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I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kahua antimicrobial ʻaʻohe kemika e pili ana i ka nanotechnology me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nanostructures wai artificial (EWNS). Loaʻa i nā EWNS kahi uku kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili a ua piha i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) hiki ke launa pū me a hoʻopau i kekahi mau microorganisms, me nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai. Maanei ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ko lākou mau waiwai i ka wā o ka synthesis a hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻonui hou i ko lākou hiki antibacterial. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka kahua hoʻokolohua EWNS e hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i nā waiwai o EWNS ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā palena synthesis. ʻAno o nā waiwai EWNS (uku, nui a me ka ʻike o ROS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loiloi hou. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi ʻia lākou no ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopau microbial e kūʻē i nā microorganisms i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai e like me Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum a me Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi hiki ke hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai o EWNS i ka wā o ka synthesis, e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui exponential i ka pono inactivation. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka uku ʻili e ka hapa o ʻehā a ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano oxygen reactive. ʻO ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka microbial ua hilinaʻi ʻia ma muli o ka microbial a mai 1.0 a 3.8 log ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana he 45 mau minuke i kahi mahele aerosol o 40,000 #/cc EWNS.
ʻO ka haumia microbial ke kumu nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā pathogens a i ʻole kā lākou mau mea ʻawahia. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō, ʻo ka maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai ke kumu o kahi 76 miliona mau maʻi, 325,000 mau komo haukapila, a me 5,000 mau make i kēlā me kēia makahiki1. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ka ʻOihana Mahiʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (USDA) ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā huaʻai hou ke kuleana no 48% o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa2. He kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o ka maʻi a me ka make i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i manaʻo ʻia e nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ma mua o US$15.6 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki3.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā hana antimicrobial chemical4, radiation5 a me thermal6 e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka meaʻai e hana nui ʻia ma nā wahi kaohi koʻikoʻi (CCP) i kaupalena ʻia ma ke kaulahao hana (ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana a/a i ʻole i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana) ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana. no laila, ua maʻalahi lākou i ka haumia keʻa. 7. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai a me ka palaho ʻana o ka meaʻai e pono ai nā hana antimicrobial i hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mahiʻai-a-papa ʻaina me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me nā kumukūʻai.
I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kahua antimicrobial i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka nanotechnology ʻaʻohe kemika e hiki ke hoʻopau i nā bacteria o ka ʻili a me ka lewa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nanostructures wai artificial (EWNS). Ua synthesized ʻia ʻo EWNS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau kaʻina hana like, electrospray a me ka ionization wai (Kiʻi 1a). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he ʻokoʻa ko EWNS o nā waiwai kino a me nā waiwai olaola8,9,10. Loaʻa i ka EWNS ka awelika o 10 mau electrons no kēlā me kēia ʻano a me ka nui nanoscale awelika o 25 nm (Kiʻi 1b,c)8,9,10. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka electron spin resonance (ESR) aia i loko o ka EWNS ka nui o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS), ʻo ia hoʻi nā radical hydroxyl (OH•) a me superoxide (O2-) (Kiʻi 1c)8. Aia ʻo EVNS i ka lewa no ka manawa lōʻihi a hiki ke kuʻi me nā microorganisms i kau ʻia ma ka lewa a kū ma luna o ka ʻili, e hāʻawi ana i kā lākou ukana ROS a ke kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā microorganisms (Kiʻi 1d). Ua hōʻike pū kēia mau haʻawina mua e hiki i ka EWNS ke launa pū me nā bacteria gram-negative a me gram-positive like ʻole, me ka mycobacteria, ma nā ʻili a ma ka lewa. Ua hōʻike ka microscopy electron transmission ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka inactivation e ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana o ka membrane cell. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hanu koke ʻaʻole hiki i nā dosis kiʻekiʻe o EWNS ke hōʻino i ka māmā a i ʻole ka mumū 8.
