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Karuseli yerekana amashusho atatu icyarimwe.Koresha Utubuto na Ibikurikira kugirango unyuze mumashusho atatu icyarimwe, cyangwa ukoreshe utubuto twa slide kumpera kugirango wimuke unyuze mubice bitatu icyarimwe.
Vuba aha, hateguwe uburyo bwa antimicrobial butagira imiti bushingiye kuri nanotehnologiya hakoreshejwe amazi ya nanostructures (EWNS).EWNS ifite umuriro mwinshi kandi wuzuyemo ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS) ishobora gukorana no kudakora mikorobe nyinshi, harimo na virusi zitera ibiryo.Hano herekanwa ko imitungo yabo mugihe cya synthesis ishobora gutunganywa neza kandi igashyirwa mubikorwa kugirango irusheho kunoza ubushobozi bwa antibacterial.Laboratoire ya EWNS yateguwe kugirango ihuze neza imiterere ya EWNS ihindura ibipimo bya synthesis.Kuranga imitungo ya EWNS (kwishyuza, ingano n'ibiri muri ROS) ukoresheje uburyo bwo gusesengura bugezweho.Byongeye kandi, basuzumwe ubushobozi bwabo bwo kudakora mikorobe zirwanya mikorobe ziterwa n'ibiribwa nka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria inzirakarengane, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum na Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Ibisubizo byatanzwe hano byerekana ko imiterere ya EWNS ishobora gutunganywa neza mugihe cya synthesis, bikavamo kwiyongera kugaragara mubikorwa byo kudakora neza.By'umwihariko, ubuso bwo hejuru bwiyongereyeho ibintu bine kandi ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora bwiyongera.Igipimo cyo gukuraho mikorobe cyari gishingiye kuri mikorobe kandi kuva kuri 1.0 kugeza kuri 3.8 nyuma yiminota 45 yerekanwe na aerosol ya 40.000 # / cc EWNS.
Kwanduza mikorobe nimpamvu nyamukuru itera indwara ziterwa nibiribwa ziterwa no gufata virusi cyangwa uburozi bwabo.Muri Amerika honyine, indwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa zitera indwara zigera kuri miliyoni 76, abinjira mu bitaro 325.000, kandi bapfa 5.000 buri mwaka1.Byongeye kandi, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika (USDA) ivuga ko kongera umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bishya ari byo nyirabayazana wa 48% by’indwara zose ziterwa n’ibiribwa muri Amerika2.Ikiguzi cy’indwara n’urupfu ziterwa na virusi ziterwa n’ibiribwa muri Amerika ni kinini cyane, ugereranije n’ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kirenga miliyari 15.6 z’amadolari y’Amerika ku mwaka3.
Kugeza ubu, imiti4, imirasire5 hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwa mikorobe 6 kugira ngo umutekano w’ibiribwa ukorwe ahantu hake cyane hagenzurwa (CCP) ku murongo w’ibicuruzwa (akenshi nyuma yo gusarura na / cyangwa mu gihe cyo gupakira) aho gukomeza.bityo, bakunze kwanduzanya.7. Kurwanya neza indwara ziterwa nibiribwa no kwangirika kwibiryo bisaba ingamba zirwanya mikorobe zishobora gukoreshwa murwego rwumurima kugeza kumeza mugihe hagabanijwe ingaruka z ibidukikije nibiciro.
Vuba aha, hashyizweho porogaramu idafite imiti, ishingiye kuri nanotehnologiya ishingiye kuri mikorobe ishobora gukora idashobora gukora bacteri zo mu kirere hamwe n’ikirere zikoresha amazi ya nanostructures (EWNS).EWNS yashizwemo ikoresheje inzira ebyiri zibangikanye, electrospray na ionisation y'amazi (Ishusho 1a).Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko EWNS ifite urutonde rwihariye rwimiterere yumubiri nibinyabuzima8,9,10.EWNS ifite impuzandengo ya electron 10 kuri buri miterere hamwe nubunini bwa nanoscale ingana na 25 nm (Ishusho 1b, c) 8,9,10.Byongeye kandi, electron spin resonance (ESR) yerekanye ko EWNS irimo ubwoko bwinshi bwubwoko bwa ogisijeni (ROS), cyane cyane hydroxyl (OH •) na radicals ya superoxide (O2-) 8.EVNS iri mu kirere igihe kirekire kandi irashobora kugongana na mikorobe ihagarikwa mu kirere kandi igaragara hejuru, igatanga imitwaro ya ROS kandi igatera kudakora mikorobe (Ishusho 1d).Ubu bushakashatsi bwambere bwerekanye kandi ko EWNS ishobora gukorana no gukora bagiteri zitandukanye-mbi na bagiteri-nziza, harimo na mycobacteria, hejuru no mu kirere.Ikwirakwizwa rya electron microscopi ryerekanaga ko kudakora byatewe no guhagarika ingirabuzimafatizo.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bukabije bwo guhumeka bwerekanye ko ibipimo byinshi bya EWNS bidatera kwangirika kw ibihaha cyangwa gutwika 8.
