Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho. Ngokuqhubeka uphequlula le sayithi, uyavuma ukusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi. Ulwazi Olwengeziwe.
Izinhlelo zemithi zomusi ezihlanzekile noma ezimsulwa zifaka phakathi amajeneretha, amavalvu okulawula, amapayipi okusabalalisa noma amapayipi, izithiyo ze-thermodynamic noma ze-equilibrium thermostatic, ama-pressure gauges, ama-pressure reducers, amavalvu okuphepha, kanye nama-volumetric accumulator.
Iningi lalezi zingxenye zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-316 L futhi ziqukethe ama-gasket e-fluoropolymer (ngokuvamile i-polytetrafluoroethylene, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Teflon noma i-PTFE), kanye nezinto ezi-semi-metal noma ezinye izinto ze-elastomeric.
Lezi zingxenye zingase zigqwale noma ziwohloke ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, okuthinta ikhwalithi yokusetshenziswa kwe-Clean Steam (CS) okuqediwe. Iphrojekthi echazwe kabanzi kulesi sihloko ihlole amasampula ensimbi engagqwali avela ezifundweni ezine zesistimu ye-CS, yahlola ubungozi bomthelela wokugqwala okungenzeka ezinkambisweni nasezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela obubalulekile, futhi yahlola izinhlayiya nezinsimbi eziku-condensate.
Amasampula ezingxenye zesistimu yokusabalalisa amapayipi agqwalile abekwa ukuze kuhlolwe imikhiqizo engaphansi kokugqwala. 9 Esimweni ngasinye esithile, kwahlolwa izimo ezahlukene zobuso. Isibonelo, imiphumela ejwayelekile yokufiphala nokugqwala yahlolwa.
Izindawo ezisetshenziswayo zihlolwe ukuthi zinobuthi obuvela elangeni kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron spectroscopy yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali (ESCA), i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kanye ne-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Lezi zindlela zingadalula izakhiwo zomzimba neze-athomu zokugqwala kanye nama-deposit, kanye nokunquma izici ezibalulekile ezithinta izakhiwo zoketshezi lobuchwepheshe noma imikhiqizo yokugcina.
Imikhiqizo yokugqwala yensimbi engagqwali ingathatha izinhlobo eziningi, njengengqimba ye-carmine ye-iron oxide (onsundu noma obomvu) ebusweni obungezansi noma ngaphezulu kwengqimba ye-iron oxide (emnyama noma empunga)2. Amandla okuhamba phansi komfula.
Ingqimba ye-iron oxide (i-black blush) ingase iqine ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba amadiphozithi eba sobala kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinhlayiya noma amadiphozithi abonakala ebusweni begumbi lokubulala amagciwane kanye nemishini noma izitsha ngemva kokubulala amagciwane ngomusi, kuba nokufuduka. Ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kwamasampula e-condensate kubonise uhlobo oluhlakazekile lwe-sludge kanye nenani lezinsimbi ezincibilikayo ku-CS fluid.
Nakuba kunezizathu eziningi zalesi simo, i-CS generator ivame ukuba nomthelela omkhulu. Akuvamile ukuthola i-red iron oxide (onsundu/obomvu) ezindaweni kanye ne-iron oxide (emnyama/empunga) ezindaweni zokungenisa umoya ezihamba kancane kancane ohlelweni lokusabalalisa lwe-CS. 6
Uhlelo lokusabalalisa lwe-CS luwukulungiselelwa kwamagatsha okunamaphoyinti amaningi okusetshenziswa aphela ezindaweni ezikude noma ekugcineni kwesihloko esikhulu kanye nama-subhead ahlukahlukene egatsha. Uhlelo lungafaka inani labalawuli ukusiza ukuqalisa ukwehlisa ingcindezi/ukushisa ezindaweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa ezingaba yizindawo zokugqwala ezingaba khona.
Ukugqwala kungenzeka futhi ezicuphweni zokuklama okuhlanzekile ezibekwa ezindaweni ezahlukene ohlelweni ukuze kususwe i-condensate nomoya ogeleza umusi ohlanzekile odlula ku-trap, amapayipi/amapayipi okukhipha amanzi angaphansi komfula noma i-condensate header.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukufuduka okuphambene kungenzeka lapho amadiphozithi okugqwala akhela khona ogibeni futhi akhulele phezulu nangaphandle kwamapayipi aseduze noma abaqoqi bezindawo zokusebenzisa; ukugqwala okwakheka ezingibeni noma kwezinye izingxenye kungabonakala phezulu komthombo ngokuhamba okuqhubekayo phansi naphezulu.
