsom mus rau peb cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev txhim kho ntawm EWNS tiam platform kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm EWNS txhawm rau txhim kho lawv cov peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob.Tshwj xeeb, kev ua kom zoo tau tsom mus rau kev nce lawv cov nqi saum npoo (kom txhim kho lub hom phiaj xa khoom) thiab ROS cov ntsiab lus (los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo).Ua kom pom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv physico-chemical (qhov loj me, nqi thiab ROS cov ntsiab lus) siv cov kev ntsuas niaj hnub thiab siv cov khoom noj khoom haus xws li E. .
EVNS tau tsim los ntawm ib txhij electrospraying thiab ionization ntawm cov dej purity siab (18 MΩ cm-1).Hluav taws xob nebulizer 12 feem ntau yog siv rau atomization ntawm cov kua thiab cov synthesis ntawm polymer thiab ceramic hais 13 thiab fibers 14 ntawm kev tswj loj.
Raws li cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los 8, 9, 10, 11, hauv ib qho kev sim, ib qho hluav taws xob siab tau siv ntawm cov hlau capillary thiab cov khoom siv hauv av.Thaum cov txheej txheem no, ob qhov xwm txheej sib txawv tshwm sim: i) electrospray thiab ii) dej ionization.Ib qho hluav taws xob muaj zog nruab nrab ntawm ob lub electrodes ua rau cov nqi tsis zoo los ua rau ntawm cov dej condensed, uas ua rau tsim Taylor cones.Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tee dej uas tau them nyiaj ntau yog tsim, uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov khoom me me, xws li hauv Rayleigh txoj kev xav 16.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hluav taws xob muaj zog ua rau qee cov dej molecules sib cais thiab tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob (ionize), uas ua rau muaj ntau cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) 17.Ib txhij generated ROS18 tau encapsulated hauv EWNS (Fig. 1c).
Ntawm daim duab.2a qhia EWNS tiam system tsim thiab siv hauv EWNS synthesis hauv txoj kev tshawb no.Cov dej huv uas khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis kaw tau pub los ntawm Teflon raj (2 hli puab txoj kab uas hla) rau hauv 30G stainless hlau koob (hlau capillary).Cov dej ntws yog tswj los ntawm huab cua hauv lub raj mis, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 2b.Lub koob yog ntsia rau ntawm Teflon console thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho manually rau qee qhov deb ntawm lub txee electrode.Lub txee electrode yog polished aluminium disk nrog lub qhov nyob hauv nruab nrab rau kev kuaj.Hauv qab ntawm lub txee electrode yog ib qho txhuas sampling funnel, uas txuas nrog rau qhov seem ntawm kev sim teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj sampling (Fig. 2b).Txhawm rau zam kom tsis txhob muaj nqi tsim khoom uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm sampler, tag nrho cov khoom siv sampler yog hluav taws xob hauv av.
(a) Engineered Water Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS).(b) Hla-section ntawm tus qauv thiab electrospray, uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.(c) Kev sim teeb tsa rau cov kab mob inactivation.
EWNS tiam txheej txheem tau piav qhia saum toj no muaj peev xwm hloov pauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm los pab txhawb kev kho kom zoo ntawm EWNS cov khoom.Kho qhov kev siv hluav taws xob (V), qhov kev ncua deb ntawm rab koob thiab lub txee electrode (L), thiab cov dej ntws (φ) los ntawm cov capillary kom zoo-tune EWNS cov yam ntxwv.Cov cim siv los sawv cev sib txawv ua ke: [V (kV), L (cm)].Kho cov dej ntws kom tau txais lub khob Taylor ruaj khov ntawm ib qho teeb [V, L].Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, lub aperture txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub txee electrode (D) tau khaws cia ntawm 0.5 nti (1.29 cm).
Vim qhov txwv geometry thiab asymmetry, lub zog hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem xam los ntawm thawj cov hauv paus ntsiab lus.Hloov chaw, QuickField™ software (Svendborg, Denmark)19 tau siv los suav cov hluav taws xob.Lub teb hluav taws xob tsis sib xws, yog li tus nqi hluav taws xob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub capillary tau siv los ua tus nqi siv rau ntau yam kev teeb tsa.
Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no, ob peb ua ke ntawm voltage thiab nyob deb ntawm lub koob thiab lub counter electrode tau soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Taylor cone tsim, Taylor cone stability, EWNS ntau lawm stability, thiab reproducibility.Ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau qhia hauv Cov Lus Ntxiv S1.
