Peb siv cov ncuav qab zib los txhim kho koj qhov kev paub. Los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv mus saib lub xaib no, koj pom zoo rau peb siv cov ncuav qab zib. Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv.
Cov tshuab ua tshuaj uas huv si los yog cov pa ntshiab suav nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob, cov qhov tswj, cov kav xa khoom lossis cov kav dej, cov cuab yeej thermodynamic lossis sib npaug thermostatic, cov ntsuas siab, cov khoom txo siab, cov qhov tswj kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov khoom ntim volumetric.
Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no yog ua los ntawm 316 L stainless hlau thiab muaj cov gaskets fluoropolymer (feem ntau yog polytetrafluoroethylene, tseem hu ua Teflon lossis PTFE), nrog rau cov khoom siv semi-hlau lossis lwm yam khoom siv elastomeric.
Cov khoom no yooj yim raug xeb lossis puas tsuaj thaum siv, uas cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv Clean Steam (CS). Qhov project uas tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm no tau soj ntsuam cov qauv hlau tsis xeb los ntawm plaub qhov kev tshawb fawb txog CS system, soj ntsuam qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam corrosion rau cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, thiab kuaj cov khoom me me thiab cov hlau hauv cov dej noo.
Cov qauv ntawm cov kav dej xeb thiab cov khoom siv faib khoom raug muab tso rau hauv kom tshawb xyuas cov khoom xeb. 9 Rau txhua qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv tau raug soj ntsuam. Piv txwv li, cov xim av daj thiab cov teebmeem xeb tau raug soj ntsuam.
Cov nplaim ntawm cov qauv siv tau raug soj ntsuam rau qhov muaj cov xim av daj siv kev tshuaj xyuas pom, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spectroscopy rau kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj lom neeg (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) thiab X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem qhia txog lub cev thiab lub zog ntawm kev xeb thiab cov khoom tso tawm, nrog rau txiav txim siab cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua dej lossis cov khoom kawg. ib qho
Cov khoom xeb ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb tuaj yeem muaj ntau hom, xws li txheej carmine ntawm cov hlau oxide (xim av lossis liab) ntawm qhov chaw hauv qab lossis saum txheej ntawm cov hlau oxide (dub lossis grey)2. Muaj peev xwm mus rau hauv qab.
Cov txheej hlau oxide (xim dub) yuav tuab zuj zus raws li lub sijhawm thaum cov av tso tawm ntau dua, raws li pov thawj los ntawm cov khoom me me lossis cov av tso tawm pom ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub chamber sterilization thiab cov khoom siv lossis cov thawv tom qab sterilization nrog pa, muaj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Kev tshuaj xyuas hauv chav kuaj ntawm cov qauv condensate qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov sludge thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov hlau yaj hauv cov kua CS. plaub
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej no, lub tshuab hluav taws xob CS feem ntau yog tus ua rau muaj teeb meem loj. Nws tsis yog qhov txawv txawv uas pom cov hlau oxide liab (xim av/liab) ntawm cov nplaim thiab hlau oxide (dub/grey) hauv cov qhov cua uas maj mam mus los ntawm CS lub kaw lus faib khoom. 6
Lub kaw lus faib khoom CS yog ib qho kev teeb tsa ceg nrog ntau qhov chaw siv xaus rau thaj chaw deb lossis thaum kawg ntawm lub taub hau tseem ceeb thiab ntau lub taub hau me. Lub kaw lus yuav suav nrog ntau tus neeg tswj hwm los pab pib txo qhov siab / kub ntawm cov chaw siv tshwj xeeb uas yuav muaj peev xwm xeb.
Kev xeb kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov qhov tsim qauv huv si uas tau muab tso rau ntau qhov chaw hauv lub kaw lus kom tshem tawm cov dej noo thiab cua ntawm cov pa dej huv uas ntws los ntawm lub qhov cuab, cov kav dej ntws / cov kav dej tawm lossis lub taub hau dej noo.
Feem ntau, kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw rov qab yuav tshwm sim thaum cov xeb tsim los ntawm lub qhov ntxiab thiab loj hlob mus rau sab saud thiab dhau ntawm cov kav dej sib ze lossis cov chaw sau khoom siv; xeb uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxiab lossis lwm yam khoom tuaj yeem pom sab saud ntawm qhov chaw nrog kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw tas li mus rau sab saud thiab sab saud.