..(c) Imiterere yihariye ya EWNS.(d) Bitewe na kamere ya nanoscale, EWNS igendanwa cyane kandi irashobora gukorana na virusi zitera ikirere.
Ubushobozi bwa porogaramu ya mikorobe ya EWNS yo kudakora mikorobe ikomoka ku biribwa hejuru y’ibiribwa bishya nabyo byagaragaye vuba aha.Byerekanwe kandi ko hejuru yubuso bwa EWNS bufatanije numurima wamashanyarazi urashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ugere kubitangwa.Byongeye kandi, ibisubizo byibanze ku nyanya kama nyuma yiminota 90 yerekanwe kuri EWNS ya 50.000 # / cm3 byari bishimishije, hamwe na mikorobe zitandukanye ziterwa nibiribwa nka E. coli na Listeria 11 byagaragaye.Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bya organoleptic byabanje kwerekana ko nta ngaruka zumva ugereranije no kugenzura inyanya.Nubwo ibisubizo byambere byo kudakora birashishikarizwa gusaba ibiribwa ndetse no kuri dosiye ya EWNS yo hasi ya 50.000 # / cc.reba, biragaragara ko ubushobozi buke bwo kudakora byagira akamaro kurushaho kugirango ugabanye ibyago byo kwandura no kwangirika.
Hano, tuzibanda kubushakashatsi bwacu mugutezimbere urubuga rwa EWNS kugirango dushobore guhuza neza ibipimo bya synthesis hamwe no kunoza imitekerereze ya fiziki ya EWNS kugirango twongere ubushobozi bwa antibacterial.By'umwihariko, optimizasiyo yibanze ku kongera amafaranga yubuso bwabo (kunoza imitangire igenewe) hamwe nibirimo ROS (kunoza imikorere idahwitse).Kuranga ibintu byiza bya fiziki-chimique (ingano, amafaranga hamwe nibirimo ROS) ukoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura no gukoresha mikorobe isanzwe y'ibiribwa nka E.
EVNS yashizwemo icyarimwe electrospraying hamwe na ionisation y'amazi meza cyane (18 MΩ cm - 1).Amashanyarazi ya nebulizer 12 akoreshwa muburyo bwa atomisiyasi yamazi hamwe na synthesis ya polymer na ceramic selile 13 na fibre 14 yubunini bugenzurwa.
Nkuko byasobanuwe mubitabo byabanjirije 8, 9, 10, 11, mubigeragezo bisanzwe, hakoreshejwe ingufu nyinshi hagati ya capillary yicyuma na compte electrode ihagaze.Muri iki gikorwa, habaho ibintu bibiri bitandukanye: i) electrospray na ii) ionisation y'amazi.Umuriro w'amashanyarazi ukomeye hagati ya electrode zombi zitera umuriro mubi kwiyongera hejuru y'amazi yegeranye, bigatuma habaho imishwarara ya Taylor.Nkigisubizo, ibitonyanga byamazi byashizweho cyane, bikomeza gucikamo uduce duto, nkuko biri mubitekerezo bya Rayleigh16.Muri icyo gihe, imirima ikomeye y’amashanyarazi itera molekile zimwe zamazi gucikamo ibice no gukuramo electron (ionize), bigatuma habaho amoko menshi yubwoko bwa ogisijeni (ROS) 17.Icyarimwe cyakozwe ROS18 yashyizwe muri EWNS (Ishusho 1c).
