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Ukuthatha umthambeka wesitimela we-Sui-Chongqing njengento yocwaningo, ukumelana nenhlabathi, i-electrochemistry yenhlabathi (ikhono lokugqwala, amandla e-redox, i-gradient engaba khona kanye ne-pH), ama-anions enhlabathi (usawoti oncibilikayo, i-Cl-, i-SO42- kanye) kanye Nokudla kwenhlabathi. izinga lokugqwala lihlolwa ngokwezinkomba ezingazodwana kanye nezinkomba eziphelele zenhlabathi yokwenziwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izici, amanzi anethonya elikhulu ekonakaleni kwenethi yokuvikela ukuthambeka, kulandelwa okuqukethwe kwe-anion. net.Izinga lokugqwala lamasampula omhlabathi lahlolisiswa kabanzi, futhi ukugqwala endaweni emthambekeni ongenhla kwakusesilinganisweni, futhi ukugqwala kwemithambeka ephakathi nendawo nangaphansi kwakunamandla.Izinto eziphilayo ezisenhlabathini zazihlotshaniswa ngokuphawulekayo nokuthambekela okungaba khona.Initrogen etholakalayo, i-potassium etholakalayo kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo ihlobene kakhulu nezakhi zomhlabathi. uhlobo lomthambeka.
Lapho kwakhiwa imizila yezitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nezindawo zokulondoloza amanzi, ukuvuleka kwezintaba ngokuvamile akugwemeki.Ngenxa yezintaba eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga, ukwakhiwa kukaloliwe waseChina kudinga ukumba okuningi kwentaba.Kucekela phansi inhlabathi yasekuqaleni kanye nezitshalo, kudala izindawo ezinamatshe ezidaluliwe.Lesi simo siholela ekubhidlikeni kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kusongela ukuphepha komgwaqo, okusongela ukuphepha komgwaqo. 12, 2008 Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Wenchuan.Ukudilika komhlaba sekuphenduke inhlekelele yokuzamazama komhlaba esabalele kakhulu futhi embi kakhulu1. Ocwaningweni lwango-2008 lwamakhilomitha angu-4,243 emigwaqo emikhulu esiFundazweni saseSichuan, kube nezinhlekelele zokuzamazama komhlaba ezingu-1,736 emibhedeni yemigwaqo nasezindongeni ezigcina imithambeka, ezibalelwa ku-39.76% wobude bengqikithi yokuhlola. ama-geohazards angahlala okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 (ukuzamazama komhlaba kwase-Taiwan) futhi ngisho nangeminyaka engama-40-50 (ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaseKanto eJapane)4,5.I-Gradient iyisici esiyinhloko esithinta ingozi yokuzamazama komhlaba6,7.Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukugcina i-slope yomgwaqo futhi kuqinise ukuzinza kwawo.Izitshalo zidlala indima yokuvikela okuvamile kanye nenhlabathi enyakazayo8 Imithambeka, amadwala awanakho ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezinomsoco ezifana ne-organic matter, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, futhi ayinayo indawo yenhlabathi edingekayo ukuze kukhule uhlaza.Ngenxa yezici ezifana nokuguguleka komthambeka omkhulu nokuguguleka kwemvula, inhlabathi eyehlelayo ilahleka kalula.Indawo emthambekeni inzima, ayinazo izimo zokukhula kwezitshalo ezidingekayo, inhlabathi edingekayo ayinakho ukuthambekela. ukufafaza ngezinto eziyisisekelo ukuze kuvalwe inhlabathi ukuze kuvikelwe umthambeka kuwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu bokubuyisela imithambeka ezweni lami. Inhlabathi yokwenziwa esetshenziselwa ukufafaza yakhiwe ngamatshe agxotshiwe, inhlabathi yasemapulazini, utshani, umanyolo oyinhlanganisela, i-ejenti egcina amanzi kanye nokunamathelayo (okunamathelayo okuvame ukusetshenziswa kufaka phakathi usimende wasePortland, i-organic inmuls process: i-organic inmuls process) okokuqala beka ucingo oluhlabayo edwaleni, bese ulungisa ucingo oluhlabayo ngama-rivets nama-anchor bolt, futhi ekugcineni ufafaze inhlabathi yokwenziwa equkethe imbewu emthambekeni ngomshini wokufafaza okhethekile.Imeshi yensimbi emise okwedayimane engu-14# efakwe uthango ngokugcwele isetshenziswa kakhulu, enezinga elinezikhala elingu-5cm×5cm kanye nobubanzi be-mesh mesh yensimbi engu-2mm enobubanzi obuyi-mono. indawo yedwala.Imeshi yensimbi izogqwala enhlabathini, ngoba inhlabathi ngokwayo iyi-electrolyte, futhi izinga lokugqwala lincike ezicini zenhlabathi.Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezithinta ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukuguguleka kwemeshi yensimbi ebangelwa umhlabathi kanye nokuqeda izingozi zokudilika komhlaba.
