Tinoshandisa makuki kuti tivandudze ruzivo rwenyu. Nekuramba muchitsvaga saiti ino, munobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki. Ruzivo Rwakawedzerwa.
Masisitimu emishonga emhepo yakachena kana yakachena anosanganisira majenareta, mavharuvhu ekudzora, mapaipi ekuparadzira kana mapaipi, thermodynamic kana equilibrium thermostatic traps, pressure gauges, pressure reducers, safety valves, uye volumetric accumulators.
Zvizhinji zvezvikamu izvi zvakagadzirwa nesimbi isingatsvedzeri ye316 L uye zvine fluoropolymer gaskets (inowanzova polytetrafluoroethylene, inozivikanwawo seTeflon kana PTFE), pamwe chete nesemi-metal kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinonamira.
Zvikamu izvi zvinogona kukanganiswa nengura kana kuora panguva yekushandiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa kunaka kweClean Steam (CS) utility yakapedzwa. Chirongwa chakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino chakaongorora sampuli dzesimbi isingatsvedzeri kubva muzvidzidzo zvina zveCS system, chakaongorora njodzi yekukanganiswa kwengura pamaitiro ekugadzira uye masisitimu einjiniya akakosha, uye chakaedza zvidimbu nesimbi zviri mucondensate.
Mienzaniso yezvikamu zvemapombi ane ngura uye masisitimu ekugovera zvinhu zvakaiswa kuti zviongorore zvigadzirwa zvengura. 9 Panyaya imwe neimwe, mamiriro akasiyana epamusoro akaongororwa. Semuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yeblush uye ngura yakaongororwa.
Pamusoro pemasampuli ekutarisa akaongororwa kuti aone kana paine ma blush deposits achishandisa visual inspection, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Nzira idzi dzinogona kuratidza hunhu hwemuviri uye hwemaatomu hwekuora uye zvakachengetwa, pamwe nekuona zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa hunhu hwezvinwiwa zvehunyanzvi kana zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira.
Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi isingatsvi zvinogona kutora mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai seganda resimbi iron oxide (brown kana tsvuku) pamusoro pevhu kana pamusoro peganda resimbi iron oxide (dema kana grey)2. Kukwanisa kufamba uchidzika pasi.
Rutivi rwesimbi (black blush) runogona kukora nekufamba kwenguva sezvo maburi acho achinyanya kuoneka, sezvinoratidzwa nezvidimbu kana maburi anoonekwa pamusoro pekamuri rekuchenesa masero nemidziyo kana magaba mushure mekuchenesa masero emhepo, pane kufamba. Kuongororwa kwerabhoritari kwemasampuli emvura yakasanganiswa kwakaratidza hunhu hwakapararira hwetsvina uye huwandu hwesimbi dzinonyunguduka muCS fluid.
Kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi, CS generator ndiyo inowanzo kukonzera izvi. Hazviwanzoitika kuwana red iron oxide (brown/red) pamusoro uye iron oxide (dema/grey) mumaburi anobuda zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza neCS distribution system.
Sisitimu yekugovera yeCS igadziriro yemapazi ine mapoinzi akawanda ekushandisa anogumira munzvimbo dziri kure kana pamagumo emusoro mukuru uye ma subheader akasiyana-siyana emapazi. Sisitimu iyi inogona kusanganisira vanodzora vakawanda kuti vabatsire kutanga kudzikiswa kwekumanikidzwa/tembiricha panzvimbo dzakatarwa dzekushandisa idzo dzinogona kunge dziri nzvimbo dzinogona kukonzera ngura.
Kuora kunogonawo kuitika mumisungo yehutsanana inoiswa panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muhurongwa hwekubvisa condensate nemhepo kubva mumhepo yakachena inoyerera ichipinda nemusungo, pasi pepiping/discharge piping kana condensate header.
Kazhinji, kufamba-famba kwese kwese kunogona kuitika apo ngura dzinoungana pamusungo dzokura dzichikwira dzichipinda nepamapombi ari pedyo kana panzvimbo dzinounganidzwa zvinhu; ngura inoumbwa mumisungo kana zvimwe zvinhu inogona kuonekwa kumusoro kwenzvimbo yacho nekufamba-famba nguva dzose zvichidzika nekumusoro.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvesimbi isingatsvi zvinewo simbi dzakasiyana-siyana dzine simbi dzine mwero wepakati kusvika wakakwirira, kusanganisira delta ferrite. Makristaro eFerrite anofungidzirwa kuti anoderedza kuramba kwengura, kunyangwe angangove aripo ne1–5%.