Ku mutini.2a yerekana sisitemu ya EWNS ya sisitemu yateye imbere kandi ikoreshwa muri synthesis ya EWNS muri ubu bushakashatsi.Amazi asukuye yabitswe mu icupa rifunze yagaburiwe akoresheje umuyoboro wa Teflon (diameter 2 mm y'imbere) mu nshinge ya 30G idafite ibyuma (capillary metal).Urujya n'uruza rw'amazi rugenzurwa n'umuvuduko w'umwuka uri mu icupa, nk'uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2b.Urushinge rushyizwe kuri konsole ya Teflon kandi irashobora guhindurwa nintoki intera runaka na compte electrode.Counter electrode ni disiki ya aluminiyumu isukuye ifite umwobo hagati yo gutoranya.Munsi ya compte electrode ni aluminiyumu yerekana icyitegererezo, ihujwe nubundi buryo bwo kugerageza hakoreshejwe icyambu (Ishusho 2b).Kugirango wirinde kwishyurwa bishobora guhagarika imikorere ya sampler, ibice byose bya sampler byashizwe mumashanyarazi.
(a) Sisitemu Yamazi Yububiko bwa Nanostructure Sisitemu (EWNS).(b) Kwambukiranya igice cya sampler na electrospray, byerekana ibipimo byingenzi.(c) Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe bagiteri idakora.
Sisitemu yo kubyara EWNS yasobanuwe haruguru irashoboye guhindura ibipimo byingenzi bikora kugirango byoroherezwe neza imitungo ya EWNS.Hindura voltage ikoreshwa (V), intera iri hagati y'urushinge na compte electrode (L), n'amazi atemba (φ) unyuze muri capillary kugirango uhuze neza ibiranga EWNS.Ikimenyetso gikoreshwa muguhuza ibice bitandukanye: [V (kV), L (cm)].Hindura amazi kugirango ubone cone ihamye ya Taylor runaka (V, L].Kugira ngo ubu bushakashatsi bugerweho, diameter ya aperture ya compte electrode (D) yabitswe kuri santimetero 0,5 (cm 1,29).
Bitewe na geometrie ntarengwa hamwe na asimmetrie, imbaraga z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi ntizishobora kubarwa uhereye kumahame ya mbere.Ahubwo, porogaramu ya QuickField ™ (Svendborg, Danemarke) 19 yakoreshejwe mu kubara umurima w'amashanyarazi.Umuriro w'amashanyarazi ntabwo ari umwe, bityo agaciro k'umuriro w'amashanyarazi hejuru ya capillary wakoreshejwe nk'agaciro kerekana ibintu bitandukanye.
Muri ubwo bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe ibice byinshi bya voltage nintera iri hagati yinshinge na compte electrode ya compteur hashingiwe ku miterere ya cone ya Taylor, ihame rya cone ihagaze neza, umusaruro wa EWNS, n’imyororokere.Ihuriro ritandukanye ryerekanwe kumeza yinyongera S1.
Ibisohoka bya sisitemu ya EWNS byahujwe mu buryo butaziguye na Scanning Mobility Particle Size Analyser (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) kugirango ibipimo bipima umubare, kimwe na Electrometero ya Aerosol Faraday (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) kuri aerosol ingendo zapimwe nkuko byasobanuwe mubitabo byabanje.Byombi SMPS na electrometero ya aerosol byapimwe ku gipimo cya 0.5 L / min (icyitegererezo cyuzuye 1 L / min).Umubare wibice byibice hamwe na aerosol byapimye amasegonda 120.Ibipimo bisubirwamo inshuro 30.Ukurikije ibipimo bigezweho, igiteranyo cya aerosol yose irabaze kandi impuzandengo ya EWNS igereranijwe kumubare rusange watoranijwe wa EWNS.Impuzandengo yikiguzi cya EWNS irashobora kubarwa ukoresheje Ikigereranyo (1):
aho IEl nigipimo cyapimwe, NSMPS nububiko bwa digitale bupimwe na SMPS, naho φEl nigipimo cyogutemba kuri electrometero.
Kubera ko ubuhehere bugereranije (RH) bugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubushyuhe na (RH) byahoraga bihoraho mugihe cyubushakashatsi kuri 21 ° C na 45%.