Cov zis ntawm EWNS tiam system tau txuas ncaj qha mus rau Scanning Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) rau particle number concentration ntsuas, as well as aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) rau aerosol tam sim no tau ntsuas raws li tau piav qhia hauv peb cov ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los.Ob qho tib si SMPS thiab aerosol electrometer coj mus kuaj ntawm tus nqi ntws ntawm 0.5 L / min (tag nrho cov qauv ntws 1 L / min).Tus lej concentration ntawm cov khoom thiab cov aerosol ntws tau ntsuas rau 120 vib nas this.Qhov ntsuas tau rov ua dua 30 zaug.Raws li kev ntsuas tam sim no, tag nrho cov nqi aerosol raug xam thiab qhov nruab nrab EWNS tus nqi yog kwv yees rau tag nrho cov khoom uas tau xaiv EWNS.Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm EWNS tuaj yeem suav nrog siv Equation (1):
qhov twg IEl yog qhov ntsuas tam sim no, NSMPS yog qhov ntsuas digital ntsuas nrog SMPS, thiab φEl yog tus nqi ntws ntawm ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob.
Vim tias qhov txheeb ze humidity (RH) cuam tshuam rau saum npoo, qhov kub thiab txias (RH) tau khaws cia tas li thaum lub sijhawm sim ntawm 21 ° C thiab 45%, feem.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) thiab AC260T sojntsuam (Olympus, Tokyo, Nyiv) tau siv los ntsuas qhov loj thiab lub neej ntawm EWNS.AFM scanning zaus yog 1 Hz, lub scanning cheeb tsam yog 5 μm × 5 μm, thiab 256 scan kab.Tag nrho cov duab tau raug rau qhov kev txiav txim thib 1 daim duab uas siv Asylum software (qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntau 100 nm, pib 100 teev tsaus ntuj).
Qhov kev sim funnel raug tshem tawm thiab qhov chaw mica tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov deb ntawm 2.0 cm ntawm lub txee electrode rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm 120 s kom tsis txhob muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab tsim cov dej tsis sib xws ntawm cov mica nto.EWNS tau txau ncaj qha mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov mica tshiab (Ted Pella, Redding, CA).Duab ntawm mica nto tam sim ntawd tom qab AFM sputtering.Lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tshiab txiav tsis hloov mica yog ze rau 0 °, yog li EVNS tau muab faib rau ntawm mica nto hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub dome.Txoj kab uas hla (a) thiab qhov siab (h) ntawm diffusing droplets tau ntsuas ncaj qha los ntawm AFM topography thiab siv los xam cov EWNS domed diffusion ntim siv peb txoj kev siv tau dhau los.Piv txwv tias onboard EWNS muaj tib lub ntim, qhov sib npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla tuaj yeem suav nrog siv Equation (2):
Raws li peb txoj kev tsim yav dhau los, ib qho electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trap tau siv los kuaj pom muaj cov kab mob luv luv nyob hauv EWNS.Aerosols tau npuas los ntawm 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) uas muaj 235 mM daws ntawm DEPMPO(5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.).Portland, Oregon).Txhua qhov kev ntsuas ESR tau ua tiav siv Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) thiab ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes.Lub Acquisit software (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) tau siv los sau thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv.Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ROS tsuas yog ua rau cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].EWNS concentrations tau ntsuas los ntawm kev siv SMPS tom qab tso nyiaj rau EWNS poob hauv qhov cuam tshuam.
Ozone qib tau saib xyuas siv 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Rau tag nrho cov khoom EWNS, tus nqi nruab nrab yog siv los ntsuas tus nqi, thiab tus qauv sib txawv yog siv los ntsuas qhov yuam kev.T-kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua los sib piv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov ua tau zoo EWNS cov yam ntxwv nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub hauv paus EWNS.