(a) Hana ʻia ka electrospray ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi voltage kiʻekiʻe ma waena o kahi paipu capillary e loaʻa ana ka wai a me kahi counter electrode. (b) ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe e hopena i ʻelua mau hanana like ʻole: (i) electrospraying o ka wai a me (ii) hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ions) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka EWNS. (c) ʻO ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi o EWNS. (d) Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano nanoscale, he neʻe nui nā EWNS a hiki ke launa pū me nā pathogens ea.
Ua hōʻike hou ʻia nei ka hiki o ka paepae antimicrobial EWNS ke hoʻopau i nā microorganism i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai ma luna o ka ʻili o ka meaʻai hou. Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka ʻili o EWNS i hui pū ʻia me kahi kahua uila e hoʻokō i ka lawe ʻana i manaʻo ʻia. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoikaika nā hopena mua no nā tōmato organik ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana he 90 mau minuke ma kahi EWNS o kahi 50,000 #/cm3, me nā ʻano microorganism i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai e like me E. coli a me Listeria 11 i ʻike ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua organoleptic mua i nā hopena sensory i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā tōmato kaohi. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau hopena inactivation mua e hoʻoikaika nei no nā noi palekana meaʻai ʻoiai ma nā dosis EWNS haʻahaʻa loa o 50,000#/cc. e nānā, ua maopopo he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hiki ke inactivation kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi hou i ka pilikia o ka maʻi a me ka palaho.
Maanei, e kālele mākou i kā mākou noiʻi ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi kahua hanauna EWNS e hiki ai ke hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i nā palena synthesis a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waiwai physicochemical o EWNS e hoʻonui i ko lākou hiki antibacterial. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua kālele ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou uku ʻili (e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lawe ʻana i kuhikuhi ʻia) a me ka ʻike ROS (e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono inactivation). Hōʻike i nā waiwai physico-chemical i hoʻonui ʻia (ka nui, ka uku a me ka ʻike ROS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loiloi hou a hoʻohana i nā microorganism meaʻai maʻamau e like me E. .
Ua hana ʻia ʻo EVNS ma o ka electrospraying like a me ka ionization o ka wai maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (18 MΩ cm–1). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka nebulizer uila 12 no ka atomization o nā wai a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana polymer a me nā keramika 13 a me nā fibers 14 o ka nui i kāohi ʻia.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia ma nā puke paʻi mua 8, 9, 10, 11, ma kahi hoʻokolohua maʻamau, ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi voltage kiʻekiʻe ma waena o kahi capillary metala a me kahi electrode counter grounded. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻelua mau hanana like ʻole e kū mai: i) electrospray a me ii) ionization wai. ʻO kahi kahua uila ikaika ma waena o nā electrodes ʻelua e hoʻoulu ai i nā uku maikaʻi ʻole e kūkulu ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e hopena ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā cones Taylor. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kulu wai i hoʻopiʻi nui ʻia, e hoʻomau nei i ka haki ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, e like me ke kumumanaʻo Rayleigh16. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā kahua uila ikaika ke kumu o kekahi mau mole wai e māhele a wehe i nā electrons (ionize), kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS)17. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo ROS18 i hana ʻia i ka manawa like ma EWNS (Kiʻi 1c).
Ma ke kiʻi 2a e hōʻike ana i ka ʻōnaehana hanauna EWNS i hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis EWNS ma kēia haʻawina. Ua hānai ʻia ka wai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōmole pani ʻia ma o kahi paipu Teflon (2 mm ke anawaena o loko) i loko o kahi nila kila kila 30G (capillary metala). Hoʻomalu ʻia ke kahe o ka wai e ke kaomi ea i loko o ka ʻōmole, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2b. Ua kau ʻia ka nila ma luna o kahi console Teflon a hiki ke hoʻoponopono lima ʻia i kahi mamao mai ka electrode counter. ʻO ka electrode counter he disk alumini i wili ʻia me kahi lua ma ke kikowaena no ka laʻana. Ma lalo o ka electrode counter he funnel laʻana alumini, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ke koena o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua ma o kahi puka laʻana (Kiʻi 2b). I mea e pale aku ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka uku e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana sampler, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana sampler āpau me ka uila.