Microscopi yingufu za Atome (AFM), Ubuhunzi MFP-3D (Ubushakashatsi bwubuhunzi, Santa Barbara, CA) na probe ya AC260T (Olympus, Tokiyo, Ubuyapani) byakoreshejwe mugupima ingano nubuzima bwa EWNS.AFM yogusuzuma inshuro 1 Hz, ahantu ho gusikana yari 5 mm × 5 μ m, na 256 imirongo ya scan.Amashusho yose yakorewe gahunda yo gutondekanya ishusho ya 1 ukoresheje software yubuhunzi (mask intera 100 nm, imbago 100 pm).
Umuyoboro wikizamini wavanyweho kandi hejuru ya mika yashyizwe ku ntera ya cm 2.0 uvuye kuri compte electrode mugihe cyo hagati ya 120 s kugirango wirinde guhurira hamwe no gushiraho ibitonyanga bidasanzwe hejuru ya mika.EWNS yatewe hejuru ya mika yaciwe vuba (Ted Pella, Redding, CA).Ishusho yubuso bwa mika ako kanya nyuma ya AFM isohotse.Inguni yo guhuza yubuso bwa mika yaciwe vuba idahinduwe hafi ya 0 °, bityo EVNS ikwirakwizwa hejuru ya mika muburyo bwa dome.Diameter (a) n'uburebure (h) by'ibitonyanga bikwirakwizwa byapimwe biturutse kuri topografiya ya AFM kandi bikoreshwa mukubara EWNS domed diffuzione ikoresheje uburyo bwacu bwemewe mbere.Dufate ko ku kibaho EWNS ifite ingano imwe, diameter ihwanye irashobora kubarwa ukoresheje Ikigereranyo (2):
Dushingiye ku buryo twateje imbere, umutego wa spin spin resonance (ESR) umutego wa spin wakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane ko hari abahuza ba radical bahuza igihe gito muri EWNS.Aerosole yabyibushye binyuze muri 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) irimo igisubizo cya mM 235 ya DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.).Portland, Oregon).Ibipimo byose bya ESR byakozwe hakoreshejwe Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) hamwe na selile yibibaho.Porogaramu ya Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) yakoreshejwe mu gukusanya no gusesengura amakuru.Kumenya ibiranga ROS byakozwe gusa murwego rwo gukora [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0].Ibipimo bya EWNS byapimwe hifashishijwe SMPS nyuma yo kubara igihombo cya EWNS mubitera.
Urwego rwa Ozone rwakurikiranwe hifashishijwe Monitor ya 205 Dual Beam Ozone ™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Kubintu byose bya EWNS, agaciro kagereranijwe gakoreshwa nkigiciro cyo gupima, naho gutandukana bisanzwe bikoreshwa nkikosa ryo gupimwa.T-ibizamini byakozwe kugirango ugereranye indangagaciro za EWNS zitezimbere hamwe nagaciro kajyanye na base EWNS.
Igicapo 2c cerekana uburyo bwimvura yaguye (EPES) "gukurura" sisitemu ishobora gukoreshwa mugutanga intego ya EWNS hejuru.EPES ikoresha amafaranga ya EVNS ishobora "kuyoborwa" hejuru yintego iyobowe numuriro w'amashanyarazi ukomeye.Ibisobanuro bya sisitemu ya EPES bitangwa mubitabo biherutse gukorwa na Pyrgiotakis n'abandi.11.Rero, EPES igizwe nicyumba cya 3D cyacapwe cya PVC gifite imitwe yegeranye kandi kirimo ibyuma bibiri bisa nicyuma (304 ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, indorerwamo isize) icyuma kiri hagati ya cm 15.24 zitandukanye.Ikibaho cyahujwe n’isoko ryo hejuru ry’amashanyarazi (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), isahani yo hepfo yahoraga ihuzwa na voltage nziza, kandi isahani yo hejuru yahoraga ihujwe nubutaka (hasi ireremba).Urukuta rwa chambre rutwikiriwe na aluminiyumu, iba ifite amashanyarazi kugirango birinde gutakaza ibice.Icyumba gifite urugi rufunze imbere yipakurura ituma isura yikizamini ishyirwa kumurongo wa plastike uzamura hejuru yicyuma cyo hasi kugirango wirinde umuvuduko mwinshi.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kubitsa EWNS muri EPES bwabazwe ukurikije protocole yakozwe mbere irambuye mubisobanuro by'inyongera S111.