Ezinye izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali nazo zibonisa amazinga ahlukahlukene aphakathi kuya kwaphezulu ezakhiwo zensimbi, okuhlanganisa ne-delta ferrite. Amakristalu e-Ferrite kukholakala ukuthi anciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala, yize engaba khona ngo-1–5%.
I-Ferrite nayo ayimelani nokugqwala njengesakhiwo sekristalu ye-austenitic, ngakho-ke izogqwala ngokukhethekile. Ama-Ferrite angatholakala ngokunembile nge-ferrite probe kanye ne-semi-accurate nge-magnet, kodwa kunemikhawulo ebalulekile.
Kusukela ekusethweni kwesistimu, kuya ekuqalisweni kokuqala, kanye nokuqaliswa kwejeneretha entsha ye-CS kanye namapayipi okusabalalisa, kunezici eziningana ezibangela ukugqwala:
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ezigqwalisayo njengalezi zingakhiqiza imikhiqizo yokugqwala lapho zihlangana, zihlangana, futhi zihlangana nezingxube zensimbi nensimbi. Umsi omnyama uvame ukubonakala kuqala kujenereyitha, bese uvela emapayipini okukhipha ijenereyitha futhi ekugcineni kulo lonke uhlelo lokusabalalisa lwe-CS.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM kwenziwa ukuze kwembulwe isakhiwo esincane semikhiqizo yokugqwala emboze yonke indawo ngamakristalu nezinye izinhlayiya. Ingemuva noma indawo engaphansi lapho kutholakala khona izinhlayiya iyahlukahluka kusukela kumazinga ahlukahlukene ensimbi (Isithombe 1-3) kuya kumasampula avamile, okuyi-silica/iron, isihlabathi, i-vitreous, amadiphozithi afanayo (Isithombe 4). Izimbobo zomgibe womusi nazo zahlaziywa (Isithombe 5-6).
Ukuhlolwa kwe-AES kuyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukunquma i-chemistry engaphezulu kwensimbi engagqwali nokuhlonza ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Iphinde ibonise ukuwohloka kwefilimu engasebenzi kanye nokwehla kokuhlushwa kwe-chromium kwifilimu engasebenzi njengoba ubuso buwohloka ngenxa yokugqwala.
Ukuze kuchazwe ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo ebusweni besampula ngayinye, kusetshenziswe ama-AES scan (amaphrofayili okuhlushwa kwezinto ezingaphansi kobuso ngaphezu kokujula)
Indawo ngayinye esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM kanye nokwandiswa kwayo ikhethwe ngokucophelela ukuze inikeze ulwazi oluvela ezifundeni ezijwayelekile. Ucwaningo ngalunye lunikeze ulwazi oluvela ezingqimbeni ezimbalwa eziphezulu zama-molecule (okulinganiselwa ku-10 angstroms [Å] ngengqimba ngayinye) kuya ekujuleni kwe-alloy yensimbi (200–1000 Å).
Inani elikhulu lensimbi (Fe), i-chromium (Cr), i-nickel (Ni), i-oxygen (O) kanye ne-carbon (C) liqoshwe kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRouge. Idatha ye-AES nemiphumela ichazwe esigabeni socwaningo lwecala.
Imiphumela ye-AES iyonke yezimo zokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi i-oxidation enamandla iyenzeka kumasampula anamazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-Fe ne-O (ama-iron oxides) kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-Cr ebusweni. Lokhu kufakwa okubomvu kuphumela ekukhishweni kwezinhlayiya ezingangcolisa umkhiqizo kanye nezindawo ezithinta umkhiqizo.
Ngemva kokususwa kombala onsundu, amasampula "angenawo umoya" abonise ukululama okuphelele kwefilimu engasebenzi, lapho i-Cr ifinyelela amazinga aphezulu okuhlushwa kune-Fe, ngesilinganiso sobuso be-Cr:Fe esisukela ku-1.0 kuya ku-2.0 kanye nokungabikho kwe-iron oxide iyonke.
