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Munguva pfupi yapfuura, makemikari-isina antimicrobial platform yakavakirwa nanotechnology uchishandisa artificial water nanostructures (EWNS) yakagadzirwa.EWNS ine high surface charge uye yakazadzwa ne reactive oxygen species (ROS) inogona kudyidzana nekumisa huwandu hwemicroorganisms, kusanganisira utachiona hwekudya.Pano zvinoratidzwa kuti zvivakwa zvavo panguva yekubatanidza zvinogona kurongeka uye kugadziridzwa kuti vawedzere kuwedzera simba ravo reantibacterial.Iyo EWNS murabhoritari chikuva chakagadzirirwa kukwenenzvera zvivakwa zveEWNS nekushandura synthesis paramita.Hunhu hweEWNS zvivakwa (charge, saizi uye zvirimo zveROS) uchishandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuongorora.Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vakaongororwa kune yavo microbial inactivation kugona kurwisa tupukanana chikafu seEscherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum uye Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Mhedzisiro yakapihwa pano inoratidza kuti zvivakwa zveEWNS zvinogona kurongeka zvakanaka panguva yekubatanidza, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweexponential mukuita basa rekuita.Kunyanya, iyo yepamusoro yepamusoro yakawedzera nechikamu chechina uye reactive oxygen marudzi akawedzera.Muyero wekubvisa hutachiona hwaienderana nehutachiona uye hwakabva pa1.0 kusvika pa3.8 log mushure mekuratidzwa kwemaminetsi makumi mana neshanu kune aerosol dose ye40,000 #/cc EWNS.
Kusvibiswa kweMicrobial ndiyo honzeri huru yechirwere chekudya chinokonzerwa nekupinzwa kweutachiona kana muchetura wazvo.MuUnited States moga, chirwere chinokonzerwa nezvokudya chinokonzera zvirwere zvinenge mamiriyoni 76, vanhu 325 000 vanopinda muchipatara, uye 5 000 vanofa gore negore.Pamusoro pezvo, Dhipatimendi rekurima reUnited States (USDA) rinofungidzira kuti kuwedzera kudyiwa kwezvibereko zvitsva kunokonzeresa 48% yezvirwere zvese zvinopihwa zvekudya muUnited States2.Mutengo wehosha nerufu unokonzerwa neutachiona hwezvokudya muUnited States wakakwirisa zvikuru, unofungidzirwa neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inopfuura US$15.6 bhiriyoni pagore3.
Parizvino, kupindira kwekemikari4, radiation5 uye thermal6 antimicrobial kuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kunowanzoitwa munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa dzakakosha dzekudzora (CCPs) pamwe chete neketani yekugadzira (kazhinji mushure mekukohwa uye/kana panguva yekurongedza) kwete kuenderera.saka, ivo vanowanzosangana nekusvibiswa.7. Kudzora kurinani kwechirwere chekudya uye kuparara kwechikafu kunoda maantimicrobial interventions ayo anogona kushandiswa papurazi-to-table inoenderera mberi ichideredza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mutengo.
Munguva ichangopfuura, kemikari-isina, nanotechnology-based antimicrobial platform yakagadzirwa iyo inogona kumisa mabhakitiriya epamusoro uye emhepo achishandisa mvura yakagadzirwa nanostructures (EWNS).EWNS yakagadziriswa uchishandisa maitiro maviri akafanana, electrospray uye ionization yemvura (Fig. 1a).Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kuti EWNS ine yakasarudzika seti yemuviri uye biological zvivakwa8,9,10.EWNS ine avhareji yemaerekitironi gumi pachimiro uye avhareji nanoscale saizi ye25 nm (Fig. 1b,c)8,9,10.Mukuwedzera, electron spin resonance (ESR) yakaratidza kuti EWNS ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemhando yeokisijeni inoshandiswa (ROS), kunyanya hydroxyl (OH•) uye superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c)8.EVNS iri mumhepo kwenguva yakareba uye inogona kupindirana nema microorganisms akarembera mumhepo uye aripo pamusoro, achiendesa ROS yavo yekubhadhara uye kukonzera kusashanda kwe microorganisms (Fig. 1d).Zvidzidzo zvekutanga izvi zvakaratidzawo kuti EWNS inogona kudyidzana pamwe nekumisa akasiyana mabhakitiriya egiremu-negative uye gram-positive, kusanganisira mycobacteria, pamusoro uye mumhepo.Transmission electron microscopy yakaratidza kuti kusashanda kwakakonzerwa nekuvhiringwa kwesero membrane.Mukuwedzera, zvidzidzo zvekufema zvakanyanya zvakaratidza kuti mazinga makuru eEWNS haakonzeri kukuvara kwemapapu kana kuzvimba 8.