Nkicyumba cyo kugenzura, icyumba cya kabiri cya silindrike yatunganijwe yahujwe murukurikirane na sisitemu ya EPES, aho akayunguruzo ka HEPA gaciriritse gakoreshwa mugukuraho EWNS.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2c, aerosol ya EWNS yavomwe mu byumba bibiri byubatswe.Akayunguruzo hagati yicyumba cyo kugenzura na EPES gikuraho EWNS isigaye bivamo ubushyuhe bumwe (T), ubushuhe bugereranije (RH) nurwego rwa ozone.
Ibinyabuzima byingenzi bituruka ku biribwa byagaragaye ko byanduza ibiryo bishya nka E. coli (ATCC # 27325), icyerekezo cyerekana fecal, Salmonella enterica (ATCC # 53647), indwara yanduza ibiryo, Listeria itagira ingaruka (ATCC # 33090), surrogate ya Listeria monocytogene, ikomoka kuri ATCC (Manassasas) umusemburo, hamwe na bagiteri idakora cyane, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC # 19686).
Gura udusanduku twa tomato yinzabibu zidasanzwe ku isoko ryaho hanyuma ukonjesha kuri 4 ° C kugeza ukoresheje (kugeza ku minsi 3).Inyanya zigeragezwa zose zari zingana, hafi 1/2 cya diametre.
Umuco, gukingirwa, kwerekana, hamwe na protocole yo kubara abakoloni birambuye mubitabo byabanjirije kandi birambuye mu makuru yinyongera.Imikorere ya EWNS yasuzumwe no kwerekana inyanya zatewe kuri 40.000 # / cm3 muminota 45.Muri make, inyanya eshatu zakoreshejwe mugusuzuma mikorobe ikiriho mugihe t = 0 min.Inyanya eshatu zashyizwe muri EPES hanyuma zihura na EWNS kuri 40.000 # / cc (EWNS yerekanye inyanya) naho eshatu zisigaye zishyirwa mubyumba bigenzura (inyanya zo kugenzura).Kongera gutunganya inyanya mumatsinda yombi ntibyakozwe.EWNS inyanya zerekanwe hamwe ninyanya zo kugenzura zavanyweho nyuma yiminota 45 kugirango harebwe ingaruka za EWNS.
Buri igeragezwa ryakozwe muri bitatu.Isesengura ryamakuru ryakozwe ukurikije protocole yasobanuwe mu makuru yinyongera.
Uburyo bwo kudakora bwasuzumwe no gutobora ingero za EWNS zagaragaye (iminota 45 kuri 40.000 # / cm3 EWNS ya aerosol yibirindiro) hamwe nudukoko twinshi twa bacteri zitagira ingaruka E. coli, Salmonella enterica na Lactobacillus.Ibice byashyizwe muri 2,5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0,03% acide picric muri 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) mumasaha 2 mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Nyuma yo gukaraba, nyuma yo gukosora hamwe na 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) /1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) mumasaha 2, koga inshuro 3 mumazi hanyuma ushire muri acetate ya uranyl 1% kumasaha 1, hanyuma ukarabe kabiri mumazi, hanyuma ushire mumazi muminota 10 muri 50%, 70%, 90%, 100%.Ingero zahise zishyirwa muri oxyde ya propylene kumasaha 1 hanyuma yinjizwa hamwe na 1: 1 ivanze na oxyde ya propylene na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc St. Laurent, CA).Ibyitegererezo byashyizwe muri TAAB Epon hanyuma bigashyirwa kuri 60 ° C mumasaha 48.Ibisigarira bya granular byakize byaciwe kandi bigaragazwa na TEM ukoresheje microscope isanzwe yohereza amashanyarazi JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokiyo, Ubuyapani) ifite kamera ya AMT 2k CCD (Technologies Advanced Microscopy, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Ubushakashatsi bwose bwakozwe muri bitatu.Kuri buri mwanya, gukaraba kwa bagiteri byatewe inshuro eshatu, bikavamo amanota icyenda yose hamwe kuri buri ngingo, ikigereranyo cyacyo cyakoreshwaga nka bagiteri yibanda kuri mikorobe yihariye.Gutandukana bisanzwe byakoreshejwe nkikosa ryo gupima.Ingingo zose zibara.
