Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā pihikete hei whakapai ake i tō wheako. Mā te tirotiro tonu i tēnei pae, e whakaae ana koe ki tā mātou whakamahinga o ngā pihikete. Ngā Mōhiotanga Tāpiri.
Kei roto i ngā pūnaha rongoā mamaoa parakore, ngā pūkaha whakaputa hiko, ngā takirere whakahaere, ngā paipa tohatoha, ngā mahanga pāmahana pāmahana, taurite rānei, ngā ine pēhanga, ngā whakaiti pēhanga, ngā takirere haumaru, me ngā whakaemi rōrahi.
Ko te nuinga o ēnei wāhanga he mea hanga ki te maitai kore waikura 316 L, ā, kei roto hoki he gasket fluoropolymer (ko te polytetrafluoroethylene te nuinga, e mōhiotia ana ko Teflon, PTFE rānei), tae atu ki ngā rauemi haurua-konganuku me ētahi atu rauemi elastomeric.
Ka ngāwari te waikura, te pirau rānei o ēnei wāhanga i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka pā ki te kounga o te taputapu Clean Steam (CS) kua oti. I arotakehia e te kaupapa i whakaahuatia i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā tauira kowiri tira mai i ngā rangahau take pūnaha CS e whā, i aromatawaihia te mōrearea o ngā pānga waikura pea ki ngā tukanga me ngā pūnaha hangarau nui, ā, i whakamatautauria mō ngā matūriki me ngā konganuku i roto i te waikura.
Ka whakatakotoria ngā tauira o ngā paipa me ngā wāhanga pūnaha tohatoha kua waikura hei tirotiro i ngā hua o te waikura. 9 Mō ia take motuhake, i arotakehia ngā āhuatanga mata rerekē. Hei tauira, i arotakehia ngā pānga o te whero me te waikura paerewa.
I aromatawaitia ngā mata o ngā tauira tohutoro mō te aroaro o ngā putunga whero mā te whakamahi i te tirotiro tirohanga, te tirotiro irahiko Auger (AES), te tirotiro irahiko mō te tātari matū (ESCA), te tirotiro irahiko matawai (SEM) me te tirotiro irahiko whakaahua-X (XPS).
Ka taea e ēnei tikanga te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga ngota o te waikura me ngā putunga, me te whakatau hoki i ngā āhuatanga matua e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā wai hangarau, o ngā hua whakamutunga rānei.
He maha ngā āhua o ngā hua waikura o te maitai kore waikura, pērā i te paparanga whero whero o te waikura rino (parauri, whero rānei) i runga i te mata i raro, i runga ake rānei i te paparanga waikura rino (mangu, hina rānei). 2. Te kaha ki te heke ki raro.
Tērā pea ka matotoru te paparanga waikura rino (pango whero) i te roanga o te wā i te mea ka kitea nuitia ngā putunga, e kitea ana i ngā matūriki, i ngā putunga rānei e kitea ana i runga i ngā mata o te rūma whakahoromata me ngā taputapu, ngā ipu rānei i muri i te whakahoromata mamaoa, ka heke te wai. I whakaatuhia e te tātari taiwhanga o ngā tauira waikura te āhua marara o te paru me te nui o ngā konganuku wairewa i roto i te wai CS. whā
Ahakoa he maha ngā take mō tēnei āhuatanga, ko te kaihanga CS te nuinga o te wā e whai wāhi nui ana. Ehara i te mea onge te kitea o te waikura rino whero (parauri/whero) i runga i ngā mata me te waikura rino (mangu/hina) i roto i ngā pūhau e neke haere mārire ana i roto i te pūnaha tohatoha CS. 6
He whirihoranga peka te pūnaha tohatoha CS me ngā pūwāhi whakamahinga maha e mutu ana ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ki te pito rānei o te pane matua me ngā pane iti peka. Tērā pea kei roto i te pūnaha he maha ngā kaiwhakahaere hei āwhina i te tīmatanga o te whakahekenga pēhanga/pāmahana i ngā pūwāhi whakamahinga motuhake ka taea te pirau.
Ka taea hoki te waikura i roto i ngā mahanga hoahoa akuaku e whakatakotoria ana ki ngā wāhi rerekē o te pūnaha hei tango i te waikura me te hau mai i te mamaoa ma e rere ana i roto i te mahanga, i ngā paipa/paipa tuku wai i raro iho, i te pane waikura rānei.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te hekenga whakamuri pea te wāhi e pupū ake ai ngā putunga waikura i runga i te mahanga, ka tipu ki runga, ki tua atu hoki i ngā paipa tata, i ngā wāhi kohikohinga rānei; ko te waikura e puta ana i roto i ngā mahanga, i ētahi atu wāhanga rānei, ka kitea ki runga ake i te pūtake me te hekenga tonu ki raro, ki runga hoki.
