Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho. Ngokuqhubeka ukhangela le sayithi, uyavuma ukuba sisebenzise iikuki. Ulwazi olongezelelweyo.
Iinkqubo zamayeza ezisebenzisa umphunga ococekileyo okanye ococekileyo ziquka iijenereyitha, iivalvu zokulawula, iipayipi zokusasaza okanye iipayipi, iitraphu zethermodynamic okanye ze-equilibrium thermostatic, iigeyiji zoxinzelelo, ii-pressure reducers, iivalvu zokhuseleko, kunye nee-volumetric accumulators.
Uninzi lwale nxalenye yenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316 L kwaye iqulethe ii-gaskets ze-fluoropolymer (ezihlala ziyi-polytetrafluoroethylene, ezaziwa ngokuba yiTeflon okanye i-PTFE), kunye ne-semi-metal okanye ezinye izinto ze-elastomeric.
Ezi nxalenye zisengozini yokugqwala okanye ukonakala ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, nto leyo echaphazela umgangatho wesixhobo esigqityiweyo seClean Steam (CS). Le projekthi ichazwe kweli nqaku ivavanye iisampulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezivela kwizifundo ezine zenkqubo ye-CS, ivavanye umngcipheko wempembelelo yokugqwala enokubakho kwiinkqubo zobunjineli ezibalulekileyo, kwaye ivavanye iinxalenye kunye neentsimbi kwi-condensate.
Iisampulu zezixhobo zemibhobho ebolileyo kunye neenkqubo zokusasazwa zibekwe ukuze kuphandwe iimveliso eziphuma kwi-corrosion. 9 Kwimeko nganye ethile, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu zivavanyiwe. Umzekelo, iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ze-blush kunye ne-corrosion zivavanyiwe.
Imiphezulu yeesampulu zesalathiso ihlolwe ukuba kukho ii-blush deposits kusetyenziswa i-visual inspection, i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kunye ne-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Ezi ndlela zinokutyhila iimpawu zomzimba nezeathom zokugqwala kunye neediphozithi, kunye nokuchonga izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela iimpawu zolwelo lobuchwephesha okanye iimveliso zokugqibela.
Iimveliso zokubola ezenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo zinokuba ziintlobo ezininzi, njengomaleko we-carmine we-iron oxide (mdaka okanye obomvu) kumphezulu ongaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu komaleko we-iron oxide (mnyama okanye ngwevu)2. Ukukwazi ukufuduka uye ezantsi.
Umaleko we-iron oxide (i-black blush) unokuba mkhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iidipozithi zibonakala ngakumbi, njengoko kungqinwa ngamasuntswana okanye iidipozithi ezibonakalayo kumphezulu wegumbi lokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nezixhobo okanye izikhongozeli emva kokubulala iintsholongwane ngomphunga, kukho ukufuduka. Uhlalutyo lwelabhoratri lweesampulu ze-condensate lubonise uhlobo olusasazekileyo lwedaka kunye nobungakanani beentsimbi ezinyibilikayo kulwelo lwe-CS.
Nangona zininzi izizathu zale nto, i-CS generator idla ngokuba yeyona ibangela le ngxaki. Akuqhelekanga ukufumana i-red iron oxide (brown/red) kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye ne-iron oxide (black/grey) kwiindawo zokungenisa umoya ezihamba kancinci kwinkqubo yokusasazwa kwe-CS. 6
Inkqubo yokusasazwa kwe-CS yinkqubo yokumisela amasebe enamachaphaza amaninzi okusetyenziswa aphela kwiindawo ezikude okanye ekupheleni kwentloko ephambili kunye neentloko ezincinci ezahlukeneyo zamasebe. Inkqubo ingabandakanya inani labalawuli ukunceda ukuqalisa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo/ubushushu kwiindawo ezithile zokusetyenziswa ezinokuba ngamachaphaza okubola.
Ukubola kunokubakho nakwimigibe yoyilo olucocekileyo ebekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo ukususa i-condensate nomoya ophuma kumphunga ococekileyo ohamba nge-trap, imibhobho/ipayipi yokukhupha amanzi ezantsi okanye i-condensate header.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukufuduka okungasemva kunokwenzeka apho iidipozithi zomhlwa ziqokelelana kumgibe kwaye zikhula phezulu ziye kwiipayipi ezikufutshane okanye kwiindawo zokuqokelela izinto; umhlwa owenzeka kwiitrafi okanye kwezinye izinto unokubonwa phezulu komthombo kunye nokufuduka okuqhubekayo ukuya phezulu nasezantsi.