Qee cov khoom siv hlau tsis xeb kuj qhia txog ntau yam qauv hlau nruab nrab mus rau qib siab, suav nrog delta ferrite. Cov siv lead ua los ntawm Ferrite ntseeg tau tias yuav txo qhov kev tiv thaiv xeb, txawm tias lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv tsawg li 1-5%.
Ferrite kuj tsis tiv taus xeb zoo li cov qauv siv lead ua austenitic, yog li nws yuav nyiam xeb. Ferrites tuaj yeem ntes tau qhov tseeb nrog lub ferrite probe thiab semi-accurate nrog lub hlau nplaum, tab sis muaj cov kev txwv tseem ceeb.
Txij thaum teeb tsa lub kaw lus, mus txog rau thaum pib ua haujlwm, thiab thaum pib lub tshuab hluav taws xob CS tshiab thiab cov kav dej xa khoom, muaj ntau yam uas ua rau xeb:
Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov khoom xeb xws li cov no tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom xeb thaum lawv ntsib, sib xyaw, thiab sib tshooj nrog cov hlau thiab hlau sib xyaw. Cov pa dub feem ntau pom thawj zaug hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, tom qab ntawd nws tshwm sim hauv cov kav dej tso tawm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab thaum kawg thoob plaws hauv CS qhov system faib khoom.
Kev tshuaj xyuas SEM tau ua tiav los qhia txog cov qauv me me ntawm cov khoom siv xeb uas npog tag nrho qhov chaw nrog cov siv lead ua thiab lwm yam khoom me me. Lub keeb kwm yav dhau los lossis qhov chaw hauv qab uas pom cov khoom me me sib txawv ntawm ntau qib hlau (Daim duab 1-3) mus rau cov qauv feem ntau, uas yog silica / hlau, xuab zeb, vitreous, homogeneous deposits (Daim duab 4). Cov pa tso pa kuj tau tshuaj xyuas (Daim duab 5-6).
Kev kuaj AES yog ib txoj kev siv los ntsuas qhov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb thiab kuaj xyuas nws txoj kev tiv thaiv xeb. Nws kuj qhia txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov zaj duab xis passive thiab kev txo qis ntawm cov chromium hauv cov zaj duab xis passive thaum qhov chaw puas tsuaj vim yog xeb.
Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus qauv, AES scans (cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom nto hla qhov tob) tau siv.
Txhua qhov chaw siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas SEM thiab kev txhim kho tau raug xaiv ua tib zoo los muab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov cheeb tsam ib txwm muaj. Txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb tau muab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ob peb txheej molecular sab saum toj (kwv yees li ntawm 10 angstroms [Å] ib txheej) mus rau qhov tob ntawm cov hlau alloy (200–1000 Å).
Muaj ntau cov hlau (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), oxygen (O) thiab carbon (C) tau raug sau tseg rau txhua thaj tsam ntawm Rouge. Cov ntaub ntawv AES thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau teev tseg hauv ntu kev kawm txog rooj plaub.
Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig AES rau cov xwm txheej pib qhia tau hais tias muaj kev oxidation muaj zog tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv nrog cov concentration siab ntawm Fe thiab O (hlau oxides) thiab cov ntsiab lus Cr qis ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov tso nyiaj ruddy no ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntawm cov khoom me me uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom thiab cov chaw sib cuag nrog cov khoom.
Tom qab tshem tawm cov xim liab dawb, cov qauv "passivated" tau qhia txog kev rov zoo tag nrho ntawm cov zaj duab xis passive, nrog Cr ncav cuag cov qib siab dua Fe, nrog rau qhov sib piv ntawm Cr:Fe ntawm 1.0 txog 2.0 thiab tag nrho tsis muaj hlau oxide.
Ntau qhov chaw ntxhib tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv XPS/ESCA los sib piv cov ntsiab lus thiab cov xeev oxidation spectral ntawm Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), thiab O. thiab C (rooj A).
Muaj qhov sib txawv meej meej hauv Cr cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov nqi ze rau txheej passivation mus rau cov nqi qis dua feem ntau pom hauv cov hlau sib xyaw. Cov theem ntawm hlau thiab chromium pom ntawm qhov chaw sawv cev rau ntau qhov tuab thiab qib ntawm cov xim av daj. Kev xeem XPS tau qhia txog kev nce hauv Na, C lossis Ca ntawm cov chaw ntxhib piv rau cov chaw ntxuav thiab passivated.