(a) Electrospray inoitika kana yakakwira voltage pakati pecapillary chubhu ine mvura uye counter electrode.(b) Kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro kunoguma muzviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana: (i) electrospraying yemvura uye (ii) kuumbwa kweiyo reactive oxygen marudzi (ions) akabatwa muEWNS.(c) Iyo yakasarudzika chimiro cheEWNS.(d) Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwenanoscale, EWNS ine nharembozha uye inogona kudyidzana nehutachiona hwemhepo.
Kugona kweEWNS antimicrobial platform yekumisa tupukanana tune chikafu pamusoro pechikafu chitsva chakaratidzirwawo munguva pfupi yapfuura.Izvo zvakaratidzwa zvakare kuti iyo yekuchaja yepasi peEWNS yakabatana nemunda wemagetsi inogona kushandiswa kuwana yakanangwa kuendesa.Uyezve, mhedzisiro yekutanga yemadomasi eorganic mushure mekuratidzwa kwemaminetsi makumi mapfumbamwe paEWNS ye50,000 #/cm3 yaikurudzira, neakasiyana siyana echikafu ma microorganisms akadai E. coli neListeria 11 akaonekwa.Uye zvakare, yekutanga organoleptic bvunzo yakaratidza kusanzwa mhedzisiro kana ichienzaniswa nekudzora madomasi.Kunyangwe izvi zvekutanga kusashanda zvawanikwa zvichikurudzira kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kunyangwe pakaderera zvakanyanya EWNS madosi e50,000 #/cc.ona, zviri pachena kuti yakakwirira inactivation zvingava zvinobatsira kuwedzera kuderedza njodzi yeutachiona uye kuparara.
Pano, tichatarisa tsvakiridzo yedu pakuvandudzwa kwepuratifomu yechizvarwa cheEWNS kuti tigone kugadziridza zvakanaka kweiyo synthesis paramita uye optimization yeiyo physicochemical zvimiro zveEWNS kusimudzira yavo antibacterial kugona.Kunyanya, optimization yakatarisana nekuwedzera yavo yekuchaja yepasi (yekuvandudza yakanangwa kuendesa) uye ROS zvemukati (kunatsiridza inactivation kunyatsoshanda).Chengetedza optimized physico-chemical properties (saizi, charge uye ROS zvemukati) uchishandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuongorora uye shandisa zvakajairika chikafu tupukanana seE.
EVNS yakagadzirwa panguva imwe chete ye electrospraying uye ionization yemvura yakachena yakachena (18 MΩ cm-1).Iyo yemagetsi nebulizer 12 inowanzo shandiswa kuita atomization yezvinwiwa uye synthesis yepolymer uye ceramic zvimedu 13 uye fiber 14 yehukuru hwakadzorwa.
Sezvakatsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zvakapfuura 8, 9, 10, 11, mukuedza kwakajairika, simba repamusoro rakaiswa pakati pesimbi capillary uye pasi pekaunda electrode.Munguva iyi, zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana zvinoitika: i) electrospray uye ii) ionization yemvura.Munda wemagetsi wakasimba pakati pemaelectrode maviri unokonzera mhosva dzisina kunaka dziuye pamusoro pemvura yakapfupikiswa, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kweTaylor cones.Nekuda kweizvozvo, madonhwe emvura akachajirwa zvakanyanya anoumbwa, ayo anoramba achitsemuka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, sezviri muRayleigh theory16.Panguva imwecheteyo, masimba emagetsi akasimba anoita kuti mamwe mamorekuru emvura aparadzane uye abvise maerekitironi (ionize), izvo zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwehuwandu hwemhando yeokisijeni inoshandiswa (ROS)17.Panguva imwecheteyo ROS18 yakagadzirwa yakavharwa muEWNS (Fig. 1c).