Ezinye izinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo nazo zibonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo aphakathi ukuya kwaphezulu ezakhiwo zesinyithi, kuquka i-delta ferrite. Iikristale zeFerrite kukholelwa ukuba ziyanciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala, nangona zinokuba khona kwi-1–5%.
I-Ferrite nayo ayixhathisi kakhulu kwi-corrosion njengesakhiwo se-austenitic crystal, ngoko ke iya kubola ngokukhethekileyo. Ii-Ferrites zinokufunyanwa ngokuchanekileyo nge-ferrite probe kunye ne-semi-accurate nge-magnet, kodwa kukho imida ebalulekileyo.
Ukususela ekusetweni kwenkqubo, ukuya ekuqalisweni kokuqala, kunye nokuqaliswa kwejenereyitha entsha ye-CS kunye nemibhobho yokusasazwa, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinegalelo ekuboleni:
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izinto ezirhabaxa ezifana nezi zinokuvelisa iimveliso zokurhabaxa xa zidibana, zidityaniswe, kwaye zidibana nemixube yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi. Umsi omnyama udla ngokubonakala kuqala kwijenereyitha, emva koko uvele kwimibhobho yokukhupha ijenereyitha kwaye ekugqibeleni kuyo yonke inkqubo yokusasazwa kwe-CS.
Uhlalutyo lwe-SEM lwenziwe ukuze kutyhilwe ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure yeemveliso ze-corrosion ezigubungela umphezulu wonke ngeekristale kunye nezinye ii-particles. Imvelaphi okanye umphezulu ongaphantsi apho ii-particles zifumaneka khona uyahluka ukusuka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi (Umzobo 1-3) ukuya kwiisampuli eziqhelekileyo, ezizezi silica/iron, sandy, vitreous, homogeneous deposits (Umzobo 4). I-steam trap bellows nayo yahlalutywa (Umzobo 5-6).
Uvavanyo lwe-AES yindlela yokuhlalutya esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ikhemistri yomphezulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nokuchonga ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Ikwabonisa ukuwohloka kwefilimu engasebenziyo kunye nokwehla koxinzelelo lwe-chromium kwifilimu engasebenziyo njengoko umphezulu uwohloka ngenxa yokugqwala.
Ukuchonga ukwakheka kwezinto ezisisiseko kumphezulu wesampuli nganye, kusetyenziswe ii-AES scans (iiprofayili zoxinzelelo lwezinto ezikumphezulu ngaphezu kobunzulu)
Indawo nganye esetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-SEM kunye nokwandiswa kwayo ikhethwe ngononophelo ukuze inike ulwazi oluvela kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo. Uphononongo ngalunye lunike ulwazi oluvela kwiileya ezimbalwa eziphezulu ze-molecular (eziqikelelwa kwi-10 angstroms [Å] ngomaleko ngamnye) ukuya kubunzulu be-alloy yesinyithi (200–1000 Å).
Izixa ezibalulekileyo zesinyithi (Fe), i-chromium (Cr), i-nickel (Ni), ioksijini (O) kunye nekhabhoni (C) zirekhodwe kuzo zonke iindawo zaseRouge. Idatha ye-AES kunye neziphumo zichazwe kwicandelo lesifundo setyala.
Iziphumo ze-AES zizonke zeemeko zokuqala zibonisa ukuba i-oxidation enamandla iyenzeka kwiisampuli ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-Fe kunye ne-O (ii-iron oxides) kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-Cr kumphezulu. Le nkunkuma ebomvu ibangela ukukhululwa kwamasuntswana anokungcolisa imveliso kunye neendawo ezidibana nemveliso.
Emva kokuba i-blush isusiwe, iisampulu "ezingasebenziyo" zibonise ukubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo kwefilimu engasebenziyo, apho i-Cr ifikelela kumanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo kune-Fe, kunye nomlinganiselo womphezulu we-Cr:Fe oqala kwi-1.0 ukuya kwi-2.0 kunye nokungabikho kwe-iron oxide iyonke.
Iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezirhabaxa zihlalutywe kusetyenziswa i-XPS/ESCA ukuthelekisa uxinano lwezinto ezisisiseko kunye neemeko ze-oxidation ze-spectral ze-Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), kunye ne-O. kunye ne-C (itheyibhile A).