Kei roto hoki i ētahi wāhanga maitai kore waikura ngā hanganga whakarewa taumata-waenga ki te teitei, tae atu ki te delta ferrite. E whakaponohia ana ka whakaitihia e ngā tioata Ferrite te ātete ki te waikura, ahakoa he iti noa iho i te 1–5% te kitea.
Kāore hoki te Ferrite i te tino ātete ki te waikura pērā i te hanganga tioata austenitic, nō reira ka pai ake te waikura. Ka taea te kite tika i ngā ferrite mā te whakamahi i tētahi tirotiro ferrite, ā, ka taea te kite tika mā te whakamahi i tētahi aukume, engari he nui ngā herenga.
Mai i te whakatūnga o te pūnaha, tae noa ki te whakatūnga tuatahi, me te tīmatanga o tētahi pūkaha hiko CS hou me ngā paipa tohatoha, he maha ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki te waikura:
I roto i te wā, ka taea e ngā huānga waikura pēnei te whakaputa hua waikura ina tūtaki, ina honoa, ina taupatupatu ki ngā ranunga o te rino me te rino. Ko te pungarehu pango ka kitea tuatahitia i roto i te whakaputa hiko, kātahi ka puta i roto i ngā paipa tuku hiko o te whakaputa hiko, ā, i te mutunga puta noa i te pūnaha tohatoha CS.
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga SEM hei whakaatu i te hanganga iti o ngā hua waikura e kapi ana i te mata katoa ki ngā tioata me ētahi atu matūriki. Ko te mata papamuri, te mata kei raro rānei i kitea ai ngā matūriki, he rerekē mai i ngā momo rino rerekē (Pikitia 1-3) ki ngā tauira noa, arā, ko te silica/rino, te onepū, te karaihe, ngā putunga ōrite (Pikitia 4). I tātarihia hoki ngā pupuhi mahanga mamaoa (Pikitia 5-6).
Ko te whakamātautau AES he tikanga tātari e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te matū o te mata o te maitai kore waikura, me te tātari i tōna ātete ki te waikura. E whakaatu ana hoki i te hekenga o te kiriata korehau me te hekenga o te kukū o te chromium i roto i te kiriata korehau i te mea ka heke te mata nā te waikura.
Hei whakaahua i te hanganga huānga o te mata o ia tauira, i whakamahia ngā matawai AES (ngā kōtaha kukū o ngā huānga mata i runga i te hohonutanga).
Kua āta whiriwhiria ia wāhi i whakamahia mō te tātari SEM me te whakanui ake hei whakarato i ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā rohe noa. I whakaratohia e ia rangahau ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā paparanga ngota ngota o runga (e kiia ana he 10 angstrom [Å] mō ia paparanga) ki te hohonutanga o te koranu whakarewa (200–1000 Å).
Kua kitea he nui ngā rahinga rino (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), oxygen (O) me te waro (C) i ngā rohe katoa o Rouge. Kei te wāhanga ako take ngā raraunga me ngā hua o te AES.
Ko ngā hua whānui o te AES mō ngā āhuatanga tuatahi e whakaatu ana ka puta te waikura kaha ki ngā tauira he nui rawa te kukū o te Fe me te O (ngā waikura rino) me te iti o te ihirangi Cr i runga i te mata. Ko te hua o tēnei putunga whero ko te tukunga o ngā matūriki ka poke i te hua me ngā mata e pā ana ki te hua.
I muri i te tangohanga o te whero kanapa, i whakaatuhia e ngā tauira "kua kore e whakamahia" te whakaoranga katoa o te kiriata kore e whakamahia, me te taumata kukū o te Cr ki te Fe, me te ōwehenga mata Cr:Fe mai i te 1.0 ki te 2.0 me te korenga o te waikura rino.
I tātarihia ngā mata taratara mā te whakamahi i te XPS/ESCA hei whakataurite i ngā kukū huānga me ngā āhua waikura ā-ira o te Fe, Cr, te whanariki (S), te konupūmā (Ca), te konutai (Na), te whākōkī (P), te hauota (N), me te O. me te C (ripanga A).