Daim duab 2c qhia tau hais tias yav dhau los tsim thiab tus yam ntxwv electrostatic nag lossis daus (EPES) "rub" system uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev xa khoom ntawm EWNS ntawm qhov chaw.EPES siv EVNS tsub nqi uas tuaj yeem "qhia" ncaj qha mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob.Cov ntsiab lus ntawm EPES system tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no los ntawm Pyrgiotakis li al.11.Yog li, EPES muaj 3D luam tawm PVC chamber nrog tapered kawg thiab muaj ob qho tib si stainless hlau (304 stainless hlau, daim iav coated) hlau daim hlau ntawm qhov chaw 15.24 cm sib nrug.Cov laug cam tau txuas nrog rau qhov chaw muaj hluav taws xob sab nraud (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), cov phaj hauv qab ib txwm txuas nrog qhov zoo ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, thiab cov phaj sab saum toj ib txwm txuas rau hauv av (floating av).Lub chamber phab ntsa yog them nrog aluminium ntawv ci, uas yog hluav taws xob hauv av los tiv thaiv particle poob.Lub chamber muaj lub qhov rooj kaw cia rau pem hauv ntej uas tso cai rau qhov chaw kuaj kom muab tso rau ntawm cov yas yas uas tsa lawv saum lub phaj hlau hauv qab kom tsis txhob muaj hluav taws xob cuam tshuam.
Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm EWNS hauv EPES tau suav nrog raws li cov txheej txheem tsim tawm yav dhau los tau piav qhia hauv Daim Duab Ntxiv S111.
Raws li lub chamber tswj, lub cylindrical flow chamber thib ob tau txuas nrog rau hauv cov kab ke rau EPES system, uas yog siv cov lim HEPA nruab nrab los tshem tawm EWNS.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 2c, EWNS aerosol tau pumped los ntawm ob chav built-in.Lub lim nruab nrab ntawm chav tswj thiab EPES tshem tawm qhov seem EWNS uas ua rau tib qhov kub thiab txias (T), txheeb ze av noo (RH) thiab qib ozone.
Cov khoom noj tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob tau pom muaj paug cov zaub mov tshiab xws li E. coli (ATCC #27325), fecal indicator, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), foodborne pathogen, Listeria harmless (ATCC #33090), surrogate for pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, derived from, ATCCVisa (ATCC) ceromia. 4098), hloov pauv rau cov poov xab lwj, thiab cov kab mob uas tsis muaj zog ntau dua, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Yuav random thawv ntawm txiv lws suav txiv lws suav los ntawm koj lub khw hauv zos thiab tso rau hauv tub yees ntawm 4 ° C kom txog thaum siv (txog 3 hnub).Cov txiv lws suav sim tau zoo ib yam, txog 1/2 nti hauv txoj kab uas hla.
Cov kab lis kev cai, inoculation, exposure, thiab colony suav raws tu qauv tau piav qhia hauv peb cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv.Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm EWNS tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov txiv lws suav rau 40,000 # / cm3 rau 45 feeb.Luv luv, peb txiv lws suav tau siv los ntsuas cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm t = 0 min.Peb lub txiv lws suav tau muab tso rau hauv EPES thiab nthuav tawm EWNS ntawm 40,000 # / cc (EWNS raug txiv lws suav) thiab peb qhov ntxiv tau muab tso rau hauv chav tswj (tswj txiv lws suav).Kev ua ntxiv ntawm cov txiv lws suav hauv ob pawg tsis tau ua tiav.EWNS-tshuaj txiv lws suav thiab tswj cov txiv lws suav raug tshem tawm tom qab 45 feeb los ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm EWNS.
Txhua qhov kev sim tau ua tiav hauv triplicate.Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia hauv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv.
Inactivation mechanisms raug soj ntsuam los ntawm sedimentation ntawm exposed EWNS cov qauv (45 min ntawm 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS aerosol concentration) thiab cov qauv uas tsis yog-irradiated ntawm cov kab mob tsis zoo E. coli, Salmonella enterica thiab Lactobacillus.Cov khoom raug kho hauv 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde thiab 0.03% picric acid hauv 0.1 M sodium cacodylate tsis (pH 7.4) rau 2 teev ntawm chav tsev kub.Tom qab ntxuav, kho tom qab kho nrog 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) rau 2 teev, ntxuav 3 zaug hauv dej thiab incubate hauv 1% uranyl acetate rau 1 teev, tom qab ntawd ntxuav ob zaug hauv dej, tom qab ntawd lub cev qhuav dej rau 10 feeb 7%, 10% cawv hauv 10%.Cov qauv no tau muab tso rau hauv propylene oxide rau 1 teev thiab impregnated nrog 1: 1 sib tov ntawm propylene oxide thiab TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA).Cov qauv tau muab tso rau hauv TAAB Epon thiab polymerized ntawm 60 ° C rau 48 teev.Cov tshuaj kho granular tau raug txiav thiab pom los ntawm TEM siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib kis tau zoo JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Nyiv) nruab nrog lub koob yees duab AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Txhua qhov kev sim tau ua tiav hauv triplicate.Rau txhua lub sij hawm taw tes, cov kab mob ntxuav tau noob hauv triplicate, ua rau tag nrho ntawm cuaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib qho taw tes, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov uas tau siv los ua cov kab mob concentration rau cov kab mob tshwj xeeb.Tus qauv sib txawv tau siv los ntsuas qhov yuam kev.Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus suav.