Kukho umahluko ocacileyo kumxholo we-Cr ukusuka kumaxabiso akufutshane nomaleko we-passivation ukuya kumaxabiso aphantsi afumaneka kwii-alloys ezisisiseko. Amanqanaba esinyithi kunye ne-chromium afumaneka kumphezulu amele ubukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba e-rouge deposits. Uvavanyo lwe-XPS lubonise ukwanda kwe-Na, C okanye i-Ca kwiindawo ezirhabaxa xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezicociweyo nezingasebenziyo.
Uvavanyo lwe-XPS lukwabonise amanqanaba aphezulu e-C kwi-iron red (black) red kunye ne-Fe(x)O(y) (iron oxide) ebomvu. Idatha ye-XPS ayiluncedo ekuqondeni utshintsho lomphezulu ngexesha lokugqwala kuba ivavanya zombini i-red metal kunye ne-base metal. Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwe-XPS ngeesampuli ezinkulu luyafuneka ukuze kuvavanywe ngokufanelekileyo iziphumo.
Ababhali bangaphambili nabo babenobunzima bokuvavanya idatha ye-XPS. 10 Ukuqwalaselwa kwentsimi ngexesha lenkqubo yokususa kubonise ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu kwaye uhlala ususwa ngokuhluzwa ngexesha lokucubungula. Ii-micrograph ze-SEM ezithathwe ngaphambi nasemva konyango lokususa imibimbi zibonisa umonakalo womphezulu obangelwe zezi zidiphozithi, kubandakanya imingxuma kunye nokubola, okuchaphazela ngqo ukubola.
Iziphumo ze-XPS emva kokudlula kwi-passivation zibonise ukuba umlinganiselo womxholo we-Cr:Fe kumphezulu wawuphezulu kakhulu xa ifilimu yokudlula kwi-passivation yenziwa ngokutsha, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokugqwala kunye nezinye iziphumo ezimbi kumphezulu.
Iisampulu zekhuphoni zibonise ukwanda okukhulu kumlinganiselo we-Cr:Fe phakathi komphezulu "njengoko unjalo" kunye nomphezulu ongasebenziyo. Umlinganiselo wokuqala we-Cr:Fe uvavanywe kuluhlu lwe-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.0, ngelixa umlinganiselo wokungasebenziyo emva konyango wawuphakathi kwe-1.0 ukuya kwi-2.5. Amaxabiso eentsimbi ezingenasici ezicoliweyo ngombane kunye nezingasebenziyo ziphakathi kwe-1.5 kunye ne-2.5.
Kwiisampuli eziye zalungiswa emva kokucubungula, ubunzulu obukhulu bomlinganiselo we-Cr:Fe (owasekwa kusetyenziswa i-AES) bususela kwi-3 ukuya kwi-16 Å. Zithelekiswa kakuhle nedatha evela kwizifundo zangaphambili ezipapashwe yiColeman2 kunye neRoll. 9 Imiphezulu yazo zonke iisampuli yayinamanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-Fe, Ni, O, Cr, kunye ne-C. Amanqanaba aphantsi e-P, Cl, S, N, Ca, kunye ne-Na nawo afunyenwe kwiisampuli ezininzi.
Ezi ntsalela ziqhelekile kwiikhemikhali zokucoca, amanzi acocekileyo, okanye ukupholisha nge-electro. Emva kohlalutyo olongezelelweyo, kwafunyanwa ungcoliseko oluthile lwe-silicon kumphezulu nakumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-austenite crystal ngokwayo. Umthombo ubonakala ngathi ngumxholo we-silica wamanzi/umphunga, ii-mechanical polishes, okanye iglasi yokubona enyibilikisiweyo okanye eqoshiweyo kwiseli yesizukulwana se-CS.
Iimveliso zokugqwala ezifumaneka kwiinkqubo ze-CS kuthiwa zahlukile kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zezi nkqubo kunye nokubekwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana neevalvu, iitraphu kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinokukhokelela kwiimeko zokugqwala kunye neemveliso zokugqwala.
Ukongeza, izinto ezitshintshayo zihlala zifakwa kwinkqubo ezingashukunyiswanga kakuhle. Iimveliso zokubola nazo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kuyilo lwejenereyitha ye-CS kunye nomgangatho wamanzi. Ezinye iintlobo zeeseti zejenereyitha zii-reboilers ngelixa ezinye ziyi-tubular flashers. Iijenereyitha ze-CS zihlala zisebenzisa izikrini zokuphela ukususa umswakama kumphunga ococekileyo, ngelixa ezinye iijenereyitha zisebenzisa ii-baffles okanye ii-cyclone.