Izimpande zezitshalo kukholakala ukuthi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusimamiseni kwemithambeka kanye nasekulawuleni ukuguguleka10,11,12,13,14.Ukuze kunziswe imithambeka ekubhidlikeni komhlaba okungashoni, uhlaza lungasetshenziswa ngoba izimpande zezitshalo zingakwazi ukulungisa umhlabathi ukuze kuvinjwe ukubhidlika15,16,17.Izimila ezinokhuni ezakheke endaweni ewugwadule18, ikakhulukazi uhlaza oluvikelayo oluvikela izihlahla. izinqubo zezimpande ezime mpo nezisemaceleni zezitshalo ezisebenza njengezinqwaba eziqinisayo emhlabathini.Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphethini okwakhiwa kwezimpande kuqhutshwa izakhi zofuzo, futhi indawo ezungezile yomhlabathi idlala indima ebalulekile kulezi zinqubo.Ukugqwala kuya ezinsimbi kuyahlukahluka ngokwendawo yenhlabathi20.Izinga lokugqwala kwezinsimbi enhlabathini lingasukela ekuncibilikeni ngokushesha kuya kokungamukeleki21 okungafaneleki. ukwakheka kwenhlabathi yemvelo kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwemvelo yangaphandle kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene emashumini ezigidi zeminyaka22,23,24.Ngaphambi kokuba uhlaza olunemithi lwakha uhlelo lwempande oluzinzile kanye ne-ecosystem, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-mesh yensimbi ehlangene nomthambeka wedwala nomhlabathi wokwenziwa kungasebenza ngokuphepha kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wemvelo kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.
Nokho, ukugqwala kwezinsimbi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa eShayina ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 emishinini yamakhemikhali nezinye izimboni, ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukugqwala kwensimbi kubalelwa ku-4% yenani eliphelele lomkhiqizo. ama-microorganisms.Ama-microbial metabolites angakwazi ukugqwala izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanti imisinga ezulazulayo nayo ingabangela ukugqwala.Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwezinsimbi ezigqitshwe emhlabathini.Okwamanje, ucwaningo lokugqwala kwensimbi egqitshiwe lugxile kakhulu (1) ezintweni ezithinta ukugqwala kwensimbi egqitshiwe25; (2) izindlela zokuvikela insimbi26,27; (3) izindlela zokwahlulela ngezinga lokugqwala kwensimbi28; Ukugqwala emithonjeni yezindaba ehlukene.Nokho, yonke inhlabathi ocwaningweni ibiyimvelo futhi yayenze inqubo eyanele yokubunjwa kwenhlabathi.Nokho, awukho umbiko mayelana nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi yokwenziwa yemithambeka yamadwala kaloliwe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imithombo yezindaba egqwalayo, inhlabathi yokwenziwa inezici zokungahloniphi, i-heterogeneity, isizini kanye nesifunda.Ukugqwala kwensimbi enhlabathini yokwenziwa kubangelwa ukusebenzisana kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwezinsimbi nenhlabathi yokwenziwa.Ngaphezu kwezinto ezizalwa nazo, izinga lokugqwala kwensimbi liphinde lincike endaweni ezungezile.Izici ezihlukahlukene, ukugqwala okufana nokuqukethwe okukodwa kuthinta ingqikithi ye-oksijini, umswakama wensimbi noma ingqikithi ye-oksijini kuthinta ingqikithi yensimbi okuqukethwe kukasawoti oncibilikayo, i-anion ne-ion yensimbi, i-pH, amagciwane enhlabathini30,31,32.
Eminyakeni engu-30 yokuzijwayeza, umbuzo wokuthi ungalondoloza kanjani unomphela inhlabathi yokwenziwa emithambekeni enamadwala ube yinkinga33.Izihlahla noma izihlahla azikwazi ukukhula kweminye imithambeka ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokunakekelwa ngezandla ngenxa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.Ukungcola okuphezu kwemeshi yensimbi kwakhukhuleka kwezinye izindawo.Ngenxa yokugqwala kwagqashuka futhi kwaqhekeka yonke inhlabathi ngaphansi kwayo, enye yalahleka futhi yalahleka yonke insimbi. 1).Okwamanje, ucwaningo lokugqwala kwemithambeka kajantshi ngokuyinhloko lugxile ekonakaleni kwegridi ephansi yesiteshi sikaloliwe, ukugqwala kwamanje okudalwa umzila wesitimela omncane, nokugqwala kwamabhuloho kaloliwe34,35, amathrekhi nezinye izinto zemoto36.Akuzange kube nemibiko yokugqwala kwe-corrosion yamakhemikhali ephepha likaloliwe, ikhemikhali yokuvikela i-electrope metal. izakhiwo zenhlabathi yokwenziwa emithambekeni yetshe eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Suiyu Railway, okuhloswe ngayo ukubikezela ukugqwala kwensimbi ngokuhlola izakhiwo zenhlabathi kanye nokunikeza isisekelo esinengqondo nesisebenzayo sokubuyiselwa kwe-ecosystem yenhlabathi kanye nokubuyiselwa kokwenziwa.I-Slope yokufakelwa.