Kev kuaj XPS kuj qhia tau tias muaj cov C ntau hauv cov hlau liab (dub) liab thiab Fe(x)O(y) (hlau oxide) liab. Cov ntaub ntawv XPS tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev nkag siab txog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw thaum lub sijhawm xeb vim nws ntsuas ob qho tib si hlau liab thiab hlau puag. Kev kuaj XPS ntxiv nrog cov qauv loj dua yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom ntsuas tau cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Cov kws sau ntawv yav dhau los kuj muaj teeb meem ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv XPS. 10 Cov kev soj ntsuam hauv thaj chaw thaum lub sijhawm tshem tawm tau qhia tias cov pa roj carbon ntau thiab feem ntau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev lim dej thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav. SEM micrographs coj ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob tshem tawm wrinkle qhia txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm cov deposits no, suav nrog pitting thiab porosity, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau corrosion.
Cov txiaj ntsig XPS tom qab passivation qhia tau hais tias qhov sib piv ntawm Cr: Fe ntawm qhov chaw siab dua thaum zaj duab xis passivation rov tsim dua, yog li txo qhov nrawm ntawm kev xeb thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw.
Cov qauv daim coupon tau qhia txog kev nce ntxiv ntawm Cr: Fe piv ntawm qhov chaw "raws li nws yog" thiab qhov chaw passivated. Cov piv Cr: Fe pib tau sim hauv qhov ntau ntawm 0.6 txog 1.0, thaum cov piv passivation tom qab kho yog txij li 1.0 txog 2.5. Cov nqi rau cov hlau tsis xeb electropolished thiab passivated yog ntawm 1.5 thiab 2.5.
Hauv cov qauv uas raug ua tiav tom qab, qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm Cr:Fe piv (tsim los ntawm kev siv AES) yog txij li 3 txog 16 Å. Lawv sib piv zoo nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los uas tau luam tawm los ntawm Coleman2 thiab Roll. 9 Cov nplaim ntawm txhua qhov qauv muaj cov qauv Fe, Ni, O, Cr, thiab C. Cov qib qis ntawm P, Cl, S, N, Ca, thiab Na kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov qauv.
Cov seem no yog cov tshuaj ntxuav tshuaj, dej huv, lossis electropolishing. Thaum tshuaj xyuas ntxiv, qee qhov kev ua qias tuaj ntawm silicon tau pom ntawm qhov chaw thiab ntawm ntau qib ntawm cov siv lead ua austenite nws tus kheej. Qhov chaw zoo li yog cov ntsiab lus silica ntawm dej / pa dej, cov khoom siv txhuam, lossis cov iav pom uas yaj lossis etched hauv CS tiam cell.
Cov khoom xeb uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv CS systems tau tshaj tawm tias sib txawv heev. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam xwm txheej ntawm cov systems no thiab qhov chaw ntawm ntau yam khoom xws li cov li qub, cov ntxiab thiab lwm yam khoom siv uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov xwm txheej xeb thiab cov khoom xeb.
Ntxiv mus, feem ntau cov khoom hloov pauv raug coj mus rau hauv lub kaw lus uas tsis tau passivated kom zoo. Cov khoom xeb kuj tseem cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm kev tsim ntawm CS generator thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov dej. Qee hom generator teeb tsa yog reboilers thaum lwm tus yog tubular flashers. CS generators feem ntau siv cov ntxaij vab tshaus kawg los tshem tawm cov dej noo ntawm cov pa huv, thaum lwm lub generators siv baffles lossis cyclones.
Muaj ib txhia ua rau cov kav dej faib khoom muaj cov xim hlau uas yuav luag khov kho thiab cov hlau liab uas npog nws. Lub thaiv uas tsis sib haum ua rau cov hlau dub nrog cov hlau oxide blush nyob hauv qab thiab tsim ib qho xwm txheej thib ob sab saud hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xim av daj uas yooj yim dua los so ntawm qhov chaw.