Ferrite haidziviririwo ngura sezvakaita austenitic crystal structure, saka inonyanya kuora. Ferrites dzinogona kuonekwa nemazvo neferrite probe uye semi-accurate nemagnet, asi pane zvipingamupinyi zvakakosha.
Kubva pakugadzwa kwesystem, kusvika pakuiswa kwekutanga, uye kutanga kwe CS generator itsva uye distribution piping, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokonzera ngura:
Nekufamba kwenguva, zvinhu zvinoparadza zvakaita seizvi zvinogona kugadzira zvinhu zvinoora kana zvikasangana, zvikabatana, uye zvichipindirana nemusanganiswa wesimbi nesimbi. Suti nhema inowanzoonekwa kutanga mujenareta, yozoonekwa mumapombi ekubudisa jenareta uye pakupedzisira muCS distribution system yese.
Ongororo yeSEM ​​yakaitwa kuratidza chimiro chidiki chezvigadzirwa zvengura zvakafukidza pamusoro pese nemakristaro nezvimwe zvidimbu. Nzvimbo yekumashure kana pasi penzvimbo inowanikwa zvidimbu izvi inosiyana kubva pamhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi (Mufananidzo 1-3) kusvika kune mienzaniso yakajairika, inonzi silica/iron, sandy, vitreous, homogeneous deposits (Mufananidzo 4). Maburi emutsi wemhepo akaongororwawo (Mufananidzo 5-6).
Kuedza kweAES inzira yekuongorora inoshandiswa kuona kemikari yepamusoro yesimbi isingatsvedzeri uye kuona kuti inodzivirira ngura. Inoratidzawo kuora kwefirimu isingatsvedzeri uye kudzikira kwehuwandu hwechromium mufirimu isingatsvedzeri sezvo pamusoro payo painodzikira nekuda kwengura.
Kutsanangura chimiro chechinhu chiri pamusoro pemuenzaniso wega wega, AES scans (maprofiles ekuzara kwezvinhu zviri pamusoro pemvura pamusoro pemvura) akashandiswa.
Nzvimbo yega yega inoshandiswa pakuongorora nekuwedzera SEM yakasarudzwa nokungwarira kuti ipe ruzivo kubva kunzvimbo dzakajairika. Chidzidzo chega chega chakapa ruzivo kubva kumamorekuru mashoma epamusoro (anofungidzirwa pa10 angstroms [Å] parukoko) kusvika pakadzika kwesimbi alloy (200–1000 Å).
Huwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), okisijeni (O) uye kabhoni (C) hwakanyorwa munzvimbo dzese dzeRouge. Data reAES nemigumisiro zvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chekudzidza nyaya.
Mhedzisiro yese yeAES yemamiriro ekutanga inoratidza kuti oxidation yakasimba inoitika pamasampuli ane huwandu hwakanyanya hweFe neO2 (iron oxides) uye Cr yakaderera pamusoro. Kudonhedzwa uku kwakatsvuka kunoguma nekuburitswa kwezvidimbu zvinogona kusvibisa chigadzirwa nenzvimbo dzakabatana nechigadzirwa.
Mushure mekunge blush yabviswa, mienzaniso "yaisashandiswa" yakaratidza kupora kwakakwana kwefirimu risingashande, Cr ichisvika padanho repamusoro pane Fe, ine chiyero cheCr:Fe chinotangira pa1.0 kusvika 2.0 uye kusavapo kwe iron oxide zvachose.
Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaoma dzakaongororwa uchishandisa XPS/ESCA kuenzanisa kuwanda kwezvinhu uye mamiriro e spectral oxidation eFe, Cr, sarufa (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), uye O. naC (tafura A).
Pane musiyano wakajeka muhuwandu hweCr kubva pahuwandu huri pedyo nepasivation layer kusvika pahuwandu hwakaderera hunowanzo kuwanikwa mu base alloys. Mazinga esimbi nechromium anowanikwa pamusoro anomiririra ukobvu hwakasiyana uye mamakisi e rouge deposits. Kuongororwa kweXPS kwakaratidza kuwedzera kweNa, C kana Ca panzvimbo dzakaoma zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzakacheneswa uye dzisina simba.