Ezinye zivelisa i-patina yentsimbi eqinileyo kumbhobho wokusasaza kunye nentsimbi ebomvu eyigubungelayo. Ibhloko edidayo yenza ifilimu yentsimbi emnyama ene-iron oxide blush ngaphantsi kwaye idala imbonakalo yesibini yomphezulu ongaphezulu ngendlela ye-sooty blush elula ukuyisula kumphezulu.
Ngokwesiqhelo, le nkunkuma efana ne-ferruginous-soot iyabonakala kakhulu kuneye-iron-red, kwaye iyakwazi ukuhambahamba. Ngenxa yemeko ye-oxidation ephezulu yesinyithi kwi-condensate, i-sludge eveliswa kumjelo we-condensate ezantsi kombhobho wokusasazwa ine-iron oxide sludge phezu kwe-iron sludge.
I-iron oxide blush idlula kwi-condensate collector, ibonakale kwi-drain, kwaye umaleko ophezulu ukhuhla lula kumphezulu. Umgangatho wamanzi udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-chemical composition ye-blush.
Ubuninzi be-hydrocarbon bubangela umsi omninzi kwi-lipstick, ngelixa ubukhulu be-silica bubangela ubungakanani be-silica obuphezulu, nto leyo ebangela umaleko we-lipstick ogudileyo okanye ocwebezelayo. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iiglasi zokubona ezilingana namanzi nazo zisengozini yokubola, nto leyo evumela inkunkuma kunye ne-silica ukuba ingene kwinkqubo.
Le mpu ibangela inkxalabo kwiinkqubo zomphunga njengoko iileya ezingqindilili zinokwenza amasuntswana. La masuntswana akhona kumphezulu womphunga okanye kwizixhobo zokubulala iintsholongwane zomphunga. La macandelo alandelayo achaza iziphumo ezinokubakho zeziyobisi.
Ii-As-Is SEMs kwiMifanekiso 7 kunye no-8 zibonisa uhlobo lwe-microcrystalline yeklasi yesi-2 carmine kwimeko yoku-1. I-matrix exineneyo yeekristale ze-iron oxide ezenziwe phezu komphezulu ngendlela yentsalela ecolekileyo. Iindawo ezicociweyo nezingenazo izinto zibonise umonakalo wokugqwala obangele ubume bomphezulu oburhabaxa nobunemingxuma kancinci njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso 9 kunye no-10.
I-NPP scan kumzobo we-11 ibonisa imeko yokuqala yomphezulu wokuqala one-iron oxide enzima kuwo. Umphezulu ongasebenziyo nophumayo (Umfanekiso 12) ubonisa ukuba ifilimu engasebenziyo ngoku inomxholo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) ophakamileyo ngaphezulu kwe-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Umphezulu ongasebenziyo nophumayo (Umfanekiso 12) ubonisa ukuba ifilimu engasebenziyo ngoku inomxholo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) ophakamileyo ngaphezulu kwe-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержанисся Крупение (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Umphezulu ongasebenziyo nonganamandla (Umzobo 12) ubonisa ukuba ifilimu engasebenziyo ngoku inomthamo owandisiweyo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) xa kuthelekiswa ne-Fe (umgca omnyama) kumlinganiselo we-Cr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr(红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания C. линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Umphezulu ongasebenziyo nobhityileyo (Umzobo 12) ubonisa ukuba ifilimu engasebenziyo ngoku inomxholo ophezulu we-Cr (umgca obomvu) kunowe-Fe (umgca omnyama) kumlinganiselo we-Cr:Fe > 1.0.
Ifilimu encinci (<80 Å) ye-chromium oxide ekhuphayo ikhusela ngakumbi kunefilimu enkulu ye-angstrom thick crystalline iron oxide evela kwisiseko sesinyithi kunye nomaleko wesikali onomxholo wesinyithi ongaphezulu kwe-65%.
Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zomphezulu ongasebenziyo nobhityileyo ngoku lufana nezinto ezipholishiweyo ezingasebenziyo. I-sediment kwimeko yoku-1 yi-sediment yodidi lwesibini ekwaziyo ukwakheka kwindawo ethile; njengoko iqokelelana, kwakheka amasuntswana amakhulu ahamba nomphunga.