Indawo yokuhlola itholakala endaweni enamagquma yaseSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) eduze kwaseSuining Railway Station.Le ndawo iphakathi neSichuan Basin, enezintaba eziphansi namagquma, enokwakheka kokuma komhlaba kanye nezwe eliyisicaba.Ukuguguleka, ukusika nokunqwabelana kwamanzi okudale ukuguguleka kwamanzi kuguguleke kakhulu. I-overburden ngokuyinhloko isihlabathi esinsomi kanye ne-mudstone.Ubuqotho bubi, futhi idwala liyisakhiwo esine-blocky.Indawo yocwaningo inesimo sezulu esishisayo se-monsoon esishisayo esinezici zesizini zakuqala kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo elishisayo, ikwindla elifushane kanye nobusika basekupheleni.Imvula inkulu, izinsiza zokukhanya nokushisa ziningi, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa sinde, izinga lokushisa lonyaka liyizinsuku ezingama-285 ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lokushisa lonyaka liyizinsuku ezingama-285. I-17.4 ° C, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lenyanga eshisa kakhulu (August) ngu-27.2 ° C, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingu-39.3 ° C. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu nguJanuwari (isilinganiso sokushisa singu-6.5 ° C), izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lingu -3.8 ° C, kanti isilinganiso semvula yonyaka singu-920 mm, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, imvula yasehlobo, ngoJulayi no-August. Ingxenye yemvula enkathini ngayinye yonyaka ingu-19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% kanye no-4-5% ngokulandelana.
Isizinda socwaningo siwumthambeka ocishe ube ngu-45° emthambekeni ka-Yu-Sui Railway owakhiwa ngo-2003. Ngo-April 2012, wabheka eningizimu phakathi nekhilomitha eli-1 leSiteshi Sesitimela saseSuining. I-slope yemvelo yasetshenziswa njengendlela yokulawula.Ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo kwe-slope kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokufafaza umhlabathi wangaphandle we-topdressing ukuze kubuyiselwe imvelo.Ngokobude bomthambeka oseceleni kajantshi, umthambeka ungahlukaniswa ube yi-upslope, phakathi nendawo kanye ne-downslope (Umfanekiso 2). ukuze sigweme ukungcoliswa kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala yensimbi yensimbi yenhlabathi, sisebenzisa kuphela ifosholo lensimbi engagqwali ukuze sithathe indawo yomhlabathi engu-0-8cm.Iziphindaphindo ezine zabekwa endaweni ngayinye emthambekeni, ngamaphoyinti okusampula okungahleliwe angu-15-20 ngokuphindaphinda ngakunye.Ukuphindaphinda ngakunye kuyingxube yamaphoyinti angu-15-20 ama-sampling angu-5 anqunywa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka ku-S-shag lineweight amagremu.Buyisela amasampula elabhorethri ngezikhwama ze-ziplock ze-polyethylene ukuze zicutshungulwe.Inhlabathi yomiswa ngokwemvelo, futhi izinsalela zamatshe nezinsalela zezilwane nezitshalo ziyakhethwa, zichotshozwe ngodondolo lwe-agate, bese zisefa ngesisefo senayiloni esinezikhala ezingama-20, esinezikhala eziyi-100 ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya ezimahhadla.
Ukumelana nenhlabathi kukalwa umhloli wokumelana ne-VICTOR4106 owenziwe yi-Shengli Instrument Company; ukumelana nomhlabathi kukalwa ensimini; ukuswakama kwenhlabathi kukalwa ngendlela yokomisa.Ithuluzi le-DMP-2 ledijithali eliphathekayo le-mv/pH line-impedance ephezulu yokukala amandla okugqwala kwenhlabathi.I-gradient engaba khona kanye namandla e-redox anqunywa i-DMP-2 ephathekayo yedijithali mv/pH, usawoti oncibilikayo ophelele enhlabathini wanqunywa ngendlela yokomisa eyinsalela, indlela ye-chloride ye-ion ye-chloride inhlabathi ye-AgNOhr Okuqukethwe kwesulfate kwanqunywa ngendlela ye-EDTA Titration engaqondile, indlela ye-double indicator titration yokunquma inhlabathi ye-carbonate ne-bicarbonate, indlela yokushisisa ye-potassium dichromate oxidation ukuze kutholwe izinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, indlela yokusabalalisa isixazululo se-alkaline ukuze kutholwe inhlabathi ye-alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion ye-Mo-Sb ye-colorimetric inhlabathi indlela ye-phosphorus etholakalayo inhlabathi50 Ingqikithi ye-phosphorus yenhlabathi50 isixazululo se-mol/L NaHCO3 njengesithako), futhi inani le-potassium eliphelele emhlabathini lanqunywa i-sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Idatha yokuhlola yaqale yahlelwa.Izibalo ze-SPSS 20 zasetshenziselwa ukwenza umehluko, ukuchezuka okujwayelekile, i-ANOVA yendlela eyodwa, nokuhlaziya ukuhlobana kwabantu.