Feem ntau, qhov tso nyiaj ferruginous-stood-zoo li no pom tseeb dua li qhov hlau-liab, thiab nws txav tau yooj yim dua. Vim yog lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov hlau hauv cov condensate, cov sludge tsim nyob rau hauv cov channel condensate ntawm qab ntawm cov yeeb nkab faib khoom muaj cov sludge hlau oxide nyob rau saum cov sludge hlau.
Cov hlau oxide blush hla dhau lub condensate collector, pom tseeb hauv lub qhov dej ntws, thiab txheej sab saud yooj yim txhuam tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov zoo ntawm dej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm blush.
Cov hydrocarbon ntau dua ua rau muaj cov pa luam yeeb ntau dhau hauv daim di ncauj, thaum cov silica ntau dua ua rau muaj silica ntau dua, ua rau txheej di ncauj du lossis ci ntsa iab. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov tsom iav pom dej kuj yooj yim xeb, ua rau cov khib nyiab thiab silica nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
Phom yog ib qho ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem ua pa vim tias cov khaubncaws sab nraud tuab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom me me. Cov khoom me me no muaj nyob rau ntawm cov nplaim ntawm cov pa lossis hauv cov khoom siv tua kab mob ntawm cov pa. Cov ntu hauv qab no piav qhia txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj.
Cov As-Is SEMs hauv Daim Duab 7 thiab 8 qhia txog qhov xwm txheej microcrystalline ntawm chav kawm 2 carmine hauv rooj plaub 1. Ib qho matrix ntom ntom ntawm cov hlau oxide crystals tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom seem zoo. Cov chaw uas tau tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab passivated tau pom tias muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev xeb ua rau muaj qhov ntxhib thiab me ntsis porous nto raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 9 thiab 10.
Daim duab NPP luam theej hauv daim duab 11 qhia txog qhov xwm txheej pib ntawm qhov chaw qub nrog cov hlau oxide hnyav rau ntawm nws. Qhov chaw uas tau passivated thiab derouged (Daim Duab 12) qhia tau hais tias zaj duab xis passive tam sim no muaj cov ntsiab lus Cr (kab liab) siab dua Fe (kab dub) ntawm > 1.0 Cr:Fe piv. Qhov chaw uas tau passivated thiab derouged (Daim Duab 12) qhia tau hais tias zaj duab xis passive tam sim no muaj cov ntsiab lus Cr (kab liab) siab dua Fe (kab dub) ntawm > 1.0 Cr:Fe piv. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имет Cr (красная линия) по сравнению с Fe (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Qhov chaw uas tau passivated thiab de-energized (Daim Duab 12) qhia tau hais tias zaj duab xis passive tam sim no muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cr (kab liab) ntau dua piv rau Fe (kab dub) ntawm qhov piv ntawm Cr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Cr (红线)含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь болет имлет содержание Cr (красная линия), чем Fe (черная линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Qhov chaw uas tau passivated thiab wrinkled (Daim Duab 12) qhia tau hais tias zaj duab xis passivated tam sim no muaj cov ntsiab lus Cr siab dua (kab liab) dua li Fe (kab dub) ntawm Cr:Fe piv > 1.0.
Ib zaj duab xis chromium oxide nyias dua (< 80 Å) tiv thaiv tau zoo dua li ib zaj duab xis crystalline hlau oxide tuab pua pua angstrom los ntawm cov hlau puag thiab txheej nplai nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau ntau dua 65%.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ntawm qhov chaw passivated thiab wrinkled tam sim no zoo ib yam li cov khoom siv passivated polished. Cov av hauv rooj plaub 1 yog cov av hauv chav kawm 2 uas muaj peev xwm tsim tau hauv situ; thaum nws sib sau ua ke, cov khoom loj dua tau tsim uas tsiv mus nrog cov pa.
Hauv qhov no, qhov xeb uas pom yuav tsis ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo lossis qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Kev ntsws ib txwm yuav txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov xeb ntawm qhov chaw thiab tshem tawm qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov khoom me me uas yuav pom.
Hauv Daim Duab 11, cov txiaj ntsig AES qhia tau tias cov txheej tuab ze ntawm qhov chaw muaj cov Fe thiab O ntau dua (500 Å ntawm cov hlau oxide; cov kab ntsuab txiv qaub thiab xiav, feem), hloov mus rau cov qib doped ntawm Fe, Ni, Cr, thiab O. Fe concentration (kab xiav) yog siab dua li ntawm lwm yam hlau, nce ntxiv los ntawm 35% ntawm qhov chaw mus rau ntau dua 65% hauv cov hlau.