Pamusoro pemuonde.2a inoratidza EWNS chizvarwa system yakagadziridzwa uye yakashandiswa muEWNS synthesis muchidzidzo ichi.Mvura yakacheneswa yakachengetwa mubhodhoro rakavharwa yakadyiswa kuburikidza neTeflon tube (2 mm yemukati dhayamita) mu 30G simbi isina tsvina tsono (metal capillary).Kuyerera kwemvura kunodzorwa nemhepo yemhepo mukati mebhodhoro, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2b.Iyo tsono yakaiswa paTeflon console uye inogona kugadziridzwa nemaoko kune imwe chinhambwe kubva pakaunda electrode.Iyo counter electrode ialuminium yakakwenenzverwa disk ine buri pakati pekuita sampling.Pazasi pekaunda electrode pane aruminiyamu sampling funnel, iyo yakabatana kune yakasara yekuyedza setup kuburikidza nesampling port (Fig. 2b).Kuti udzivise kubhadharisa kuvaka-kunogona kukanganisa kushanda kwesampler, ese masampler macomponents akaiswa pamagetsi.
(a) Engineered Water Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS).(b) Muchinjikwa-chikamu chesampler uye electrospray, inoratidza iyo inonyanya kukosha paramita.(c) Kuedza kuseta kwebhakitiriya kusashanda.
Iyo EWNS chizvarwa sisitimu inotsanangurwa pamusoro inokwanisa kushandura makiyi ekushandisa paramita kuti ifambise kugadzirisa kwakanaka kweEWNS zvivakwa.Gadzirisa iyo yakashandiswa voltage (V), chinhambwe pakati petsono uye counter electrode (L), uye kuyerera kwemvura (φ) kuburikidza necapillary kuti unyatso-tune maitiro eEWNS.Chiratidzo chinoshandiswa kumiririra misanganiswa yakasiyana: [V (kV), L (cm)].Gadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura kuti uwane yakagadzikana Taylor koni yeimwe seti [V, L].Nezvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi, aperture dhayamita yekaunda electrode (D) yakachengetwa pa 0.5 inches (1.29 cm).
Nekuda kweiyo diki geometry uye asymmetry, simba remunda wemagetsi harigone kuverengerwa kubva kumisimboti yekutanga.Pane kudaro, QuickField™ software (Svendborg, Denmark)19 yakashandiswa kuverenga nzvimbo yemagetsi.Munda wemagetsi hausi yunifomu, saka kukosha kwemunda wemagetsi pamucheto we capillary kwakashandiswa seyereferensi kukosha kune akasiyana magadzirirwo.
Munguva yekudzidza, akati wandei musanganiswa wevoltage uye chinhambwe pakati petsono neiyo counter electrode yakaongororwa maererano neTaylor cone kuumbwa, Taylor cone kugadzikana, EWNS kugadzikana kwekugadzira, uye kuberekazve.Musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana unoratidzwa muSupplementary Tafura S1.
Kubuda kweiyo EWNS chizvarwa system yakabatana zvakananga neScanning Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) yekuyera nhamba yekuyerwa kwenhamba, pamwe neAerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN).) yeaerosol currents yakayerwa sezvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chedu chapfuura.Ose ari maviri SMPS uye aerosol electrometer yakatorwa pamwero wekuyerera we 0.5 L/min (yakazara sampu inoyerera 1 L/min).Nhamba yehuwandu hwezvikamu uye kuyerera kweaerosol kwakayerwa kwemasekonzi zana nemakumi maviri.Chiyero chinodzokororwa makumi matatu nguva.Zvichienderana nezviyero zvazvino, iyo yakazara aerosol charge inoverengerwa uye avhareji yekuchaja EWNS inofungidzirwa kune yakapihwa nhamba yezvikamu zvakasarudzwa zveEWNS.Avhareji mari yeEWNS inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa Equation (1):
uko IEl ndiyo yakayerwa ikozvino, NSMPS ndiyo dhijitari yakayerwa neSMPS, uye φEl inhamba yekuyerera pamagetsi.
Nekuti hunyoro hunyoro (RH) hunokanganisa kuchaja kwepasi, tembiricha uye (RH) zvakachengetwa nguva dzose panguva yekuedza pa21 ° C uye 45%, zvichiteerana.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) uye AC260T probe (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) yakashandiswa kuyera ukuru uye hupenyu hweEWNS.Iyo AFM yekuongorora frequency yaive 1 Hz, nzvimbo yekuongorora yaive 5 μm × 5 μm, uye 256 scan mitsara.Mifananidzo yese yakaiswa pasi pekutanga kurongeka kwemufananidzo uchishandisa Asylum software (mask range 100 nm, chikumbaridzo 100 pm).