(a) ʻŌnaehana Hana Nanostructure Wai ʻenekinia (EWNS). (b) ʻOki keʻa o ka sampler a me ka electrospray, e hōʻike ana i nā palena koʻikoʻi loa. (c) Hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka bacteria.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hanauna EWNS i wehewehe ʻia ma luna nei hiki ke hoʻololi i nā palena hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o nā waiwai EWNS. E hoʻoponopono i ke volta i hoʻopili ʻia (V), ka mamao ma waena o ke kui a me ka electrode counter (L), a me ke kahe wai (φ) ma o ke capillary e hoʻonohonoho pono i nā ʻano EWNS. Hōʻailona i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i nā hui like ʻole: [V (kV), L (cm)]. E hoʻoponopono i ke kahe wai e loaʻa ai kahi cone Taylor paʻa o kahi set [V, L]. No nā kumu o kēia haʻawina, ua mālama ʻia ke anawaena puka o ka electrode counter (D) ma 0.5 ʻīniha (1.29 cm).
Ma muli o ke geometry palena a me ka asymmetry, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia ka ikaika o ke kahua uila mai nā loina mua. Akā, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 e helu i ke kahua uila. ʻAʻole like ke kahua uila, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai o ke kahua uila ma ka piko o ke capillary ma ke ʻano he waiwai kuhikuhi no nā hoʻonohonoho like ʻole.
I ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, ua loiloi ʻia kekahi mau hui pū ʻana o ke volta a me ka mamao ma waena o ke kui a me ka counter electrode ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Taylor cone, ke kūpaʻa o Taylor cone, ke kūpaʻa hana EWNS, a me ka hana hou ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole ma ka Papa Hoʻohui S1.
Ua hoʻopili pololei ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻōnaehana hanauna EWNS i kahi Scanning Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) no ke ana ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana, a me kahi Aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN). ) no nā kahe aerosol ua ana ʻia e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma kā mākou puke mua. Ua laʻana ʻia ka SMPS a me ka electrometer aerosol ma kahi kahe o 0.5 L/min (ka holo ʻana o ka laʻana he 1 L/min). Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me ke kahe aerosol no 120 kekona. Hana hou ʻia ke ana ʻana he 30 mau manawa. Ma muli o nā ana o kēia manawa, ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka uku aerosol a ua manaʻo ʻia ka awelika o ka uku EWNS no kahi helu i hāʻawi ʻia o nā ʻāpana EWNS i koho ʻia. Hiki ke helu ʻia ke kumukūʻai awelika o EWNS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Equation (1):
kahi ʻo IEl ke au i ana ʻia, ʻo NSMPS ka nui kikohoʻe i ana ʻia me ka SMPS, a ʻo φEl ka nui o ke kahe no kēlā me kēia electrometer.
Ma muli o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa pili (RH) i ka hoʻouku ʻana o ka ʻili, ua mālama ʻia ka mahana a me ka (RH) i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua ma 21°C a me 45%, pakahi.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscopy ikaika atomika (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) a me ka probe AC260T (Olympus, Tokyo, Iapana) e ana i ka nui a me ke ola o ka EWNS. ʻO ke alapine scan AFM he 1 Hz, ʻo ka wahi scan he 5 μm × 5 μm, a me 256 mau laina scan. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiʻi āpau i ka hoʻonohonoho kiʻi kauoha 1 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Asylum (mask range 100 nm, threshold 100 pm).