Kwimeko enjalo, ukugqwala okubonisiweyo akuyi kukhokelela kwiziphene ezinkulu okanye ekuwohlokeni komgangatho womphezulu. Ukushwabana okuqhelekileyo kuya kunciphisa isiphumo sokugqwala kumphezulu kwaye kuphelise ithuba lokufuduka okukhulu kwamasuntswana anokubonakala.
KuMfanekiso 11, iziphumo ze-AES zibonisa ukuba iileya ezingqindilili kufutshane nomphezulu zinezinga eliphezulu le-Fe kunye ne-O (500 Å ye-iron oxide; imigca eluhlaza yelamuni kunye nebhlowu, ngokulandelelanayo), ukutshintshela kumanqanaba axutyiweyo e-Fe, Ni, Cr, kunye ne-O. Uxinzelelo lwe-Fe (umgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) luphezulu kakhulu kunolwayo nayiphi na enye isinyithi, lunyuka ukusuka kwi-35% kumphezulu ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-alloy.
Kumphezulu, inqanaba le-O (umgca oluhlaza okhanyayo) lisuka phantse kwi-50% kwi-alloy ukuya phantse kwi-zero kwi-oxide film ubukhulu obungaphezulu kwe-700 Å. Amanqanaba eNi (umgca oluhlaza okomnyama) kunye neCr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (< 4%) kwaye ayanda ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17%, ngokulandelelana) kubunzulu be-alloy. Amanqanaba eNi (umgca oluhlaza okomnyama) kunye neCr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (< 4%) kwaye ayanda ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17%, ngokulandelelana) kubunzulu be-alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kunye neCr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) kunye neCr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) kunye ne увеличиваются до нормального уровня (11% глубине сплава. Amanqanaba eNi (umgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kunye neCr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (<4%) kwaye ayanda ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17% ngokulandelelana) nzulu kwi-alloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水为1% kunye ne-17%表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kunye ne Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) kunye neCr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) kunye normall соответственно). Amanqanaba eNi (umgca oluhlaza okomnyama) kunye neCr (umgca obomvu) kumphezulu aphantsi kakhulu (<4%) kwaye ayanda ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo nzulu kwi-alloy (11% kunye ne-17% ngokulandelanayo).
Umfanekiso we-AES kumfanekiso we-12 ubonisa ukuba umaleko we-rouge (iron oxide) ususiwe kwaye ifilimu ye-passivation ibuyiselwe. Kwimaleko yokuqala ye-15 Å, inqanaba le-Cr (umgca obomvu) liphezulu kunenqanaba le-Fe (umgca omnyama), eliyifilimu engasebenziyo. Ekuqaleni, umxholo we-Ni kumphezulu wawuyi-9%, unyuka ngo-60–70 Å ngaphezulu kwenqanaba le-Cr (± 16%), uze unyuke uye kwinqanaba le-alloy le-200 Å.
Ukuqala kwi-2%, inqanaba lekhabhoni (umgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) lehla liye ku-zero kwi-30 Å. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%) kwaye kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka ukuya kwinqanaba le-alloy ngaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%) kwaye kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka ukuya kwinqanaba le-alloy ngaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%), kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka liye kwinqanaba le-alloy elingaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до сопержаний % ‧ . 150 Å. Umxholo we-Fe ekuqaleni uphantsi (< 15%), kamva ulingana nomxholo we-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye uyaqhubeka nokunyuka ude umxholo we-alloy ube ngaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å.Amanqanaba e-Cr ayanda ukuya kwi-25% yomphezulu kwi-30 Å aze ehle aye kwi-17% kwi-alloy.
Inqanaba eliphezulu le-O kufutshane nomphezulu (umgca oluhlaza okhanyayo) lehla liye kwi-zero emva kobunzulu be-120 Å. Olu hlalutyo lubonise ifilimu yokuthambisa umphezulu ephuhliswe kakuhle. Iifoto ze-SEM kwimifanekiso 13 kunye ne-14 zibonisa uhlobo lwekristale olurhabaxa, olurhabaxa nolunemingxuma lomphezulu we-1st kunye neyesibini ye-iron oxide layers. Umphezulu obhityileyo ubonisa isiphumo sokugqwala kumphezulu orhabaxa onemingxuma ethile (Imifanekiso 18-19).
Iindawo ezingasebenziyo nezishwabeneyo eziboniswe kwimifanekiso 13 kunye ne-14 azimelani ne-oxidation enzima. Imifanekiso 15 kunye ne-16 ibonisa ifilimu yokungasebenziyo ebuyiselweyo kumphezulu wesinyithi.