Iyo yekuedza funnel yakabviswa uye iyo mica pamusoro yakaiswa chinhambwe che 2.0 cm kubva pakaunda electrode kweavhareji yenguva ye120 s kudzivirira particle agglomeration uye kugadzirwa kwemadonhwe asina kujairika pamica pamusoro.EWNS yakapfapfaidzwa yakananga pamusoro peiyo mica ichangochekwa (Ted Pella, Redding, CA).Mufananidzo weiyo mica pamusoro pakarepo mushure meAFM sputtering.Iyo kona yekubata kwepamusoro peiyo mica ichangobva kuchekwa isina kugadziridzwa iri padyo ne0 °, saka EVNS inogovaniswa pamica surface nenzira yedome.Iyo dhayamita (a) uye kureba (h) yemadonhwe anopararira akayerwa zvakananga kubva kuAFM topography uye akashandiswa kuverenga EWNS domed diffusion vhoriyamu tichishandisa nzira yedu yakambobvumidzwa.Tichifunga kuti pabhodhi EWNS ine vhoriyamu yakafanana, dhayamita yakaenzana inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa Equation (2):
Zvichienderana nemaitiro edu akambogadzirwa, electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trap yakashandiswa kuona kuvepo kweanogara kwenguva pfupi radical intermediates muEWNS.Aerosols akaputirwa kuburikidza ne650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) ine 235 mM mhinduro yeDEPMPO(5-(diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.).Portland, Oregon).Zvose zviyero zveESR zvakaitwa uchishandisa Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) uye flat panel cell.Iyo Acquisit software (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) yakashandiswa kuunganidza uye kuongorora data.Kutsunga kwemaitiro eROS akaitwa chete seti yemamiriro ekushanda [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].EWNS kutariswa kwakayerwa uchishandisa iyo SMPS mushure me accounting yeEWNS kurasikirwa mune impactor.
Ozone mazinga akatariswa pachishandiswa 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co)8,9,10.
Kune ese maEWNS zvivakwa, kukosha kwekureva kunoshandiswa sekuyerwa kukosha, uye kutsauka kwakajairwa kunoshandiswa seyeyero kukanganisa.T-bvunzo dzakaitwa kuenzanisa kukosha kweiyo yakagadziridzwa EWNS hunhu neinowirirana hunhu hweiyo base EWNS.
Mufananidzo 2c unoratidza yakambogadzirwa uye inozivikanwa electrostatic precipitation (EPES) "dhonza" system inogona kushandiswa kune yakanangwa kuendesa EWNS pamusoro.EPES inoshandisa zvikwereti zveEVNS zvinogona "kutungamirirwa" zvakananga pamusoro pechinangwa chiri pasi pesimba remagetsi ane simba.Tsanangudzo yehurongwa hweEPES inounzwa mune yazvino kuburitswa naPyrgiotakis et al.11 .Saka, EPES ine 3D yakadhindwa PVC chamber ine tapered magumo uye ine mbiri dzakafanana simbi isina tsvina (304 Stainless simbi, girazi coated) mahwendefa esimbi ari pakati 15.24 cm kureba.Mapuranga akanga akabatanidzwa kune imwe kunze kwepamusoro-voltage sosi (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), ndiro yepasi yaigara yakabatana nemagetsi akanaka, uye ndiro yepamusoro yaigara yakabatana pasi (pasi inoyangarara).Madziro ekamuri akafukidzwa nealuminium foil, iyo inodzikwa nemagetsi kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwechikamu.Kamuri ine gonhi rekurodha rakavharwa rinobvumira nzvimbo dzekuyedza kuti dziiswe pamastand epurasitiki anoasimudza pamusoro pesimbi yepasi kuti adzivise kukanganiswa kwemagetsi.
Kubudirira kwekuisa kweEWNS muEPES kwakaverengerwa maererano neprotocol yakambogadzirwa yakatsanangurwa muSupplementary Figure S111.