Izindawo ezihlukahlukene ezimahhadlahhadla zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-XPS/ESCA ukuze kuqhathaniswe amazinga e-elemental kanye nezimo ze-spectral oxidation ze-Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), kanye ne-O. kanye ne-C (ithebula A).
Kukhona umehluko ocacile kokuqukethwe kwe-Cr kusukela kumanani aseduze nesendlalelo sokudlulisa kuya kumanani aphansi avame ukutholakala kuma-alloy ayisisekelo. Amazinga ensimbi ne-chromium atholakala ebusweni amelela ubukhulu obuhlukene kanye namazinga ama-rouge deposits. Ukuhlolwa kwe-XPS kubonise ukwanda kwe-Na, C noma i-Ca ezindaweni ezimagebhugebhu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezihlanziwe nezingasebenzi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-XPS kubonise amazinga aphezulu e-C ku-iron red (black) red kanye ne-Fe(x)O(y) (iron oxide) ku-red. Idatha ye-XPS ayisizi ekuqondeni izinguquko zomphezulu ngesikhathi sokugqwala ngoba ihlola kokubili insimbi ebomvu kanye nensimbi eyisisekelo. Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwe-XPS ngamasampula amakhulu kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe kahle imiphumela.
Ababhali bangaphambilini nabo babenobunzima bokuhlola idatha ye-XPS. 10 Ukuqashelwa kwensimu ngesikhathi senqubo yokususa kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuphezulu futhi kuvame ukususwa ngokuhluzwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Ama-micrograph e-SEM athathwe ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa kokususwa kwemibimbi abonisa umonakalo womphezulu obangelwa yilezi zinsalela, kufaka phakathi imigodi kanye nokugoba, okuthinta ngqo ukugqwala.
Imiphumela ye-XPS ngemuva kokudlula ku-passivation ibonise ukuthi isilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-Cr:Fe ebusweni sasiphezulu kakhulu lapho ifilimu yokudlula ku-passivation ikhiwa kabusha, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokugqwala kanye neminye imiphumela emibi ebusweni.
Amasampula ekhuphoni abonise ukwanda okukhulu kwesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe phakathi kobuso "njengoba bunjalo" kanye nobuso obungenasivikelo. Izilinganiso zokuqala ze-Cr:Fe zihlolwe ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-0.6 no-1.0, kanti izilinganiso zokungenasivikelo ngemva kokwelashwa zazisukela ku-1.0 kuya ku-2.5. Amanani ezinsimbi ezingagqwali ezipholishwe ngogesi kanye nezingenasivikelo aphakathi kuka-1.5 no-2.5.
Kumasampula ahlolwe ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, ukujula okuphezulu kwesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe (esasungulwa kusetshenziswa i-AES) kwakusukela ku-3 kuya ku-16 Å. Aqhathaniswa kahle nedatha evela ezifundweni zangaphambilini ezanyatheliswa yi-Coleman2 kanye ne-Roll. 9 Ubuso bawo wonke amasampula babunamazinga ajwayelekile e-Fe, Ni, O, Cr, kanye ne-C. Amazinga aphansi e-P, Cl, S, N, Ca, kanye ne-Na nawo atholakale kumasampula amaningi.
Lezi zinsalela zivame ukwenziwa ngabahlanzi bamakhemikhali, amanzi ahlanziwe, noma ukupholisha ngogesi. Ngemva kokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, kwatholakala ukungcola okuthile kwe-silicon ebusweni nasemaqongeni ahlukene ekristalu le-austenite uqobo. Umthombo ubonakala ungukuqukethwe kwe-silica kwamanzi/umusi, ukupholisha ngomshini, noma ingilazi yokubona encibilikisiwe noma eqoshiwe esitokisini sesizukulwane se-CS.
Imikhiqizo yokugqwala etholakala ezinhlelweni ze-CS kubikwa ukuthi iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo ezihlukene zalezi zinhlelo kanye nokubekwa kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene ezifana nama-valve, izithiyo nezinye izesekeli ezingaholela ezimweni zokugqwala kanye nemikhiqizo yokugqwala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezithathelwa indawo zivame ukufakwa ohlelweni ezingashiswanga kahle. Imikhiqizo yokugqwala nayo ithintwa kakhulu ukwakheka kwejeneretha ye-CS kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo zamasethi ejeneretha ziyi-reboilers kanti ezinye ziyi-tube flashers. Amajeneretha e-CS ngokuvamile asebenzisa izikrini zokuphela ukususa umswakama kumusi ohlanzekile, kanti amanye amajeneretha asebenzisa ama-baffle noma ama-cyclone.