Ithebula 1 libonisa izakhiwo ze-electromechanical, ama-anion kanye nezakhi zomhlabathi ezinemithambeka ehlukene.Amandla okugqwala, ukumelana nenhlabathi kanye ne-mpumalanga-ntshonalanga ye-gradient engase ibe khona yemithambeka ehlukene konke kwakubalulekile (P <0.05) .Amandla e-redox okwehla, okuphakathi nendawo kanye nomthambeko wemvelo kwakubalulekile (P <0.05 ye-radient, i-radient engase ibe khona). i-north-south potential gradient, is upslope>downslope>middle slope.Inani le-pH lenhlabathi lalilandelana ngokwehlela>umqansa>umthambeka ophakathi>umthambeka wemvelo.Isamba sikasawoti oncibilikayo, umthambeka wemvelo wawungaphezulu kakhulu kunomthambeka wesitimela (P <0.05) mg/kg, kanye nesamba sikasawoti oncibilikayo unomphumela omaphakathi ekugqwaleni kwensimbi.Into ephilayo enhlabathini yayiphakeme kakhulu emthambekeni wemvelo futhi iphansi kakhulu emithambekeni eyehlayo (P <0.05).Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen yayiphakeme kakhulu emthambekeni ophakathi futhi iphansi kakhulu emthambekeni okhuphukayo; okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen etholakalayo kwakuphakeme kakhulu emthambekeni owehlayo naphakathi nendawo, futhi kuphansi kakhulu emthambekeni wemvelo; ingqikithi yenitrogen yomzila wesitimela okhuphukayo nowehlayo yayiphansi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen etholakalayo kwakungaphezulu.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokukhuphuka nokukhuphuka kwe-organic nitrogen mineralization liyashesha.Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium etholakalayo kuyafana ne-phosphorus etholakalayo.
I-Soil resistivity inkomba ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kukagesi kanye nepharamitha eyisisekelo yokwahlulela ukubola kwenhlabathi.Izici ezithinta ukumelana nomhlabathi zihlanganisa okuqukethwe komswakama, inani eliphelele likasawoti oncibilikayo, i-pH, ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa, okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi, nokuqina.Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi enokumelana okuphansi iyagqwala, futhi okuphambene nalokho.Ukusebenzisa ukumelana ne-corrosable emazweni ahlukahlukene kukhombisa indlela yokumelana nomhlabathi1. Indlela yokuhlola yezinga lokubola kunkomba ngayinye eyodwa37,38.
Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kanye namazinga ezweni lami (Ithebula 1), uma ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuhlolwa kuphela ukumelana nenhlabathi, inhlabathi esethambekeni elikhuphukayo igqwala kakhulu; inhlabathi esendaweni eyehlayo iyagqwala ngokusesilinganisweni; ukugqwala kwenhlabathi emthambekeni ophakathi nendawo kanye nomthambeka wemvelo kuphansi kakhulu buthakathaka.
Ukumelana nenhlabathi komthambeka okhuphukayo kuphansi kakhulu kunezinye izingxenye zomthambeka, okungenzeka kubangelwe ukuguguleka kwemvula.Inhlabathi engaphezulu ku-upslope igeleza iye emthambekeni ophakathi namanzi, ukuze inetha lokuvikela i-slope metal upslope liseduze nenhlabathi engaphezulu.Ezinye zezinsimbi zensimbi zazibekwe obala futhi zikwazi ukumelana nomoya u-1. indawo; ukuhlukana kwenqwaba bekuyi-3m; ukujula kokushayela kwenqwaba kwakungaphansi kuka-15cm.Imeshi yensimbi engenalutho kanye nokugqwala okuxebuka kungaphazamisa imiphumela yokulinganisa.Ngakho-ke, akuthembeki ukuhlola ukubola kwenhlabathi kuphela ngenkomba ye-resistivity yenhlabathi.Ekuhlolweni okubanzi kokugqwala, ukuphikiswa komhlabathi kwe-upslope akucatshangelwa.
Ngenxa yomswakama ophakeme, umoya oswakeme ongapheli endaweni yaseSichuan ubangela ukuthi inetha lensimbi elichayeke emoyeni ligle kakhulu kunemeshi yensimbi egqitshwe enhlabathini39.Ukuchayeka kwe-mesh yocingo emoyeni kungaholela ekuncipheni kwempilo yesevisi, okungase kulimaze inhlabathi ekhuphukayo.Ukulahleka komhlabathi kungenza kube nzima ezitshalweni, ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezinokhuni ukuba zikhule, kube nzima ukukhula kwezitshalo zezinkuni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula kwezitshalo nakho kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yomhlabathi futhi kwandise okuqukethwe kwe-humus emhlabathini, okungagcini nje ukugcina amanzi, kodwa futhi kunikeze indawo enhle yokukhula nokuzala kwezilwane nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukulahlekelwa kwenhlabathi. ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ebheke phezulu ngamanzi emvula.