Sekamuri yekudzora, yechipiri cylindrical flow chamber yakabatanidzwa munhevedzano kune EPES system, umo yepakati HEPA sefa yakashandiswa kubvisa EWNS.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2c, iyo EWNS aerosol yakapombwa kuburikidza nemakamuri maviri akavakwa-mukati.Iyo sefa pakati pekamuri yekudzora uye EPES inobvisa chero EWNS yasara inokonzeresa tembiricha yakafanana (T), hunyoro hunyoro (RH) uye mazinga eozone.
Hurukuro hunokosha hwekudya hwakawanikwa huchisvibisa chikafu chitsva seE. coli (ATCC #27325), fecal indicator, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), utachiona hwechikafu, Listeria isingakuvadzi (ATCC #33090), surrogate for pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, Mavisiamy VACCASAC, Mavisiamy, ATCC (ATCC #4098), inotsiva mbiriso inoparadza, uye utachiona husina kusimba, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Tenga mabhokisi asina kurongeka ematomatisi emuzambiringa kubva kumusika wako woisa mufiriji pa4°C kusvikira washandiswa (kusvika mazuva matatu).Madomasi ekuyedza aive akaenzana saizi, anenge 1/2 inch mudhayamita.
Tsika, inoculation, kuratidzwa, uye colony kuverenga mapuroteni akatsanangurwa mune yedu yapfuura kudhindwa uye yakatsanangurwa muSupplementary Data.Kubudirira kweEWNS kwakaongororwa nekufumura madomasi akaiswa ku40,000 #/cm3 kwemaminitsi makumi mana.Muchidimbu, madomasi matatu akashandiswa kuongorora tupukanana tukasara panguva t = 0 min.Madomasi matatu akaiswa muEPES uye akaoneswa EWNS pa40,000 #/cc (EWNS akafumura madomasi) uye matatu akasara akaiswa mukamuri yekudzora (control tomate).Kuwedzerwa kushandiswa kwemadomasi mumapoka maviri hakuna kuitwa.EWNS-yakafumurwa madomasi uye tomate yekudzora yakabviswa mushure memaminitsi makumi mana nemashanu kuti iongorore mhedzisiro yeEWNS.
Kuedza kwega kwega kwakaitwa mumativi matatu.Kuongororwa kwedata kwakaitwa maererano neprotocol inotsanangurwa muSupplementary Data.
Zvinactivation zvigadziriso zvakaongororwa ne sedimentation yezvakafumurwa EWNS samples (45 min pa 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS aerosol concentration) uye isiri-irradiated samples dzemabhakitiriya asingakuvadzi E. coli, Salmonella enterica uye Lactobacillus.Zvimedu zvakagadziriswa mu 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde uye 0.03% picric acid mu 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) kwemaawa maviri panzvimbo yekushisa.Mushure mekugeza, gadzirisa ne 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) kwemaawa maviri, geza katatu mumvura uye incubate mu1% uranyl acetate kweawa imwe, wozogeza kaviri mumvura, wozobvisa mvura mukati me10 maminitsi, 0 maminitsi 0% 0% 50% doro.Mienzaniso yakabva yaiswa mupropylene oxide kweawa imwe uye yakasvibiswa ne1: 1 musanganiswa wepropylene oxide uye TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA).Iwo masampuli akaiswa muTAAB Epon uye polymerized pa60 ° C kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere.Iyo yakarapwa granular resin yakachekwa uye yakaonekwa neTEM vachishandisa yakajairika transmission electron maikorosikopu JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) ine AMT 2k CCD kamera (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Kuedza kwese kwakaitwa mumatatu.Kwenguva yega yega, mabhakitiriya anogezwa akadyarwa akakapetwa katatu, zvichikonzera huwandu hwemapfumbamwe mapoinzi edhata pane imwe poindi, avhareji yaishandiswa seiyo hutachiona hwekusangana kweiyo microorganism.Kutsauka kwakashandiswa kwakashandiswa sechikanganiso chekuyera.Mapoinzi ese anoverengwa.
Iyo logarithm yekudzikira kwekusangana kwebhakitiriya ichienzaniswa ne t = 0 min yakaverengerwa uchishandisa inotevera fomula:
apo C0 ndiyo mutsara webhakitiriya mumuenzaniso wekutonga panguva 0 (kureva mushure mokunge nzvimbo yaoma asi isati yaiswa mukamuri) uye Cn ndiyo chiyero chebhakitiriya pamusoro pepamusoro mushure me n maminitsi ekutsvaga.