Ntawm qhov chaw, O theem (kab ntsuab kaj) mus ntawm yuav luag 50% hauv cov hlau sib xyaw mus rau yuav luag xoom ntawm cov zaj duab xis oxide tuab ntawm ntau dua 700 Å. Cov theem Ni (kab ntsuab tsaus) thiab Cr (kab liab) qis heev ntawm qhov chaw (< 4%) thiab nce mus rau qib ib txwm (11% thiab 17%, feem) ntawm qhov tob ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Cov theem Ni (kab ntsuab tsaus) thiab Cr (kab liab) qis heev ntawm qhov chaw (< 4%) thiab nce mus rau qib ib txwm (11% thiab 17%, feem) ntawm qhov tob ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) и увеличиваютроя донм (11% thiab 17% соответственно) в глубине сплава. Cov theem ntawm Ni (kab ntsuab tsaus) thiab Cr (kab liab) qis heev ntawm qhov chaw (<4%) thiab nce mus rau qib ib txwm (11% thiab 17% feem) tob hauv cov hlau.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水平（7% 1分）。表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水别（和分别到歌常水别1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) и увеличиваютроя донм глубине сплава (11% thiab 17% соответственно). Cov theem ntawm Ni (kab ntsuab tsaus) thiab Cr (kab liab) ntawm qhov chaw yog qis heev (<4%) thiab nce mus rau qib ib txwm tob hauv cov hlau (11% thiab 17% feem).
Daim duab AES hauv daim duab 12 qhia tau tias txheej liab (hlau oxide) tau raug tshem tawm thiab daim zaj duab xis passivation tau rov qab los. Hauv txheej thawj 15 Å, qib Cr (kab liab) siab dua qib Fe (kab dub), uas yog zaj duab xis passive. Thaum pib, cov ntsiab lus Ni ntawm qhov chaw yog 9%, nce ntxiv 60–70 Å saum qib Cr (± 16%), thiab tom qab ntawd nce mus rau qib alloy ntawm 200 Å.
Pib ntawm 2%, qib carbon (kab xiav) poob rau xoom ntawm 30 Å. Qib Fe pib qis (< 15%) thiab tom qab ntawd sib npaug rau qib Cr ntawm 15 Å thiab txuas ntxiv nce mus rau qib alloy ntawm ntau dua 65% ntawm 150 Å. Qib Fe pib qis (< 15%) thiab tom qab ntawd sib npaug rau qib Cr ntawm 15 Å thiab txuas ntxiv nce mus rau qib alloy ntawm ntau dua 65% ntawm 150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до в ураловня до 6 ураловня pib 150 Å. Qib Fe pib qis (< 15%), tom qab ntawd sib npaug rau qib Cr ntawm 15 Å thiab txuas ntxiv nce mus txog ntau dua 65% qib alloy ntawm 150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超的向 65% Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超的向 65% Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15%), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает я увал содержания сплава более 65% при 150 Å. Cov ntsiab lus Fe pib qis (< 15%), tom qab ntawd nws sib npaug rau cov ntsiab lus Cr ntawm 15 Å thiab txuas ntxiv nce mus txog thaum cov ntsiab lus alloy tshaj 65% ntawm 150 Å.Cov theem Cr nce mus txog 25% ntawm qhov chaw ntawm 30 Å thiab txo qis mus rau 17% hauv cov hlau.
Qib O2 siab ze ntawm qhov chaw (kab ntsuab kaj) txo qis mus rau xoom tom qab qhov tob ntawm 120 Å. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau qhia txog zaj duab xis passivation ntawm qhov chaw zoo. Cov duab SEM hauv cov duab 13 thiab 14 qhia txog qhov ntxhib, ntxhib thiab porous crystalline xwm ntawm qhov chaw 1st thiab 2nd hlau oxide txheej. Qhov chaw wrinkled qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm corrosion rau ntawm qhov chaw ntxhib ib nrab (Cov duab 18-19).
Cov nplaim uas tau passivated thiab wrinkled uas pom hauv daim duab 13 thiab 14 tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov oxidation hnyav. Daim duab 15 thiab 16 qhia txog ib daim zaj duab xis passivation uas tau kho dua tshiab rau ntawm qhov chaw hlau.