He mārama te rerekētanga o te ihirangi Cr mai i ngā uara e tata ana ki te paparanga passivation ki ngā uara iti iho e kitea ana i roto i ngā koranu turanga. Ko ngā taumata o te rino me te chromium e kitea ana i runga i te mata e tohu ana i ngā matotoru me ngā taumata rerekē o ngā putunga whero. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau XPS he pikinga o te Na, C, Ca rānei i runga i ngā mata taratara ki te whakataurite ki ngā mata kua horoia me ngā mata kua passivated.
I whakaatuhia hoki e te whakamātautau XPS ngā taumata teitei o te C i roto i te whero rino (pango) me te Fe(x)O(y) (waikura rino) i roto i te whero. Kāore e whai hua ngā raraunga XPS mō te mārama ki ngā huringa mata i te wā o te waikura nā te mea ka aromatawaihia te konganuku whero me te konganuku turanga. Me whai whakamātautau XPS tāpiri me ngā tauira nui ake hei aromatawai tika i ngā hua.
I uaua hoki ngā kaituhi o mua ki te aromatawai i ngā raraunga XPS. 10 Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tirohanga mara i te wā o te tukanga tango he nui te ihirangi waro, ā, ka tangohia mā te tātari i te wā e tukatukahia ana. Ko ngā whakaahua iti SEM i tangohia i mua me muri i te maimoatanga tango kita e whakaatu ana i te kino o te mata i puta mai i ēnei putunga, tae atu ki te poka me te porosity, e pā tika ana ki te waikura.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua XPS i muri i te whakakorenga he nui ake te ōwehenga o te ihirangi Cr:Fe i runga i te mata i te wā i hangaia anōtia ai te kiriata whakakorenga, ā, nā reira i whakaitihia ai te tere o te waikura me ētahi atu pānga kino ki te mata.
I whakaatuhia e ngā tauira tīkitipati he pikinga nui o te ōwehenga Cr:Fe i waenga i te mata "pērā tonu" me te mata kua pāngia. I whakamatautauria ngā ōwehenga Cr:Fe tuatahi i te awhe o te 0.6 ki te 1.0, ko ngā ōwehenga pāngia i muri i te maimoatanga i ahu mai i te 1.0 ki te 2.5. Ko ngā uara mō ngā maitai kore waikura kua orohia hiko me te kua pāngia kei waenga i te 1.5 me te 2.5.
I roto i ngā tauira i tukuna ki te tukatuka-muri, ko te hohonutanga mōrahi o te ōwehenga Cr:Fe (i whakatūria mā te whakamahi i te AES) i waenga i te 3 ki te 16 Å. He pai te whakataurite ki ngā raraunga mai i ngā rangahau o mua i whakaputaina e Coleman2 me Roll.9 He taumata paerewa o Fe, Ni, O, Cr, me C ngā mata o ngā tauira katoa. I kitea hoki he taumata iti o P, Cl, S, N, Ca, me Na i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira.
He rite tonu ēnei toenga ki ngā kaihoroi matū, ki te wai parakore, ki te whakakanapa hiko rānei. I muri i te tātaritanga anō, i kitea ētahi poke silicon i runga i te mata me ngā taumata rerekē o te tioata austenite tonu. Ko te pūtake pea ko te ihirangi silica o te wai/mamahu, ngā whakakanapa miihini, te karāhe tirohanga kua rewa, kua whakairohia rānei i roto i te pūtau whakaputa CS.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo, he rerekē rawa ngā hua waikura e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha CS. Nā te rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o ēnei pūnaha me te whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga rerekē pērā i ngā takirere, ngā mahanga me ētahi atu taputapu ka arahi pea ki ngā āhuatanga waikura me ngā hua waikura.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakaurua ngā wāhanga whakakapinga ki roto i te pūnaha kāore i te tika te whakakorenga. Ka pāngia hoki ngā hua waikura e te hoahoa o te pūkaha hiko CS me te kounga o te wai. Ko ētahi momo huinga pūkaha hiko he reboilers, ko ētahi he tubular flashers. Ko ngā pūkaha hiko CS e whakamahi ana i ngā mata pito hei tango i te makuku mai i te mamaoa ma, ko ētahi atu pūkaha hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā baffles, i ngā cyclone rānei.
Ko ētahi ka puta he patina rino totoka i roto i te paipa tohatoha, ā, ka hipokina e te rino whero. Ka hangaia e te poraka whakararuraru he kiriata rino pango me te whero waikura rino i raro, ā, ka hangaia he āhua tuarua o te mata o runga i te āhua o te whero pungarehu e māmā ake ai te muru atu i te mata.