Kuzvidavirira pakuora kwechisikigo kwebhakitiriya panguva yekuratidzwa kwe45-miniti, iyo yekudzikisa logi yakaenzaniswa nekutonga mushure memaminitsi e45 yakaverengerwawo sezvizvi:
uko Cn ndiko kusangana kwebhakitiriya mumuenzaniso wekutonga panguva n uye Cn-Kudzora ndiko kusanganiswa kwehutachiona hwekutonga panguva n.Dhata inounzwa seyakaderedzwa regi kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga (hapana EWNS kuratidzwa).
Munguva yekudzidza, akati wandei musanganiswa wevoltage uye chinhambwe pakati petsono neiyo counter electrode yakaongororwa maererano neTaylor cone kuumbwa, Taylor cone kugadzikana, EWNS kugadzikana kwekugadzira, uye kuberekazve.Musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana unoratidzwa muSupplementary Tafura S1.Mhosva mbiri dzinoratidza kugadzikana uye kuberekazve zvivakwa (Taylor cone, EWNS chizvarwa, uye kugadzikana nekufamba kwenguva) dzakasarudzirwa kudzidza kwakazara.Pamusoro pemuonde.Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mhedzisiro yekuchaja, saizi, uye zvirimo zveROS mune ese ari maviri.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwawo muTebhurari 1. Nekureva, zvese Mufananidzo 3 uye Tafura 1 zvinosanganisira zvinhu zveiyo yakambogadzirwa isina-optimized EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS).Kuverengera kukosha kwechiverengero uchishandisa maviri-tailed t-bvunzo anotsikiswazve muSupplementary Table S2.Mukuwedzera, data yakawedzerwa inosanganisira zvidzidzo zvezvakaita counter electrode sampling gole dhayamita (D) uye chinhambwe pakati pepasi electrode uye tip (L) (Supplementary Figures S2 uye S3).
(ac) Kugoverwa kwehukuru kuyerwa neAFM.(df) Mamiriro ekuchajisa pamusoro.(g) ROS hunhu hweEPR.
Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kune ese ari pamusoro apa, iyo yakayerwa ionization ikozvino yaive pakati pe2 ne6 μA uye voltage pakati pe -3.8 ne -6.5 kV, zvichiita kuti simba rekushandisa risingasviki 50 mW kune iyi imwechete EWNS generation contact module.Kunyangwe EWNS yakagadzirwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, mazinga eozone aive akaderera kwazvo, asingambopfuuri 60 ppb.
Supplementary Figure S4 inoratidza akafananidzwa minda yemagetsi ye [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] uye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] scenarios, zvichiteerana.Kune [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] uye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 masendimita] mamiriro, maverengero emunda ari 2 × 105 V/m uye 4.7 × 105 V/m, zvichiteerana.Izvi zvinotarisirwa, sezvo muchiitiko chechipiri chiyero chevoltage-distance chakakwirira zvikuru.
Pamusoro pemuonde.3a,b inoratidza EWNS dhayamita yakayerwa neAFM8.Avhareji yakaverengwa EWNS madhayamita aiva 27 nm uye 19 nm nokuda kwe [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] uye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] zvirongwa, zvichiteerana.Kune [-6.5 kV, 4.0 masendimita] uye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 masendimita], iwo geometric muyero kutsauka kwekugovera ndeye 1.41 uye 1.45, zvichiteerana, zvichiratidza kutetepa saizi kugovera.Zvose zvinorehwa saizi uye geometric standard kutsauka zviri padyo neEWNS yekutanga, pa25 nm uye 1.41, zvichiteerana.Pamusoro pemuonde.3c inoratidza kugoverwa kwehukuru hweiyo base EWNS yakayerwa uchishandisa nzira imwechete pasi pemamiriro akafanana.
Pamusoro pemuonde.3d, e inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuchaja maitiro.Dhata iavhareji zviyero zve 30 panguva imwe chete zviyero zvekuisa pfungwa (#/cm3) uye zvazvino (I).Ongororo inoratidza kuti avhareji yekuchaja paEWNS i22 ± 6 e- uye 44 ± 6 e- ye [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] uye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], zvichiteerana.Vane machaji epamusoro akakwira zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nekutanga EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] mamiriro uye nekana yakakura kupfuura [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm].Mufananidzo 3f unoratidza kubhadharisa.data yeBaseline-EWNS.