Lub logarithm ntawm qhov txo qis hauv qhov concentration ntawm cov kab mob piv rau t = 0 min tau suav nrog cov qauv hauv qab no:
qhov twg C0 yog qhov concentration ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov qauv tswj ntawm lub sijhawm 0 (piv txwv li tom qab lub npoo tau qhuav tab sis ua ntej muab tso rau hauv lub chamber) thiab Cn yog cov concentration ntawm cov kab mob ntawm qhov chaw tom qab n feeb ntawm raug.
Txhawm rau suav rau cov kab mob ntuj tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm 45-feeb raug, qhov kev txo qis piv rau kev tswj xyuas tom qab 45 feeb kuj tau xam raws li hauv qab no:
qhov twg Cn yog qhov concentration ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov qauv tswj lub sij hawm n thiab Cn-Control yog qhov concentration ntawm cov kab mob tswj lub sij hawm n.Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm raws li kev txo qis piv rau kev tswj hwm (tsis muaj EWNS raug).
Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no, ob peb ua ke ntawm voltage thiab nyob deb ntawm lub koob thiab lub counter electrode tau soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Taylor cone tsim, Taylor cone stability, EWNS ntau lawm stability, thiab reproducibility.Ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau qhia hauv Cov Lus Ntxiv S1.Ob qhov xwm txheej uas qhia cov khoom ruaj khov thiab rov tsim dua tshiab (Taylor cone, EWNS tiam, thiab kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau lub sijhawm) raug xaiv rau kev kawm dav.Ntawm daim duab.Daim duab 3 qhia cov txiaj ntsig rau tus nqi, qhov loj me, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ROS hauv ob qho tib si.Cov txiaj ntsig tseem muaj nyob rau hauv Table 1. Rau kev siv, ob qho tib si Daim duab 3 thiab Table 1 suav nrog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los uas tsis yog qhov zoo EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS).Kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb suav nrog siv ob-tailed t-test yog rov luam tawm hauv Cov Lus Ntxiv S2.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv muaj xws li kev tshawb fawb txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm counter electrode sampling qhov taub txoj kab uas hla (D) thiab qhov deb ntawm av electrode thiab ntsis (L) (Cov duab ntxiv S2 thiab S3).
(ac) Qhov loj me me ntsuas los ntawm AFM.(df) Nto them tus yam ntxwv.(g) ROS characterization ntawm EPR.
Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias rau tag nrho cov xwm txheej saum toj no, ntsuas ionization tam sim no nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 6 μA thiab qhov hluav taws xob nruab nrab ntawm -3.8 thiab -6.5 kV, uas ua rau muaj kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua 50 mW rau ib qho EWNS tiam kev sib cuag module.Txawm hais tias EWNS tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev kub siab, ozone qib qis heev, tsis pub tshaj 60 ppb.
Ntxiv daim duab S4 qhia cov simulated hluav taws xob teb rau [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] scenarios, ntsig txog.Rau cov xwm txheej [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] cov xwm txheej, cov kev suav teb yog 2 × 105 V / m thiab 4.7 × 105 V / m, feem.Qhov no yuav tsum tau, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv ob rooj plaub qhov voltage-nruab nrab piv yog ntau dua.
Ntawm daim duab.3a, b qhia EWNS txoj kab uas hla ntsuas nrog AFM8.Qhov nruab nrab ntawm EWNS txoj kab uas hla yog 27 nm thiab 19 nm rau [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] schemes, feem.Rau qhov [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] scenarios, geometric standard deviations of the distributions are 1.41 and 1.45, respectively, qhia ib tug nqaim faib.Ob qho tib si qhov loj me thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm tus qauv geometric yog ze rau lub hauv paus EWNS, ntawm 25 nm thiab 1.41, feem.Ntawm daim duab.3c qhia qhov loj me me ntawm lub hauv paus EWNS ntsuas siv tib txoj kev raws li tib yam kev mob.