Kuongororwa kweXPS kwakaratidzawo huwandu hwakawanda hweC mutsvuku yesimbi (nhema) tsvuku pamwe neFe(x)O(y) (iron oxide) mutsvuku. Data reXPS haribatsiri pakunzwisisa shanduko dzepamusoro panguva yekuora nekuti rinoongorora simbi tsvuku nesimbi yepasi. Kuongororwa kweXPS kwakawedzerwa nesampuli hombe kunodiwa kuti uongorore mhedzisiro nemazvo.
Vanyori vekare vakaomerwawo nekuongorora data reXPS. 10 Zvakaonekwa mumunda panguva yekubvisa zvakaratidza kuti kabhoni yakawanda uye inowanzo bviswa nekusefa panguva yekugadzirisa. SEM micrographs dzakatorwa usati wabvisa makwinya uye mushure mekubvisa makwinya dzinoratidza kukuvara kwepamusoro kunokonzerwa neaya maburi, kusanganisira maburi uye maburi, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga ngura.
Zvakabuda muXPS mushure mepassivation zvakaratidza kuti chiyero cheCr:Fe pamusoro chaive chakakwira zvikuru apo passivation film yakaumbwazve, nokudaro zvichideredza mwero wekuora nezvimwe zvinokanganisa pamusoro.
Mienzaniso yemakuponi yakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hweCr:Fe pakati penzvimbo "yakaita" nenzvimbo isina chinhu. Zviyero zvekutanga zveCr:Fe zvakaedzwa kubva pa0.6 kusvika 1.0, nepo huwandu hwepasisina chinhu mushure mekurapwa hwaitangira pa1.0 kusvika 2.5. Kukosha kwesimbi dzisina chinhu dzakagadzirwa nemagetsi nedzisina chinhu dziri pakati pe1.5 ne2.5.
Mumasampuli akagadziriswa mushure mekugadziriswa, kudzika kukuru kweCr:Fe ratio (yakasimbiswa uchishandisa AES) kwaive kubva pa3 kusvika ku16 Å. Zvinoenzaniswa zvakanaka nedata kubva muzvidzidzo zvekare zvakaburitswa naColeman2 naRoll. 9 Nzvimbo dzemasampuli ese dzaive nemazinga akajairwa eFe, Ni, O, Cr, naC. Mazinga akaderera eP, Cl, S, N, Ca, naNa akawanikwawo mune akawanda emasampuli.
Zvisaririra izvi zvinowanzoonekwa muzvishandiso zvekuchenesa makemikari, mvura yakacheneswa, kana electropolishing. Mushure mekuongororwa kwakawedzerwa, kusvibiswa kwesilicon kwakawanikwa pamusoro uye pamatanho akasiyana ekristaro yeaustenite pachayo. Chitubu chinoita sekuti chiri mu silica yemvura/steam, mechanical polishes, kana girazi rakanyungudutswa kana rakachekwa mu CS generation cell.
Zvigadzirwa zvengura zvinowanikwa mumaCS systems zvinonzi zvinosiyana zvikuru. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro akasiyana emasystem aya uye kuiswa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semavharuvhu, misungo nezvimwe zvinogona kukonzera mamiriro ezvinhu engura uye zvigadzirwa zvengura.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvinotsiva zvinowanzoiswa musystem izvo zvisina kupfava zvakanaka. Zvigadzirwa zvengura zvinokanganiswawo zvakanyanya nekugadzirwa kwejenareta yeCS uye kunaka kwemvura. Mamwe marudzi emajenareta anodzokororwa nepo mamwe ari ma tubular flashers. Majenareta eCS anowanzo shandisa end screens kubvisa hunyoro kubva muutsi hwakachena, nepo mamwe majenareta achishandisa baffles kana ma cyclone.
Mamwe anoburitsa simbi yakasimba mupombi yekuparadzira uye simbi tsvuku inoifukidza. Bhokisi rakakanganisika rinoumba firimu resimbi nhema rine iron oxide blush pasi uye rinogadzira chimwe chiitiko chepamusoro muchimiro cheblush ine utsi iyo iri nyore kupukuta pamusoro.