Logarithm yo kugabanuka kwinshi kwa bagiteri ugereranije na t = 0 min yabazwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
aho C0 yibanda kuri bacteri murugero rwo kugenzura mugihe 0 (nukuvuga nyuma yubuso bwumutse ariko mbere yo gushyirwa mubyumba) na Cn ni kwibumbira kwa bagiteri hejuru yiminota nyuma yiminota.
Kugirango habeho kwangirika kwa bagiteri mu gihe cy'iminota 45, kugabanuka kw'ibiti ugereranije no kugenzura nyuma y'iminota 45 nabyo byabazwe ku buryo bukurikira:
aho Cn yibanda kuri bagiteri muburyo bwo kugenzura mugihe n na Cn-Igenzura ni ihuriro rya bagiteri igenzura mugihe n.Amakuru yatanzwe nkigabanuka ryibiti ugereranije no kugenzura (nta EWNS igaragara).
Muri ubwo bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe ibice byinshi bya voltage nintera iri hagati yinshinge na compte electrode ya compteur hashingiwe ku miterere ya cone ya Taylor, ihame rya cone ihagaze neza, umusaruro wa EWNS, n’imyororokere.Ihuriro ritandukanye ryerekanwe kumeza yinyongera S1.Imanza ebyiri zerekana ibintu bihamye kandi byororoka (Taylor cone, ibisekuruza bya EWNS, hamwe nigihe gihamye mugihe) byatoranijwe kugirango bige byuzuye.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo cya 3 cyerekana ibisubizo byishyurwa, ingano, nibiri muri ROS muribintu byombi.Ibisubizo byerekanwe no mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Kubisobanuro, byombi Ishusho ya 3 na Imbonerahamwe ya 1 birimo imitungo ya synthesize mbere idashimishije EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS).Ibarurishamibare risobanura imibare ukoresheje imirongo ibiri t-igeragezwa ryongeye gutangazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya S2.Mubyongeyeho, amakuru yinyongera arimo ubushakashatsi bwingaruka za compte electrode yerekana umwobo wa diameter (D) nintera iri hagati ya electrode yubutaka na tip (L) (Ishusho yinyongera S2 na S3).
(ac) Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubunini ryapimwe na AFM.(df) Ibiciro byo hejuru biranga.(g) ROS iranga EPR.
Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko kubintu byose byavuzwe haruguru, ibipimo byapimwe ionisiyoneri yapimwe byari hagati ya 2 na 6 μA na voltage hagati ya -3.8 na -6.5 kV, bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa munsi ya mW 50 kuri iyi module imwe ya EWNS.Nubwo EWNS yashizwemo munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi, urugero rwa ozone rwari ruto cyane, ntirwigeze rurenga 60 ppb.
Ishusho yinyongera S4 yerekana imashanyarazi yigana amashanyarazi ya [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5].Kuri [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5], kubara umurima ni 2 × 105 V / m na 4.7 × 105 V / m.Ibi birateganijwe, kuva mugihe cya kabiri igipimo cya voltage-intera iri hejuru cyane.
Ku mutini.3a, b yerekana diameter ya EWNS yapimwe na AFM8.Impuzandengo yabazwe ya diametre ya EWNS yari 27 nm na 19 nm kuri gahunda ya [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5].Kuri [-6.5 kV, cm 4,0] na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5], ibintu bya geometrike gutandukana ni 1.41 na 1.45, byerekana ubunini bwagabanijwe.Byombi ubunini buringaniye hamwe na geometrike itandukanijwe yegeranye cyane na EWNS y'ibanze, kuri 25 nm na 1.41.Ku mutini.3c yerekana ingano yo gukwirakwiza shingiro EWNS yapimwe ukoresheje uburyo bumwe mubihe bimwe.
Ku mutini.3d, e yerekana ibisubizo biranga amafaranga.Ibyatanzwe ni ibipimo bipima 30 icyarimwe icyarimwe cyo kwibanda (# / cm3) nubu (I).Isesengura ryerekana ko impuzandengo yikigereranyo kuri EWNS ari 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- kuri [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5].Bafite amafaranga menshi yo hejuru ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze (10 ± 2 e-), yikubye inshuro ebyiri kurenza [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] kandi inshuro enye kurenza [-3 .8 kV, cm 0,5].Igishushanyo cya 3f cyerekana amafaranga.amakuru ya Baseline-EWNS.