Ntawm daim duab.3d, e qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev them tus cwj pwm.Cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm 30 kev ntsuas ib txhij ntawm kev ntsuas (# / cm3) thiab tam sim no (I).Kev tsom xam qhia tau hais tias qhov nruab nrab nqi ntawm EWNS yog 22 ± 6 e- thiab 44 ± 6 e- rau [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], feem.Lawv muaj cov nqi ntau dua ntawm qhov chaw piv rau cov hauv paus EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), ob zaug ntau dua qhov xwm txheej [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] thiab plaub zaug ntau dua [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm].Daim duab 3f qhia tus nqi.Cov ntaub ntawv rau Baseline-EWNS.
Los ntawm cov duab qhia chaw ntawm EWNS tus naj npawb (Cov duab ntxiv S5 thiab S6), nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias qhov xwm txheej [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua li [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] scenario.Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias EWNS tus naj npawb concentration tau saib xyuas txog li 4 teev (Cov duab ntxiv S5 thiab S6), qhov twg EWNS tiam kev ruaj ntseg pom tau tias tib theem ntawm cov zauv particle concentration nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si.
Ntawm daim duab.3g qhia cov EPR spectrum tom qab rho tawm ntawm qhov optimized EWNS tswj (tom qab) ntawm [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].ROS spectra kuj tau muab piv nrog Baseline-EWNS scenario hauv kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los.Tus naj npawb ntawm EWNS reacting nrog spin ntxiab tau suav tias yog 7.5 × 104 EWNS / s, uas zoo ib yam li cov ntawv luam tawm yav dhau los Baseline-EWNS8.EPR spectra qhia meej tias muaj ob hom ROS, nrog O2- yog hom tseem ceeb thiab OH• tsawg dua.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tau pom tias qhov ua tau zoo EWNS muaj cov ntsiab lus ROS ntau dua piv rau cov hauv paus EWNS.
Ntawm daim duab.4 qhia txog kev tso nyiaj ua haujlwm ntawm EWNS hauv EPES.Cov ntaub ntawv kuj tau sau tseg hauv Table I thiab muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv EWNS qub.Rau ob qho tib si ntawm EUNS, qhov tso tawm yog ze rau 100% txawm tias qhov hluav taws xob tsawg ntawm 3.0 kV.Feem ntau, 3.0 kV yog txaus rau 100% deposition, tsis hais tus nqi deg hloov.Raws li cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Baseline-EWNS tsuas yog 56% vim lawv cov nqi qis (nruab nrab 10 electrons ib EWNS).
Ntawm daim duab.5 thiab hauv rooj.2 summarizes inactivation value of microorganisms inoculated on the deg ntawm txiv lws suav tom qab kis mus txog 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS rau 45 feeb ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hom [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Inoculated E. coli thiab Lactobacillus innocuous pom qhov txo qis ntawm 3.8 lub cav thaum lub sij hawm raug 45 feeb.Raws li cov xwm txheej qub, S. enterica muaj 2.2-log txo qis, thaum S. cerevisiae thiab M. parafortutum muaj 1.0-log txo.
Cov electron micrographs (Daim duab 6) qhia txog lub cev hloov pauv los ntawm EWNS ntawm tsis muaj teeb meem Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, thiab Lactobacillus hlwb ua rau lawv tsis ua haujlwm.Cov kab mob tswj tau muaj cov kab mob hauv lub cev tsis zoo, thaum cov kab mob uas tau tshwm sim tau ua rau cov kab mob sab nrauv puas lawm.
Electron microscopic imaging ntawm kev tswj thiab raug cov kab mob nthuav tawm cov membrane puas.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm physicochemical zog ntawm optimized EWNS sau qhia tias cov khoom (nto nqi thiab ROS cov ntsiab lus) ntawm EWNS tau zoo dua piv rau yav dhau los EWNS cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab 8,9,10,11.Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv qhov loj me tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam nanometer, zoo ib yam li cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los, tso cai rau lawv nyob hauv huab cua rau lub sijhawm ntev.Qhov pom polydispersity tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw uas txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm EWNS, qhov sib txawv ntawm Rayleigh nyhuv, thiab muaj peev xwm coalescence.Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm Nielsen li al.22, tus nqi saum npoo siab txo evaporation los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog saum npoo / nro ntawm cov dej poob.Hauv peb cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los8 qhov kev xav no tau sim ua pov thawj rau microdroplets 22 thiab EWNS.Kev poob nqi thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntxiv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov loj me thiab ua rau pom qhov loj me me.