Kazhinji, dhayi iyi yakaita sesoya inopenya zvakanyanya kupfuura yesimbi-tsvuku, uye inofamba-famba zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemamiriro esimbi mucondensate, dhayi inogadzirwa mugwara recondensate pasi pepombi yekugovera ine dhayi yesimbi oxide pamusoro pedhayi yesimbi.
Blush resimbi rinopisa rinopfuura nemumuchina wekuunganidza mvura, roonekwa mudhireni, uye jira repamusoro rinokweshwa nyore nyore pamusoro. Hunhu hwemvura hunoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwemakemikari eblush.
Kuwanda kwemahydrocarbon kunokonzera tsvina yakawanda mumiromo, nepo huwandu hwakawanda hwesilica huchikonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwesilica, zvichikonzera lipstick yakatsetseka kana kuti inopenya. Sezvambotaurwa, magirazi ekuona akaenzana nemvura anogonawo kuita ngura, zvichiita kuti marara nesilica zvipinde mumuviri.
Pfuti iyi inyaya yekunetseka mumasystem emhepo sezvo zvidimbu zvakakora zvinogona kuumba zvinoumba zvidimbu. Zvikamu izvi zvinowanikwa pamusoro pemhepo kana mumidziyo yemhepo inouraya utachiona. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotsanangura migumisiro inogona kuitika mumishonga iyi.
MaSEM eAs-Is ari muMifananidzo 7 ne8 anoratidza hunhu hwe microcrystalline hwe class 2 carmine muchiitiko 1. Matrix yakanyanya dense yemakristaro e iron oxide akaumbwa pamusoro muchimiro che fine-grained residue. Nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa uye dzisina kusvibiswa dzakaratidza kukuvara kwengura zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzine maburi zvishoma sezvakaratidzwa muMifananidzo 9 ne10.
Kuongororwa kweNPP mumufananidzo 11 kunoratidza mamiriro ekutanga enzvimbo yekutanga ine iron oxide inorema pairi. Nzvimbo isina chinhu uye isina chinhu (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu risingashande ikozvino rine huwandu hweCr (mutsara mutsvuku) hwakakwira pamusoro peFe (mutsetse mutema) pa > 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Nzvimbo isina chinhu uye isina chinhu (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu risingashande ikozvino rine huwandu hweCr (mutsara mutsvuku) hwakakwira pamusoro peFe (mutsetse mutema) pa > 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержание Кранский (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Nzvimbo isina simba uye isina simba (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu risingashande ikozvino rine huwandu hwakawedzera hweCr (mutsara mutsvuku) zvichienzaniswa neFe (mutsetse mutema) pachiyero cheCr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания Кариная Меня линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Nzvimbo isina kusimba uye yakakwenya (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu isina kusimba ikozvino ine huwandu hwakakwira hweCr (mutsetse mutsvuku) kupfuura Fe (mutsetse mutema) pachiyero cheCr:Fe > 1.0.
Firimu yakatetepa (< 80 Å) inonyungudutsa chromium oxide inodzivirira kupfuura firimu resimbi rine crystalline iron oxide rakakora kubva pachigadziko chesimbi nescale ine iron inopfuura 65%.
Kuumbwa kwemakemikari ari pamusoro pemvura isina kunyunguduka uye yakakwenya kwava kuenzana nezvinhu zvakapukutwa zvisina kunyunguduka. Muchiitiko chekutanga, mvura ine mazinga maviri inogona kuumbwa panzvimbo yayo; sezvainoungana, zvidimbu zvikuru zvinoumbwa zvinofamba nemhepo.
Muchiitiko ichi, ngura inoratidzwa haizokonzere zvikanganiso zvakakomba kana kuora kwemhando yepamusoro. Kukwinya kwakajairika kunoderedza mhedzisiro yekupwanya pamusoro uye kubvisa mukana wekufamba kwakasimba kwezvidimbu zvinogona kuoneka.