Amandla okugqwala ayingxenye ebalulekile ethinta ukugqwala kwenethi yokuvikela umthambeka emithambekeni enamazinga amathathu, futhi inomthelela omkhulu ethambekeni elikhuphukayo (Ithebula 2).Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amandla okugqwala awashintshi kakhulu endaweni ethile.Ushintsho oluphawulekayo lungabangelwa imisinga enhlanhlathayo. kanye nendawo yenhlabathi lapho izimoto zisebenzisa uhlelo lokuthuthwa komphakathi.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezokuthutha, uhlelo lwezokuthutha lukaloliwe lwezwe lami luye lwazuza ugesi omkhulu, futhi ukugqwala kwezinsimbi ezigqitshiwe okubangelwa ukuvuza okuqondile kwamanje kojantshi bakagesi angeke kushaywe indiva.Okwamanje, i-gradient engaba khona yomhlabathi ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukuthi umhlabathi uqukethe yini ukuduka kwenhlabathi ephansi. mv/m, umsinga olahlekile uphansi; lapho i-gradient engaba khona iku-0.5 mv/m kuya ku-5.0 mv/m, i-stray current imaphakathi; lapho i-gradient engase ibe khona ingaphezu kuka-5.0 mv/m, izinga lamanje elinhlanhlathayo liphakeme.Uhla oluntantayo lwe-gradient engaba khona (EW) ye-mid-slope, umthambeka okhuphukayo kanye nowehlayo uboniswa kuMfanekiso 3.Ngokwebanga elintantayo, kunemisinga ephakathi nendawo enhlanhlathayo empumalanga-ntshonalanga, emgwaqeni osenyakatho-ntshonalanga nentshonalanga. yamanje iyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwamameshi ensimbi emthambekeni omaphakathi nowehlayo, ikakhulukazi emthambekeni omaphakathi.
Ngokuvamile, amandla e-redox yomhlabathi (Eh) ngaphezu kwama-400 mV akhombisa amandla okwenza i-oxidizing, ngaphezu kuka-0-200 mV amandla okunciphisa aphakathi nendawo, futhi ngaphansi kuka-0 mV amandla amakhulu okunciphisa. Uma ephansi amandla e-redox yomhlabathi, ayanda amandla okugqwala amagciwane asenhlabathini kuya ezinsimbi44.Kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthambekela kwe-corxrosion yenhlabathi etholakala ku-redox yocwaningo lwenhlabathi. amandla emithambeka emithathu ayengaphezu kuka-500 mv, futhi izinga lokugqwala lalilincane kakhulu.Kubonisa ukuthi isimo sokungena komoya senhlabathi endaweni esemithambekeni sihle, esingahambisani nokugqwala kwezinambuzane ezincane ze-anaerobic emhlabathini.
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luye lwathola ukuthi umthelela we-pH yomhlabathi ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi usobala.Ngokuguquguquka kwenani le-pH, izinga lokugqwala kwezinto zensimbi liyathinteka kakhulu.I-pH yomhlabathi ihlobene eduze nendawo kanye nama-microorganisms enhlabathini45,46,47.Ngokuvamile, umphumela we-pH yenhlabathi ekugqweleni kwezinto zensimbi emihlabathini emithathu ene-alkaline ayiwona wonke umhlabathi we-alkaline osobala. i-alkaline, ngakho umphumela we-pH ekugqwaleni kwe-mesh yensimbi awunamandla.
Njengoba kungabonwa kuThebula lesi-3, ukuhlaziywa kokuhlobanisa kubonisa ukuthi amandla e-redox kanye nesimo semithambeka kuhlotshaniswa kahle kakhulu (R2 = 0.858), amandla okugqwala kanye ne-gradient engase ibe khona (SN) kuhlotshaniswa kahle kakhulu (R2 = 0.755), kanye namandla e-redox kanye ne-gradient engase ibe khona (SN0) ihlobene kakhulu (i-SN0) ihlobene kakhulu Kube nokuhlobana okungalungile okubalulekile phakathi kwekhono kanye ne-pH (R2 = -0.724).Indawo yemithambeka yayihlotshaniswa kahle kakhulu namandla e-redox.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi kunomehluko endaweni encane yezindawo zemithambeka ehlukene, futhi ama-microorganisms enhlabathi ahlobene eduze ne-redox potential48, 49, 50.Lokhu kuhlobana okunegethivu kwe-50. ukuthi amanani we-pH ne-Eh awazange aguquke ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi senqubo ye-redox yomhlabathi, kodwa abe nobudlelwano obungemuhle bomugqa.Amandla okugqwala kwensimbi angamela ikhono elihlobene lokuzuza nokulahlekelwa ama-electron.Nakuba amandla okugqwala ayehlotshaniswa kahle ngokuhle ne-gradient engase ibe khona (SN), i-gradient engaba khona ingase ibangelwe ukulahlekelwa kalula kwama-electron yinsimbi.
Ingqikithi kasawoti oncibilikayo enhlabathini ihlobene eduze nokubola kwenhlabathi.Ngokuvamile, lapho usawoti wenhlabathi uphezulu, ukuncipha kokuqina kwenhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa ukumelana nenhlabathi.Enhlabathini yama-electrolyte, akuwona nje ama-anion nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene, kodwa namathonya okugqwala ikakhulukazi ama-carbonates, ama-chloride nama-sulfate. umphumela wekhono le-electrode ezinsimbini nasekuncibilikeni komoyampilo wenhlabathi53.