Kubva pamepu dzekutarisa dzenhamba yeEWNS (Supplementary Figures S5 neS6), zvinogona kuonekwa kuti [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] mamiriro ane zvidimbu zvakakura kudarika [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm].Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti iyo EWNS nhamba yekumisikidza yakatariswa kusvika kumaawa e4 (Supplementary Figures S5 uye S6), uko EWNS chizvarwa kugadzikana kwakaratidza iwo akaenzana mazinga eiyo particle manhamba kusungwa mune zvese zviitiko.
Pamusoro pemuonde.3g inoratidza EPR spectrum mushure mekubvisa iyo yakagadziridzwa EWNS control (kumashure) pa [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Iyo ROS spectra yakaenzaniswawo neBaseline-EWNS mamiriro mune rimwe basa rakamboburitswa.Huwandu hweEWNS ichiita nema spin traps yakaverengerwa kuita 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, yakafanana neyakambodhindwa Baseline-EWNS8.Maonero eEPR ainyatsoratidza kuvepo kwemhando mbiri dzeROS, neO2- iri iyo inonyanyozivikanwa uye OH• ichinyanya kuwanda.Pamusoro pezvo, kuenzanisa kwakananga kwekusimba kwepamusoro kwakaratidza kuti iyo EWNS yakagadziridzwa yaive neiyo yakanyanya ROS yemukati kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga EWNS.
Pamusoro pemuonde.4 inoratidza kugona kwekuisa kweEWNS muEPES.Iyo data inopfupikiswa muTafura I uye ichienzaniswa neyekutanga EWNS data.Pamakesi ese ari maviri eEUNS, deposition iri pedyo ne100% kunyangwe pamhepo yakaderera ye3.0 kV.Kazhinji, 3.0 kV inokwana 100% deposition, zvisinei nekushanduka kwechaji yepasi.Pasi pemamiriro akafanana, kudhirowa kwakanaka kweBaseline-EWNS kwaingova 56% nekuda kwekuderera kwadzo (avhareji gumi maerekitironi paEWNS).
Pamusoro pemuonde.5 uye patafura.2 inopfupisa kukosha kwekusagonesa kwehutachiona hwakaiswa pamusoro pematomatisi mushure mekusangana neanenge 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS kwemaminetsi makumi mana neshanu pane optimum mode [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm].Inoculated E. coli uye Lactobacillus isina mhosva yakaratidza kuderera kukuru kwe 3.8 matanda panguva ye45 maminitsi.Pasi pemamiriro akafanana, S. enterica yakanga ine 2.2-log kuderera, nepo S. cerevisiae uye M. parafortutum yakanga ine 1.0-log kuderera.
Maelectron micrographs (Mufananidzo 6) anoratidza kuchinja kwemuviri kunokonzerwa neEWNS pane zvisingakuvadzi Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, uye Lactobacillus masero zvinotungamirira kusashanda kwavo.Bhakitiriya yekudzora yaive nesero membranes, ukuwo mabhakitiriya aive pachena aive akanganisa membrane dzekunze.
Electron microscopic imaging yekudzora uye mabhakitiriya akafumurwa akaburitsa membrane kukuvara.
Iyo data pamusoro peiyo physicochemical properties yeEWNS yakagadziridzwa pamwe chete inoratidza kuti zvivakwa (pamusoro pechaji uye ROS content) zveEWNS zvakavandudzwa zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa neyakadhindwa EWNS yekutanga data8,9,10,11.Kune rumwe rutivi, saizi yavo yakaramba iri mumhando ye nanometer, yakafanana zvakanyanya nemhedzisiro yakambotaurwa, ichivabvumira kuti varambe vari mumhepo kwenguva yakareba.Iyo inocherechedzwa polydispersity inogona kutsanangurwa nepamusoro pechaji shanduko inoona saizi yeEWNS, kusarongeka kweRayleigh maitiro, uye inogona kubatanidza.Nekudaro, sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa naNielsen et al.22, kubhadharisa kwepamusoro kunoderedza kubuda kwemhepo nekuwedzera simba repamusoro / kushushikana kwekudonha kwemvura.Mukudhindwa kwedu kwapfuura8 dzidziso iyi yakasimbiswa nekuyedza microdroplets 22 uye EWNS.Kurasikirwa kwechaji panguva yakawandisa kunogona zvakare kukanganisa saizi uye kubatsira mukucherechedzwa saizi kugovera.