Uhereye ku ikarita yibanda kuri numero ya EWNS (Ishusho yinyongera S5 na S6), urashobora kubona ko ibintu [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0] bifite uduce twinshi ugereranije na [-3.8 kV, cm 0,5].Twabibutsa kandi ko umubare wa EWNS wibanze byakurikiranwe kugeza ku masaha 4 (Ishusho yinyongera S5 na S6), aho ibisekuruza bya EWNS byagaragaje urwego rumwe rwimibare yibice byombi.
Ku mutini.3g yerekana ecran ya EPR nyuma yo gukuramo uburyo bwiza bwa EWNS igenzura (inyuma) kuri [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0].ROS yerekanwe nayo yagereranijwe na Baseline-EWNS mubikorwa byasohotse mbere.Umubare wa EWNS witwara hamwe numutego wizunguruka wabazwe ko ari 7.5 × 104 EWNS / s, bisa na Baseline-EWNS8 yatangajwe mbere.EPR yerekanwe neza ko hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa ROS, hamwe na O2- ubwoko bwiganje na OH • butari bwinshi.Byongeye kandi, kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye ubukana bwa mpinga byerekanaga ko EWNS yatunganijwe neza yari ifite ibintu byinshi bya ROS ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze.
Ku mutini.4 yerekana uburyo bwo kubika EWNS muri EPES.Amakuru nayo yakusanyirijwe mu mbonerahamwe ya I kandi ugereranije namakuru yambere ya EWNS.Kubibazo byombi bya EUNS, kubitsa biri hafi 100% no kuri voltage ntoya ya 3.0 kV.Mubisanzwe, 3.0 kV irahagije kubitsa 100%, utitaye kumahinduka yubusa.Mubihe bimwe, uburyo bwo kubika Baseline-EWNS bwari 56% gusa kubera amafaranga make (ugereranije electron 10 kuri EWNS).
Ku mutini.5 no kumeza.2 yerekana muri make agaciro ko kudakora kwa mikorobe yatewe hejuru yinyanya nyuma yo guhura na 40.000 # / cm3 EWNS muminota 45 muburyo bwiza [-6.5 kV, cm 4.0].E. coli yatewe na Lactobacillus inzirakarengane yerekanye igabanuka ryinshi ryibiti 3.8 mugihe cyiminota 45.Mubihe bimwe, S. enterica yagabanutseho ibiti 2.2, mugihe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortutum byagabanutse 1.0-log.
Micrografi ya electron (Igishusho 6) yerekana impinduka zifatika zatewe na EWNS kuri coli Escherichia itagira ingaruka, Streptococcus, na Lactobacillus iganisha ku kudakora kwabo.Bagiteri yo kugenzura yari ifite utugingo ngengabuzima tudakomeye, mu gihe bagiteri zagaragaye zangiritse hanze.
Electron microscopique yerekana amashusho hamwe na bagiteri zerekanwe byangiritse.
Amakuru yerekeye imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya EWNS yatunganijwe hamwe yerekana ko imitungo (hejuru yubuso hamwe nibirimo ROS) ya EWNS yatejwe imbere cyane ugereranije namakuru yibanze ya EWNS yatangajwe mbere 8,9,10,11.Ku rundi ruhande, ubunini bwabo bwagumye mu ntera ya nanometero, bisa cyane n'ibisubizo byavuzwe mbere, bituma bashobora kuguma mu kirere igihe kirekire.Polydispersity yagaragaye irashobora gusobanurwa nimpinduka zishyurwa hejuru yerekana ingano ya EWNS, impanuka zingaruka za Rayleigh, hamwe nubufatanye.Ariko, nkuko byasobanuwe na Nielsen n'abandi.22, hejuru yubutaka bugabanya guhumeka byongera ingufu zubuso / uburemere bwigitonyanga cyamazi.Mubitabo byabanjirije8 iyi nyigisho yemejwe mubigeragezo kuri microdroplet 22 na EWNS.Gutakaza amafaranga mugihe cyamasaha y'ikirenga nabyo birashobora kugira ingaruka kubunini no gutanga umusanzu mubunini bwagabanijwe.