Ua wehe ʻia ka funnel hoʻāʻo a ua kau ʻia ka ʻili mica ma kahi mamao o 2.0 cm mai ka counter electrode no ka manawa awelika o 120 s e pale aku i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kulu like ʻole ma ka ʻili mica. Ua pīpī pololei ʻia ʻo EWNS ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mica i ʻoki hou ʻia (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Kiʻi o ka ʻili mica ma hope koke iho o ka sputtering AFM. ʻO ke kihi pili o ka ʻili o ka mica i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia i ʻoki hou ʻia kokoke i 0°, no laila ua hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo EVNS ma luna o ka ʻili mica ma ke ʻano o kahi dome. Ua ana pololei ʻia ke anawaena (a) a me ke kiʻekiʻe (h) o nā kulu diffusing mai ka topography AFM a hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka nui o ka diffusion domed EWNS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā mākou ʻano i hōʻoia mua ʻia. Ke manaʻo nei he like ka nui o ka EWNS ma luna o ka moku, hiki ke helu ʻia ke anawaena like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Equation (2):
Ma muli o kā mākou ʻano hana i hoʻomohala mua ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi pahele wili electron spin resonance (ESR) e ʻike i ke alo o nā mea waena radical ola pōkole ma EWNS. Ua hoʻopulu ʻia nā Aerosols ma o kahi sparger Midget 650 μm (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) e loaʻa ana kahi hopena 235 mM o DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.). Portland, Oregon). Ua hana ʻia nā ana ESR āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) a me kahi cell panel pālahalaha. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) e hōʻiliʻili a kālailai i ka ʻikepili. Ua lawe ʻia ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano o ka ROS no kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kūlana hana [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ua ana ʻia nā ʻano EWNS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka SMPS ma hope o ka helu ʻana i nā pohō EWNS i ka impactor.
Ua nānā ʻia nā pae ozone me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co)8,9,10.
No nā waiwai EWNS āpau, hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai awelika ma ke ʻano he waiwai ana, a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau ma ke ʻano he hewa ana. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo T e hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai o nā ʻano EWNS i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia me nā waiwai like o ke kumu EWNS.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2c i kahi ʻōnaehana "huki" electrostatic precipitation (EPES) i hoʻomohala mua ʻia a wehewehe ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i ka EWNS ma ka ʻili. Hoʻohana ʻo EPES i nā uku EVNS hiki ke "alakaʻi" pololei i ka ʻili o ka pahuhopu ma lalo o ka mana o kahi kahua uila ikaika. Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī o ka ʻōnaehana EPES ma kahi puke hou na Pyrgiotakis et al. 11. No laila, aia ʻo EPES i kahi keʻena PVC i paʻi ʻia he 3D me nā wēlau tapered a loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau papa metala kila kila like (304 kila kila, uhi ʻia me ke aniani) ma ke kikowaena he 15.24 cm ke kaʻawale. Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā papa i kahi kumu voltage kiʻekiʻe o waho (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), ua hoʻopili mau ʻia ka papa lalo i ka voltage maikaʻi, a ua hoʻopili mau ʻia ka papa luna i ka honua (lepo lana). Ua uhi ʻia nā paia o ke keʻena me ka foil alumini, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka uila e pale aku i ka nalowale ʻana o nā ʻāpana. Loaʻa i loko o ke keʻena kahi puka hoʻouka mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hiki ai ke kau ʻia nā ʻili hoʻāʻo ma luna o nā kū palaki e hāpai iā lākou ma luna o ka papa metala lalo e pale aku i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ke uila kiʻekiʻe.
Ua helu ʻia ka pono o ka waiho ʻana o EWNS ma EPES e like me kahi protocol i hoʻomohala mua ʻia i hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia ma ka Kiʻi Hoʻohui S111.
Ma ke ʻano he keʻena hoʻomalu, ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi keʻena kahe cylindrical ʻelua ma ke ʻano he moʻo i ka ʻōnaehana EPES, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi kānana HEPA waena e wehe i nā EWNS. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2c, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka aerosol EWNS ma o ʻelua mau keʻena i kūkulu ʻia. Hoʻopau ke kānana ma waena o ka lumi hoʻomalu a me EPES i nā EWNS i koe e hopena ana i ka mahana like (T), ka humidity pili (RH) a me nā pae ozone.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā microorganisms koʻikoʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai e hoʻohaumia i nā meaʻai hou e like me E. coli (ATCC #27325), fecal indicator, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), foodborne pathogen, Listeria harmless (ATCC #33090), surrogate for pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, i loaʻa mai ATCC (Manassas, VA) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098), kahi pani no ka hū palaho, a me kahi bacteria inactivated ʻoi aku ka paʻa, ʻo Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
E kūʻai i nā pahu maʻamau o nā tōmato hua waina organik mai kāu mākeke kūloko a hoʻokomo i loko o ka friji ma 4°C a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana (a hiki i 3 lā). Ua like ka nui o nā tōmato hoʻokolohua a pau, ma kahi o 1/2 ʻīniha ke anawaena.