Ko te tikanga, he nui ake te kitea o tēnei putunga rite ki te pungarehu ferruginous i te mea whero-rino, ā, he ngāwari ake te nekeneke. Nā te pikinga o te āhua waikura o te rino i roto i te waipū, ko te paru i hangaia i roto i te awa waipū i raro i te paipa tohatoha he paru waikura rino kei runga ake i te paru rino.
Ka haere te waikura rino mā te kaikohi waikura, ka kitea i roto i te waikeri, ā, ka ngāwari te mirimiri i te paparanga o runga i te mata. He mea nui te kounga o te wai i roto i te hanganga matū o te waikura.
Ka nui rawa te pungarehu i roto i te rīpene ngutu mēnā he nui ake te hauwai, ā, ka nui ake te silica, ka maeneene, ka kanapa rānei te paparanga rīpene ngutu. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he ngāwari hoki ngā mōhiti tirohanga taumata wai ki te waikura, ka uru atu ai ngā paru me te silica ki roto i te pūnaha.
He take āwangawanga te pū i roto i ngā pūnaha mamaoa nā te mea ka taea te hanga i ngā paparanga matotoru hei hanga i ngā matūriki. Kei runga i ngā mata mamaoa, i roto rānei i ngā taputapu whakahoromata mamaoa ēnei matūriki. Kei ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei e whakaahua ana i ngā pānga pea o te rongoā.
Ko ngā SEM As-Is i roto i ngā Pikitia 7 me te 8 e whakaatu ana i te āhua moroiti-kiriata o te karamine karaehe 2 i roto i te take 1. He matrix tino matotoru o ngā tioata waikura rino i hangaia ki runga i te mata hei toenga pai-kikokore. Ko ngā mata i horoia me te whakakorengia i whakaatu i te kino o te waikura, ā, i hua ake he kakano mata taratara me te paku pūwero e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 9 me te 10.
E whakaatu ana te matawai NPP i te pikitia 11 i te āhua tīmatanga o te mata taketake me te waikura rino taumaha i runga. Ko te mata kua whakakorengia, kua tangohia te arai (Pikitia 12) e tohu ana kua teitei ake te ihirangi Cr (rārangi whero) o te kiriata whakakorengia i runga ake i te Fe (rārangi mangu) i te ōwehenga > 1.0 Cr:Fe. Ko te mata kua whakakorengia, kua tangohia te arai (Pikitia 12) e tohu ana kua teitei ake te ihirangi Cr (rārangi whero) o te kiriata whakakorengia i runga ake i te Fe (rārangi mangu) i te ōwehenga > 1.0 Cr:Fe. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышеникрасяжность линия) по сравнению с Fe (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Ko te mata kua whakakorengia, kua tangohia te kaha (Pikitia 12) e tohu ana kua nui ake te ihirangi Cr (rārangi whero) o te kiriata kore e whakamahi ana i te Fe (rārangi mangu) i te ōwehenga o Cr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线）（黑线），Cr:Fe 。 Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет болео высолео (красная линия), чем Fe (черная линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. E whakaatu ana te mata kua pāngia, kua miro hoki (Pikitia 12) he nui ake te ihirangi Cr (rārangi whero) o te kiriata kua pāngia i te Fe (rārangi mangu) i te ōwehenga Cr:Fe > 1.0.
He nui ake te tiaki a te kiriata konukōmiuma waikura e kore e neke ake ana (< 80 Å) i te kiriata konukōmiuma rino tioata matotoru rau-angstrom mai i te paparanga konganuku turanga me te paparanga unahi he nui ake te rino i te 65%.
Ko te hanganga matū o te mata kua pāngia, kua miro hoki, kua rite inaianei ki ngā rauemi kua orohia. Ko te paru i roto i te take 1 he paru akomanga 2 ka taea te hanga i roto i tōna wāhi; i a ia e kohia ana, ka hangaia he matūriki nui ake ka heke tahi me te mamaoa.
I tēnei wā, kāore te waikura e whakaaturia ana e arahi ki ngā hapa nui, ki te hekenga rānei o te kounga o te mata. Mā te miro noa ka whakaiti i te pānga waikura ki te mata, ā, ka whakakorea te āheinga o te hekenga kaha o ngā matūriki ka kitea pea.