Ezinye zikhiqiza i-patina yensimbi eqinile epayipini lokusabalalisa kanye nensimbi ebomvu eyimbozayo. Ibhloko elididekile lakha ifilimu yensimbi emnyama ene-iron oxide blush ngaphansi futhi lidala isenzakalo sesibili esiphezulu ngesimo se-sooty blush okulula ukuyisula ebusweni.
Njengomthetho, le depositi efana ne-ferruginous-soot igqama kakhulu kuneye-iron-red, futhi iyahamba kakhulu. Ngenxa yesimo sokwanda kwe-oxidation yensimbi ku-condensate, i-sludge ekhiqizwa esiteshini se-condensate phansi kwepayipi lokusabalalisa ine-sludge ye-iron oxide phezu kwe-sludge yensimbi.
I-iron oxide blush idlula eqoqweni le-condensate, ibonakale epayipini lokukhipha amanzi, futhi ungqimba oluphezulu lususwa kalula ebusweni. Ikhwalithi yamanzi idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kwe-blush.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydrocarbon kubangela umswane omningi kakhulu ku-lipstick, kuyilapho okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silica kubangela okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silica, okuholela kungqimba lwe-lipstick olubushelelezi noma olucwebezelayo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izibuko zokubona ezingeni lamanzi nazo zivame ukugqwala, okuvumela ukungcola kanye ne-silica ukuthi kungene ohlelweni.
Isibhamu siyimbangela yokukhathazeka ezinhlelweni zomusi njengoba izendlalelo ezijiyile zingakha ezakha izinhlayiya. Lezi zinhlayiya zikhona ezindaweni zomusi noma emishinini yokubulala amagciwane ngomusi. Izigaba ezilandelayo zichaza imiphumela engaba khona yezidakamizwa.
Ama-SEM e-As-Is kuZithombe 7 no-8 abonisa uhlobo lwe-microcrystalline lwe-carmine yekilasi 2 esimweni 1. I-matrix eqinile kakhulu yamakristalu e-iron oxide akheke ebusweni ngesimo se-residue ecolekile. Izindawo ezihlanziwe nezingenawo umoya zibonise umonakalo wokugqwala oholela ekubunjweni kobuso obumahhadlahhadla futhi obunezimbobo kancane njengoba kuboniswe kuZithombe 9 no-10.
Ukuskena kwe-NPP ku-Fig. 11 kukhombisa isimo sokuqala sobuso bokuqala obune-iron oxide esindayo kuso. Ubuso obungenasivikelo nobungenasivikelo (Isithombe 12) bubonisa ukuthi ifilimu engasebenzi manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ku-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Ubuso obungenasivikelo nobungenasivikelo (Isithombe 12) bubonisa ukuthi ifilimu engasebenzi manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ku-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержанися содержанисся Крузей (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Ubuso obungasebenzi futhi obungenawo amandla (Isithombe 12) bubonisa ukuthi ifilimu engasebenzi manje inokuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ngesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr(红线）含量高于Fe(黑线）),Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания Cr (Fek. линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Ubuso obungenasivivinywa nobunemibimbi (Isithombe 12) bubonisa ukuthi ifilimu engenasivivinywa manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) kune-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ngesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe > 1.0.
Ifilimu encane (<80 Å) ye-chromium oxide edlulayo ivikela kakhulu kunefilimu ye-crystalline iron oxide eyikhulu ye-angstrom evela kungqimba lwensimbi eyisisekelo kanye nesendlalelo esinokuqukethwe kwensimbi okungaphezu kuka-65%.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwendawo engasebenzi nenemibimbi manje sekufana nezinto ezipholishiwe ezingasebenzi. I-sediment esimweni soku-1 iyi-sediment yesigaba sesi-2 ekwazi ukwakheka endaweni; njengoba iqoqana, kwakheka izinhlayiya ezinkulu ezifuduka nomusi.
Kulesi simo, ukugqwala okubonisiwe ngeke kuholele emaphutheni amakhulu noma ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yobuso. Ukushwabana okuvamile kuzonciphisa umphumela wokugqwala ebusweni futhi kuqede amathuba okufuduka okukhulu kwezinhlayiya ezingase zibonakale.