Ua hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia nā kaʻina hana moʻomeheu, hoʻopili ʻana, hōʻike ʻana, a me ka helu ʻana o nā kolone i kā mākou puke mua a ua hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia i ka ʻIkepili Hoʻohui. Ua loiloi ʻia ka pono o EWNS ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā tōmato i hoʻopili ʻia i 40,000 #/cm3 no 45 mau minuke. I ka pōkole, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻekolu mau tōmato e loiloi i nā microorganism i ola i ka manawa t = 0 min. Ua kau ʻia ʻekolu mau tōmato i loko o EPES a hōʻike ʻia i EWNS ma 40,000 #/cc (nā tōmato i hōʻike ʻia i EWNS) a ua kau ʻia nā mea ʻekolu i koe i loko o ke keʻena hoʻomalu (nā tōmato hoʻomalu). ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o nā tōmato ma nā hui ʻelua. Ua wehe ʻia nā tōmato i hōʻike ʻia i EWNS a me nā tōmato hoʻomalu ma hope o 45 mau minuke e loiloi i ka hopena o EWNS.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano ʻekolu. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loiloi ʻikepili e like me ke kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻIkepili Hoʻohui.
Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻopau ma o ka sedimentation o nā laʻana EWNS i hōʻike ʻia (45 min ma ka 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS aerosol concentration) a me nā laʻana i hoʻomālamalama ʻole ʻia o nā bacteria ʻino ʻole E. coli, Salmonella enterica a me Lactobacillus. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana i loko o 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde a me 0.03% picric acid i loko o 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) no 2 mau hola ma ka mahana o ka lumi. Ma hope o ka holoi ʻana, e hoʻopaʻa hope me 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) no 2 mau hola, holoi i 3 mau manawa i ka wai a hoʻomoʻa i loko o 1% uranyl acetate no 1 hola, a laila holoi ʻelua i ka wai, a laila hoʻomaloʻo no 10 mau minuke i loko o 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% ka waiʻona. A laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka propylene oxide no 1 hola a ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka hui 1:1 o ka propylene oxide a me TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana i loko o TAAB Epon a ua polymerized ʻia ma 60°C no 48 mau hola. Ua ʻoki ʻia ka resin granular i hoʻōla ʻia a ua nānā ʻia e TEM me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope electron transmission maʻamau JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Iapana) i lako me kahi kāmela AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua āpau ma ke ʻano he ʻekolu. No kēlā me kēia manawa, ua lūlū ʻia nā holoi bacteria ma ke ʻano he ʻekolu, a ʻo ka hopena he ʻeiwa mau helu ʻikepili no kēlā me kēia kiko, ʻo ka awelika o ia mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he nui bacteria no kēlā microorganism kikoʻī. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau ma ke ʻano he hewa ana. Helu ʻia nā helu āpau.
Ua helu ʻia ka logarithm o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā bacteria i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me t = 0 min me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana:
kahi ʻo C0 ka nui o ka bacteria i loko o ka hāpana kaohi i ka manawa 0 (ʻo ia hoʻi ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka ʻili akā ma mua o ke kau ʻia ʻana i loko o ke keʻena) a ʻo Cn ka nui o ka bacteria ma luna o ka ʻili ma hope o n mau minuke o ka hōʻike ʻana.