Iningi lama-ion ancibilikayo ahlukaniswa nosawoti enhlabathini awahlanganyeli ngokuqondile ekuphenduleni kwe-electrochemical, kodwa athinta ukugqwala kwensimbi ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi resistivity.Ukuphakama kosawoti wenhlabathi, kuqina ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi okunamandla. Okuqukethwe kwenhlabathi enosawoti emithambekeni yemvelo kuphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yemithambeka kaloliwe, okungenzeka kube ngenxa yokuthi inhlabathi evundile, icebile ngokwendalo. nokongiwa kwamanzi.Esinye isizathu singase sibe ukuthi umthambeka wemvelo uye wathola ukwakheka kwenhlabathi evuthiwe (impahla yomzali wenhlabathi eyakhiwe isimo sezulu samadwala), kodwa inhlabathi eyehlelayo kaloliwe yakhiwe izingcezu zamatshe ezichotshoziwe njenge-matrix “yenhlabathi yokwenziwa”, futhi ayizange ibe nenqubo eyanele yokubunjwa kwenhlabathi. Amaminerali awakhululwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ion kasawoti enhlabathini ejulile yemithambeka yemvelo akhuphuka ngesenzo se-capillary ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka komhlaba futhi anqwabelana enhlabathini engaphezulu, okwaholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwama-ion kasawoti enhlabathini engaphezulu.Ubukhulu benhlabathi bomthambeka kaloliwe bungaphansi kuka-20 cm, okubangele ukwehluleka kwenhlabathi engaphezulu kukasawoti ukunezela.
Ama-ion amahle (afana ne-K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, njll.) anethonya elincane ekugqwaleni kwenhlabathi, kuyilapho ama-anion edlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokugqwala kwe-electrochemical futhi abe nomthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni kwensimbi.Cl− ingasheshisa ukugqwala kwe-anode futhi iyi-anion edla kakhulu; ukuphakama kwe-Cl−, kuqina ukugqwala kwenhlabathi.I-SO42− ayikhuthazi nje kuphela ukugqwala kwensimbi, kodwa futhi ibangela ukugqwala kwezinye izinto zikakhonkolo54.Iphinde idle insimbi.Ochungechungeni lokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ene-asidi, izinga lokugqwala litholakale lilingana nobumuncu bomhlaba55.I-chloride eyi-salt sulcrates eyi-saltic eyinhloko kanye ne-salccele eyinhloko i-cavitation yezinsimbi.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugqwala kwesisindo se-carbon steel enhlabathini ye-alkali kucishe kulingane nokwengezwa kwe-chloride ne-sulfate ions56,57.Lee et al. ithole ukuthi i-SO42- ingase ivimbele ukugqwala, kodwa ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemigodi yokugqwala eseyakhiwe kakade58.
Ngokwezinga lokuhlola ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, okuqukethwe kwe-ion ye-chloride kusampula yenhlabathi yemithambeka ngayinye kwakungaphezu kuka-100 mg/kg, okubonisa ukugqwala kwenhlabathi okuqinile. Okuqukethwe kwe-ion yesulfate kukho kokubili imiqansa kanye nemithambeka ekwehleni kwakungaphezu kuka-200 mg/kg futhi ngaphansi kuka-500 mg/kg okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ye-sulfate yenhlabathi emaphakathi, i-slope ephakathi ingaphansi kuka-200mg / kg, futhi ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kubuthakathaka.Lapho indawo yenhlabathi iqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu, izobamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni futhi ikhiqize isikali sokugqwala ebusweni be-electrode yensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukusabela kokugqwala.Njengoba ukugxila kukhula, isikali singase siphule ngokuzumayo, ngaleyo ndlela sisheshise kakhulu izinga lokugqwala; njengoba ukugxila kuqhubeka nokwanda, isikali sokugqwala sihlanganisa ingaphezulu le-electrode yensimbi, futhi izinga lokugqwala libonisa ukuthambekela okuhamba kancane futhi59.Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi inani lenhlabathi laliphansi ngakho-ke lalinomthelela omncane ekugqwaleni.
NgokweThebula lesi-4, ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-slope nama-anion enhlabathi kubonise ukuthi kwakukhona ukuhlobana okubalulekile okuhle phakathi kwe-slope nama-ion e-chloride (R2=0.836), kanye nokuhlobana okubalulekile okuhle phakathi komthambeka kanye nosawoti omningi oncibilikayo (R2=0.742).
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kungase kube yimbangela yezinguquko kusawoti omningi oncibilikayo emhlabathini.Kube nokuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kukasawoti omningi oncibilikayo nama-ion e-chloride, okungase kube ngenxa yokuthi usawoti oncibilikayo usuphelele uyichibi lama-ion e-chloride, futhi okuqukethwe kukasawoti omncibilikayo kunquma okuqukethwe kwe-chloride ekwazi ukubangela umehluko omkhulu enhlabathini. ukugqwala kwengxenye yemeshi yensimbi.
Izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen ephelele, i-nitrogen etholakalayo, i-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo yizakhi eziyisisekelo zomhlabathi, ezithinta izinga lomhlabathi kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhi ngohlelo lwezimpande.Izakhamzimba zomhlabathi ziyisici esibalulekile esithinta ama-microorganisms enhlabathini, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukutadisha ukuthi kukhona yini ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhi zomhlabathi kanye nokugqwala kwensimbi. uye wabhekana neminyaka engu-9 kuphela yokuqoqwa kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngenxa yolwazi lwenhlabathi yokwenziwa, kuyadingeka ukuqonda kahle imisoco esemhlabathini wokwenziwa.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter kuyinto ephakeme kakhulu enhlabathini emithambekeni yemvelo ngemva kwenqubo yonke yokwakheka kwenhlabathi.I-sub-slope ye-organic matter yenhlabathi yayiphansi kakhulu.Ngenxa yethonya lesimo sezulu kanye nokugeleza komhlaba, izakhi zomhlabathi zizoqoqana emthambekeni ophakathi nendawo, okwenza ungqimba oluqinile lwe-humus. ukubola okubangelwa ama-microorganisms.Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukumboza kwezitshalo ezimaphakathi nendawo eyehlayo kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwakuphezulu, kodwa ukufana kwakuphansi, okungase kuholele ekusabalaleni okungalingani kwezakhi ezingaphezulu.Ungqimba olujiyile lwe-humus lugcina amanzi kanye nezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi ziyasebenza.Konke lokhu kusheshisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini.
Okuqukethwe yinitrogen eyi-alkali-hydrolyzed kojantshi okhuphukayo, owethambeka ophakathi nendawo kanye nowehlayo bekuphakeme kunalowo wethambeka lemvelo, okubonisa ukuthi izinga le-organic nitrogen mineralization of the slope of trainslope laliphezulu kakhulu kunelomthambeka wemvelo. Lapho izinhlayiya zizincane, yilapho umhlabathi untengantenga kalula ukwakheka kwe-microorganism, i-microorganism. ama-aggregates, kanye nechibi elikhulu le-mineralized organic nitrogen60,61.Ngokuvumelana nemiphumela yocwaningo lwama-62, okuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya ezincane enhlabathini yemithambeka kaloliwe kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yemithambeka yemvelo.Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo ezifanele kufanele zithathwe ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe kukamanyolo, izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-nitrogen etholakala emhlabathini, kanye nokuthuthukisa umzila wesitimela osimeme emhlabathini. inhlabathi.Ukumoshakala kwe-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo okubangelwa ukugeleza kwamanzi kubalele ku-77.27% kuya ku-99.79% wokulahleka okuphelele komthambeka wesitimela.Ukugeleza kwamanzi kungase kube umshayeli oyinhloko wokulahleka kwezakhi ezitholakalayo emhlabathini othambekele63,64,65.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4, kwakukhona ukuhlobana okuhle okuphawulekayo phakathi kwendawo yokuthambekela kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo (R2=0.948), futhi ukuhlobana phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo kwakufana (R2=0.898).Kubonisa ukuthi indawo yokuthambeka ithinta okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo emhlabathini.
I-Gradient iyisici esibalulekile esithinta okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi kanye nokunothisa kwe-nitrogen66, futhi uma i-gradient incane, izinga lokunothisa likhulu.Ngokokunothisa izakhi zomhlabathi, ukulahlekelwa izakhi kwaba buthaka, futhi umphumela wokuma kwemithambeka kokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi kanye nokunothiswa kwe-nitrogen okuphelele kwakungabonakali. kunenzuzo ekulungiseni i-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo emhlabathini.Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona ukuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwendawo yokuthambekela kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo, nendawo yokuthambekela kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo.
Ukuze kucaciswe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhi zomhlabathi nokugqwala kwenhlabathi, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya ukuhlobana.Njengoba kubonisiwe kuThebula 5, amandla e-redox ayehlotshaniswa kabi kakhulu ne-nitrogen etholakalayo (R2 = -0.845) futhi ahlotshaniswa kakhulu kahle ne-phosphorus etholakalayo (R2 = 0.842) kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo.9dox ye-redox etholakalayo (ikhwalithi ye-R2 ye-redox = i-redox etholakalayo engu-R2). okuvamise ukuthintwa ezinye zezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali enhlabathini, bese kuthinta uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zomhlabathi.Ngakho-ke, kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni isiqondiso soguquko lwezakhi zomhlabathi67.Izimfanelo ezihlukene ze-redox zingase zibangele izimo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokutholakala kwezinto ezinomsoco.Ngakho-ke, amandla e-redox anokuxhumana okubalulekile ne-nitrogen etholakalayo, i-potassium etholakalayo kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo.
Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zensimbi, amandla okugqwala ahlobene nezinto zenhlabathi. Amandla okugqwala ayehlotshaniswa kabi ngokuphawulekayo nezinto eziphilayo, okubonisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zibe nomthelela omkhulu emandleni okugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziphilayo nazo zazihlotshaniswa kabi ngokuphawulekayo ne-gradient engase ibe khona (SN) (R2=-0.713) kanye ne-sulfate ion eguquguqukayo (R61=0) ne-sulfate ion. i-gradient (SN) ne-sulfate ion..Kube khona ukuhlobana okungalungile okubalulekile phakathi kwe-pH yenhlabathi ne-potassium etholakalayo (R2 = -0.728).
I-nitrogen etholakalayo yayihlotshaniswa kabi kakhulu nosawoti omncibilikayo ne-chloride ions, futhi i-phosphorus etholakalayo ne-potassium etholakalayo kwakuhlotshaniswa ngokuphawulekayo nosawoti oncibilikayo ne-chloride ions. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi izakhi zomsoco ezitholakalayo zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlanganiseni kukasawoti omningi nama-ion e-chloride enhlabathini, futhi ama-anion asenhlabathini ayengatholakali ekunikezeni izakhi ze-nitrogen. yayihlotshaniswa kabi kakhulu ne-sulfate ion, futhi ngokuphawulekayo yayihlotshaniswa kahle ne-bicarbonate, okubonisa ukuthi ingqikithi ye-nitrogen yaba nomthelela kokuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ne-bicarbonate.Izitshalo zinesidingo esincane sama-ion e-sulfate nama-ion e-bicarbonate, ngakho iningi lawo likhululekile emhlabathini noma limuncwa ama-colloid enhlabathini. ukutholakala kwenitrogen enhlabathini.Ngakho-ke, ukukhulisa ngokufanelekile okuqukethwe kwenitrogen nehumus enhlabathini kunenzuzo ukunciphisa ukubola kwenhlabathi.
Umhlabathi wuhlelo olunokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezakhiwo. Ukubola kwenhlabathi kuwumphumela wesenzo se-synergistic yezinto eziningi. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuhlola ebanzi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ukuhlola ukugqwala kwenhlabathi. Ngokubhekisela “kweKhodi Yophenyo Lobunjiniyela Bendawo” (GB50021-94) nezindlela zokuhlola ze-China Soil Corrosion Test Network, izinga lokugqwala kwenhlabathi lingahlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe ngokuvumelana nalezi zimo ezibuthakathaka, ukuhlolwa okubuthakathaka kuphela: ukugqwala , akukho ukugqwala okusesilinganisweni noma ukugqwala okuqinile; (2) uma kungekho ukugqwala okuqinile, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okumaphakathi; (3) uma kunendawo eyodwa noma ezimbili zokugqwala okuqinile, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okuqinile; (4) uma kunezindawo ezi-3 noma ngaphezulu zokugqwala okuqinile, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okuqinile kokugqwala okukhulu.
Ngokusho kokumelana nomhlabathi, amandla e-redox, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, okuqukethwe kukasawoti, inani le-pH, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-Cl- kanye ne-SO42, amabanga okugqwala kwamasampula enhlabathi emithambekeni ehlukahlukene ahlolwe ngokuphelele.
Amandla okugqwala ayingxenye ebalulekile ethinta ukugqwala kwenetha lokuvikela umthambeka.Amandla okugqwala emithambeka emithathu wonke aphansi kuno--200 mv, okunomthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni kwenetha yensimbi ekhuphukayo.I-gradient engase isetshenziswe ingasetshenziswa ukwahlulela ubukhulu besici samanje esinhlanhlathayo esithinta inhlabathi ephakathi nendawo ebalulekile. Imithambeka nemithambeka ekhuphukayo, ikakhulukazi emithambekeni emaphakathi. Isamba sikasawoti esincibilikayo enhlabathini yemithambeka engenhla, ephakathi nendawo nangaphansi konke bekungaphezu kuka-500 mg/kg, futhi ukugqwala kwenethi yokuvikela umthambeka bekusesilinganisweni. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi omhlaba kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kokugqwala kanye nomthambeka wensimbi ophakathi nendawo, kunomthelela omkhulu emthambekeni wensimbi. ukugqwala kwamameshe okuvikela i-slope.Izakhamzimba ziningi kakhulu enhlabathini esemthambekeni ophakathi, okubonisa ukuthi kunemisebenzi evame ukwenziwa yamagciwane kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwezitshalo.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amandla okugqwala, i-gradient engaba khona, ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kukasawoti oncibilikayo kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukugqwala kwenhlabathi emithambekeni emithathu, futhi ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuhlolwa njengokunamandla. Ukugqwala kwenethiwekhi yokuvikela umthambeka kubi kakhulu emthambekeni omaphakathi, ohlinzeka ngereferensi yedizayini ye-anti-corrosion yenethiwekhi ye-app etholakalayo yokuvikela ukugqwala. initrogen kanye nomanyolo we-organic kuyasiza ukunciphisa ukugqwala kwenhlabathi, ukwenza kube lula ukukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ekugcineni kusimamise ukuthambeka.
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