I te Pikitia 11, e whakaatu ana ngā hua AES he nui ake ngā taumata o te Fe me te O i ngā paparanga matotoru e tata ana ki te mata (500 Å o te waikura rino; ngā rārangi kakariki me te kikorangi rēmana), ka neke ki ngā taumata kua tāpirihia o te Fe, Ni, Cr, me te O. He nui ake te kukū o te Fe (rārangi kikorangi) i tērā o tētahi atu konganuku, ka piki ake mai i te 35% i te mata ki te neke atu i te 65% i roto i te koranu.
I te mata, ka neke te taumata O (rārangi kakariki mārama) mai i te tata ki te 50% i roto i te koranu ki te tata ki te kore i te matotoru o te kiriata waikura neke atu i te 700 Å. He tino iti rawa ngā taumata Ni (rārangi kakariki pouri) me Cr (rārangi whero) i te mata (< 4%), ā, ka piki ki ngā taumata noa (11% me te 17%, ia) i te hohonutanga o te koranu. He tino iti rawa ngā taumata Ni (rārangi kakariki pouri) me Cr (rārangi whero) i te mata (< 4%), ā, ka piki ki ngā taumata noa (11% me te 17%, ia) i te hohonutanga o te koranu. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) me увеличиваются до нормяльь (1%7%) соответственно) в глубине сплава. He tino iti ngā taumata o te Ni (rārangi kakariki pouri) me te Cr (rārangi whero) i te mata (<4%), ā, ka piki ki ngā taumata noa (11% me te 17%) i roto i te koranu.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水平（分别为11% 和17%）。表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水平（分别咺11% Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) и увеличиваются до новермибльунро сплава (11% me te 17% соответственно). He tino iti rawa ngā taumata o te Ni (rārangi kakariki pouri) me te Cr (rārangi whero) i te mata (<4%), ā, ka piki ake ki ngā taumata noa i roto i te koranu (11% me te 17%).
E whakaatu ana te ahua AES i te pikitia 12 kua tangohia te paparanga whero (waikura rino) ā, kua whakahokia mai te kiriata whakakore. I roto i te paparanga tuatahi 15 Å, he teitei ake te taumata Cr (rārangi whero) i te taumata Fe (rārangi pango), he kiriata whakakore. I te tīmatanga, ko te ihirangi Ni i runga i te mata he 9%, e piki ake ana mā te 60–70 Å i runga ake i te taumata Cr (± 16%), kātahi ka piki ake ki te taumata koranu o te 200 Å.
Ka tīmata i te 2%, ka heke te taumata waro (rārangi kikorangi) ki te kore i te 30 Å. He iti te taumata Fe i te tīmatanga (< 15%), ā, i muri mai ka rite ki te taumata Cr i te 15 Å, ā, ka piki haere tonu ki te taumata koranu neke atu i te 65% i te 150 Å. He iti te taumata Fe i te tīmatanga (< 15%), ā, i muri mai ka rite ki te taumata Cr i te 15 Å, ā, ka piki haere tonu ki te taumata koranu neke atu i te 65% i te 150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжапет увеличиваться до уровня сплава 65% бери. He iti te taumata Fe i te tīmatanga (< 15%), ā, i muri mai ka rite ki te taumata Cr i te 15 Å, ā, ka piki haere tonu ki te taumata koranu neke atu i te 65% i te 150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过的。 Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过的。 Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться более 65 % при 150 Å. He iti te ihirangi Fe i te tīmatanga (< 15%), ā, i muri mai ka rite ki te ihirangi Cr i te 15 Å, ā, ka piki haere tonu kia neke ake rā anō te ihirangi koranu i te 65% i te 150 Å.Ka piki ake ngā taumata Cr ki te 25% o te mata i te 30 Å, ā, ka heke ki te 17% i roto i te koranu.
Ka heke te taumata O teitei tata ki te mata (rārangi kakariki mārama) ki te kore i muri i te hohonutanga o te 120 Å. I whakaatuhia e tēnei tātaritanga he kiriata whakakore mata kua tino whanake. Ko ngā whakaahua SEM i roto i ngā ahua 13 me te 14 e whakaatu ana i te āhua taratara, taratara me te porous o ngā paparanga waikura rino tuatahi me te tuarua o te mata. E whakaatu ana te mata miro i te pānga o te waikura ki te mata taratara kua pakaru tetahi wāhanga (Pikitia 18-19).
Kāore e taea e ngā mata kua pāngia, kua miro hoki e whakaaturia ana i ngā whakaahua 13 me te 14 te tu atu i te waikura nui. E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua 15 me te 16 i tētahi kiriata pāngia kua whakahokia mai i runga i tētahi mata whakarewa.