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻino kūlohelohe o ka bacteria i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana he 45 mau minuke, ua helu ʻia ka hoʻemi log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi ma hope o 45 mau minuke penei:
kahi ʻo Cn ka nui o ka bacteria i loko o ka hāpana kaohi i ka manawa n a ʻo Cn-Control ka nui o ka bacteria kaohi i ka manawa n. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he hōʻemi log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi (ʻaʻohe hōʻike EWNS).
I ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, ua loiloi ʻia kekahi mau hui pū ʻana o ke voltage a me ka mamao ma waena o ke kui a me ka counter electrode ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Taylor cone, ka paʻa o Taylor cone, ka paʻa o ka hana ʻana o EWNS, a me ka hana hou ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia nā hui like ʻole ma ka Papa Hoʻohui S1. ʻElua mau hihia e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai paʻa a me nā waiwai hana hou (Taylor cone, hanauna EWNS, a me ke kūpaʻa ma luna o ka manawa) i koho ʻia no ke aʻo piha ʻana. Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3 i nā hopena no ka uku, ka nui, a me ka ʻike o ROS i nā hihia ʻelua. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena ma ka Papa 1. No ka ʻike, ʻo ka Kiʻi 3 a me ka Papa 1 e hoʻokomo i nā waiwai o ka EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 i hoʻohui mua ʻia (baseline-EWNS). Hoʻopuka hou ʻia nā helu koʻikoʻi helu e hoʻohana ana i kahi t-test ʻelua-tailed ma ka Papa Hoʻohui S2. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻikepili hou aku e komo pū me nā haʻawina o ka hopena o ke anawaena lua laʻana counter electrode (D) a me ka mamao ma waena o ka electrode honua a me ka piko (L) (Nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui S2 a me S3).
(ac) Ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana i ana ʻia e AFM. (df) ʻAno hoʻouku ʻili. (g) ʻAno ROS o ka EPR.
He mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo no nā kūlana āpau i luna, ʻo ke au ionization i ana ʻia ma waena o 2 a me 6 μA a me ke volta ma waena o -3.8 a me -6.5 kV, e hopena ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana ma lalo o 50 mW no kēia module hoʻopili hanauna EWNS hoʻokahi. ʻOiai ua synthesized ʻia ʻo EWNS ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ua haʻahaʻa loa nā pae ozone, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 ppb.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi Hoʻohui S4 i nā kahua uila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia no nā hiʻohiʻona [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], kēlā me kēia. No nā hiʻohiʻona [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ʻo nā helu kahua he 2 × 105 V/m a me 4.7 × 105 V/m, kēlā me kēia. Manaʻo ʻia kēia, ʻoiai ma ka lua o ka hihia, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lakio voltage-mamao.
Ma ke kiʻi 3a,b e hōʻike ana i ke anawaena EWNS i ana ʻia me ka AFM8. ʻO nā anawaena EWNS awelika i helu ʻia he 27 nm a me 19 nm no nā hoʻolālā [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], kēlā me kēia. No nā hiʻohiʻona [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ʻo nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau geometric o nā hoʻolaha he 1.41 a me 1.45, kēlā me kēia, e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻolaha nui haiki. ʻO ka nui awelika a me ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau geometric ua kokoke loa i ka EWNS kumu, ma 25 nm a me 1.41, kēlā me kēia. Ma ke kiʻi 3c e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻolaha nui o ka EWNS kumu i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano like ma lalo o nā kūlana like.
Ma ke kiʻi 3d, hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ke ʻano o ka hoʻouku ʻana. ʻO nā ʻikepili he mau ana awelika o 30 mau ana like o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana (#/cm3) a me ke au (I). Hōʻike ka loiloi ʻo ka hoʻouku awelika ma ka EWNS he 22 ± 6 e- a me 44 ± 6 e- no [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], kēlā me kēia. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hoʻouku ʻili kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka EWNS kumu (10 ± 2 e-), ʻelua manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kūlana [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] a ʻehā manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3f i ka hoʻouku ʻana. ʻikepili no Baseline-EWNS.