MuMufananidzo 11, mhedzisiro yeAES inoratidza kuti zvidimbu zvakakora zviri pedyo nepamusoro zvine mwero wakakwira weFe neO (500 Å ye iron oxide; mitsetse yegirini remonimu nebhuruu, zvichiteerana), kuchinjira kumazinga akadhayiwa eFe, Ni, Cr, neO. Kuwanda kweFe (mutsetse webhuruu) kwakakwira zvikuru kupfuura kwechero imwe simbi, kuchiwedzera kubva pa35% pamusoro kusvika pamusoro pe65% mu alloy.
Pamusoro, O level (mutsetse wegirini wakareruka) inotangira pa50% mu alloy kusvika pazero pahukobvu hwe oxide film hunopfuura 700 Å. Mazinga eNi (mutsetse wegirini yakasviba) neCr (mutsetse mutsvuku) akaderera zvakanyanya pamusoro (< 4%) uye anowedzera kusvika pamazinga akajairwa (11% ne17%, zvichiteerana) pakadzika kwe alloy. Mazinga eNi (mutsetse wegirini yakasviba) neCr (mutsetse mutsvuku) akaderera zvakanyanya pamusoro (< 4%) uye anowedzera kusvika pamazinga akajairwa (11% ne17%, zvichiteerana) pakadzika kwe alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) and увеличиваются до нормального уровня (11% и песни) глубине сплава. Mazinga eNi (mutsetse wegirini yakasviba) neCr (mutsetse mutsvuku) akaderera zvakanyanya pamusoro (<4%) uye anowedzera kusvika pamazinga akajairwa (11% ne17% zvichiteerana) akadzika mu alloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水为1% pamwe ne17%.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) и увеличиваются до нормального уровня 1 % 10 в 10 соответственно). Mazinga eNi (mutsetse wegirini yakasviba) neCr (mutsetse mutsvuku) pamusoro akaderera zvikuru (<4%) uye anowedzera kusvika pamazinga akajairwa akadzika mu alloy (11% ne17% zvichiteerana).
Mufananidzo weAES uri pamufananidzo 12 unoratidza kuti rouge (iron oxide) layer yabviswa uye passivation film yadzorerwa. Mu 15 Å primary layer, Cr level (mutsara mutsvuku) yakakwira kupfuura Fe level (mutsetse mutema), inova passive film. Pakutanga, huwandu hweNi pamusoro hwaive 9%, huchiwedzera ne60–70 Å pamusoro peCr level (± 16%), uye huchiwedzera kusvika pa alloy level ye200 Å.
Kutanga pa2%, huwandu hwekabhoni (mutsetse webhuruu) hunoderera kusvika pazero pa30 Å. Mwero weFe pakutanga wakaderera (< 15%) uye gare gare wakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye unoramba uchikwira kusvika padanho realloy paanopfuura 65% pa150 Å. Mwero weFe pakutanga wakaderera (< 15%) uye gare gare wakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye unoramba uchikwira kusvika padanho realloy paanopfuura 65% pa150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15 Nhamba yeFe pakutanga yakaderera (< 15%), gare gare yakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye inoramba ichikwira kusvika pa65% alloy level pa150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до равняется содержанию 150 Å. Pakutanga huwandu hweFe hwakaderera (< 15%), gare gare hunoenzana nehuwandu hweCr pa15 Å uye hunoramba huchiwedzera kusvika huwandu hwealloy hwapfuura 65% pa150 Å.Mazinga eCr anowedzera kusvika 25% yepamusoro pa30 Å uye anoderera kusvika 17% mu alloy.
Chikamu chepamusoro cheO chiri pedyo nepamusoro (mutsetse wegirini wakajeka) chinoderera kusvika pazero mushure mekudzika kwe120 Å. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza firimu repasi pevhu rakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Mifananidzo yeSEM ​​iri mumifananidzo 13 ne14 inoratidza hunhu hwekristaro hwakakombama, hwakakombama uye hune maburi epamusoro pezvikamu zveiron oxide 1st ne2nd. Nzvimbo yakakombama inoratidza mhedzisiro yengura panzvimbo yakakombama ine makomba mashoma (Mifananidzo 18-19).
Nzvimbo dzakapfava uye dzakakwenya dzinoratidzwa mumifananidzo 13 ne14 hadzina kuoxidation yakanyanya. Mifananidzo 15 ne16 inoratidza firimu repfava rakadzorerwa pamusoro pesimbi.