KuMfanekiso 11, imiphumela ye-AES ikhombisa ukuthi izendlalelo ezijiyile eduze kobuso zinamazinga aphezulu e-Fe kanye ne-O (500 Å ye-iron oxide; imigqa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokulandelana), ukushintshela emazingeni ahlanganisiwe e-Fe, Ni, Cr, kanye ne-O. Ukuhlushwa kwe-Fe (umugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwanoma iyiphi enye insimbi, kukhula kusuka ku-35% ebusweni kuya ngaphezu kuka-65% ku-alloy.
Ebusweni, izinga le-O (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani okhanyayo) lisuka cishe ku-50% ku-alloy liye cishe ku-zero ekujiyeni kwefilimu ye-oxide okungaphezu kuka-700 Å. Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye ne-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu ebusweni (< 4%) futhi akhuphuka aye emazingeni ajwayelekile (11% kanye no-17%, ngokulandelana) ekujuleni kwe-alloy. Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye ne-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu ebusweni (< 4%) futhi akhuphuka aye emazingeni ajwayelekile (11% kanye no-17%, ngokulandelana) ekujuleni kwe-alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kanye ne-Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) futhi увеличиваются до нормального уровня (71% ne-11% глубине сплава. Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye ne-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu ebusweni (<4%) futhi akhuphuka abe amazinga ajwayelekile (11% kanye no-17% ngokulandelana) ajule ku-alloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水为1% kanye no-17%.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) and увеличиваются до нормального уровня 1% 10% i-conоответственно). Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye ne-Cr (umugqa obomvu) ebusweni aphansi kakhulu (<4%) futhi akhuphuka abe amazinga ajwayelekile ajulile ku-alloy (11% kanye ne-17% ngokulandelana).
Isithombe se-AES ku-fig. 12 sibonisa ukuthi ungqimba lwe-rouge (iron oxide) lususiwe futhi ifilimu yokudlulisa amandla ibuyiselwe. Kungqimba oluyinhloko lwe-15 Å, izinga le-Cr (umugqa obomvu) liphakeme kunezinga le-Fe (umugqa omnyama), okuyifilimu engasebenzi. Ekuqaleni, okuqukethwe yi-Ni ebusweni kwakungu-9%, kwanda ngo-60–70 Å ngaphezu kwezinga le-Cr (± 16%), bese kukhula kube sezingeni le-alloy elingu-200 Å.
Kusukela ku-2%, izinga lekhabhoni (umugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) lehla liye ku-zero ku-30 ​​Å. Izinga le-Fe liphansi ekuqaleni (< 15%) bese kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokwenyuka liye ezingeni le-alloy ngaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å. Izinga le-Fe liphansi ekuqaleni (< 15%) bese kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokwenyuka liye ezingeni le-alloy ngaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15. Izinga le-Fe liphansi ekuqaleni (< 15%), kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokwenyuka liye ezingeni le-alloy elingaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до сопержания 6 150 Å. Okuqukethwe kwe-Fe ekuqaleni kuphansi (< 15%), kamuva kulingana nokuqukethwe kwe-Cr ku-15 Å futhi kuyaqhubeka nokwanda kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe kwe-alloy kungaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å.Amazinga e-Cr akhuphuka afike ku-25% wobuso ku-30 ​​Å futhi anciphe abe ngu-17% ku-alloy.
Izinga eliphakeme le-O eduze kobuso (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) lehla laya ku-zero ngemva kokujula okungu-120 Å. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kubonise ifilimu yokudlulisa ubuso ethuthukiswe kahle. Izithombe ze-SEM ezifanekisweni 13 no-14 zibonisa uhlobo lwekristalu oluqinile, oluqinile nolunezimbobo lwezendlalelo ze-iron oxide 1st kanye nezesibili. Ubuso obugobile bukhombisa umphumela wokugqwala ebusweni obugobile obunezimbobo ezithile (Izithombe 18-19).
Izindawo ezingasebenzi nezishwabene eziboniswe kuzithombe 13 no-14 azimelani nokushiswa okukhulu. Izithombe 15 no-16 zibonisa ifilimu yokungasebenzi evuselelwe ebusweni bensimbi.