Mai nā palapala ʻāina o ka helu EWNS (Nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui S5 a me S6), hiki ke ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka hiʻohiʻona [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] ma mua o ka hiʻohiʻona [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. He mea kūpono hoʻi ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua nānā ʻia ka nui o ka helu EWNS a hiki i 4 mau hola (Nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui S5 a me S6), kahi i hōʻike ai ke kūpaʻa o ka hanauna EWNS i nā pae like o ka nui o ka ʻāpana i nā hihia ʻelua.
Ma ke kiʻi 3g e hōʻike ana i ka spectrum EPR ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana o ka mana EWNS i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia (hope) ma [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā spectra ROS me ke kūlana Baseline-EWNS i kahi hana i paʻi mua ʻia. Ua helu ʻia ka helu o nā EWNS e pane ana me nā pahele wili he 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, kahi like me ka Baseline-EWNS8 i paʻi mua ʻia. Ua hōʻike maopopo nā spectra EPR i ke alo o ʻelua ʻano ROS, me O2- ʻo ia ke ʻano nui a ʻo OH• ka liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻana o nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe he kiʻekiʻe loa ka ʻike ROS o ka EWNS i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka EWNS baseline.
Ma ke kiʻi 4 e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka waiho ʻana o EWNS ma EPES. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili ma ka Papa I a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻikepili EWNS mua. No nā hihia ʻelua o EUNS, kokoke ka waiho ʻana i ka 100% ʻoiai ma kahi volta haʻahaʻa o 3.0 kV. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua lawa ka 3.0 kV no ka waiho ʻana o 100%, me ka nānā ʻole i ka loli o ka uku ʻili. Ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻo ka pono o ka waiho ʻana o Baseline-EWNS he 56% wale nō ma muli o ko lākou uku haʻahaʻa (ʻawelike 10 mau electrons no kēlā me kēia EWNS).
Ma ke kiʻi 5 a ma ka papa ʻaina. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻo 2 i ka waiwai inactivation o nā microorganisms i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā tōmato ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS no 45 mau minuke ma ke ʻano kūpono [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ua hōʻike ʻo E. coli a me Lactobacillus innocuous i hoʻokomo ʻia i kahi hōʻemi nui o 3.8 logs i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana he 45 mau minuke. Ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ua emi iho ʻo S. enterica he 2.2-log, ʻoiai ʻo S. cerevisiae lāua ʻo M. parafortutum he 1.0-log ka emi ʻana.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi uila uila (Kiʻi 6) i nā loli kino i hoʻokumu ʻia e EWNS ma nā pūnaewele Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, a me Lactobacillus ʻino ʻole e alakaʻi ana i ko lākou hoʻopau ʻana. Loaʻa i nā bacteria kaohi nā membrane cell piha, ʻoiai ua hōʻino nā bacteria i hōʻike ʻia i nā membrane waho.
Ua hōʻike ke kiʻi microscope electron o ka kaohi a me nā bacteria i hōʻike ʻia i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka membrane.
Hōʻike pū nā ʻikepili ma nā waiwai physicochemical o ka EWNS i hoʻonui ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia nā waiwai (ka uku ʻili a me ka ʻike ROS) o ka EWNS i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻikepili baseline EWNS i paʻi mua ʻia8,9,10,11. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua noho ko lākou nui ma ka pae nanometer, like loa me nā hopena i hōʻike mua ʻia, e ʻae ana iā lākou e noho i ka lewa no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka polydispersity i ʻike ʻia e nā loli uku ʻili e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o EWNS, ka randomness o ka hopena Rayleigh, a me ka hiki ke coalescence. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia e Nielsen et al. 22, ʻo ka uku ʻili kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi ana i ka mahu ma ka hoʻonui pono ʻana i ka ikehu ʻili/tension o ka hāʻule wai. I kā mākou puke mua8 ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo no nā microdroplets 22 a me EWNS. ʻO ka nalowale o ka uku i ka wā o ka overtime hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka nui a hāʻawi i ka hoʻolaha nui i ʻike ʻia.