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Ukuthatha i-Sui-Chongqing railway slope njengento yocwaningo, ukumelana nenhlabathi, i-electrochemistry yenhlabathi (i-corrosion potential, i-redox potential, i-potential gradient kanye ne-pH), ama-anion enhlabathi (usawoti oncibilikayo ophelele, i-Cl-, i-SO42- kanye) kanye nokudla okunempilo kwenhlabathi. (Okuqukethwe komswakama, izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen iyonke, i-alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, i-phosphorus etholakalayo, i-potassium etholakalayo) Ngaphansi kwe-slope ehlukene, izinga lokugqwala lihlolwa ngokwezinkomba ngazinye kanye nezinkomba eziphelele zenhlabathi yokwenziwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izici, amanzi anethonya elikhulu ekugqwaleni kwenethi yokuvikela i-slope, kulandelwe okuqukethwe yi-anion. Usawoti oncibilikayo ophelele unomthelela ophakathi ekugqwaleni kwenethi yokuvikela i-slope, kanti ugesi olahlekile unomthelela ophakathi ekugqwaleni kwenethi yokuvikela i-slope. Izinga lokugqwala lamasampula enhlabathi lihlolwe ngokuphelele, kanti ukugqwala emthambekeni ongaphezulu bekuphakathi, kanti ukugqwala emthambekeni ophakathi naphansi bekunamandla. Izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini zihlobene kakhulu ne-gradient engaba khona. I-nitrogen etholakalayo, i-potassium etholakalayo kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo kuhlobene kakhulu nama-anion. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba zenhlabathi kuhlobene ngokungaqondile nomthambekeni uhlobo.
Lapho kwakhiwa izitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nezindawo zokugcina amanzi, ukuvuleka kwezintaba kuvame ukugwenywa. Ngenxa yezintaba eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga, ukwakhiwa kwezitimela zaseShayina kudinga ukumbiwa okuningi kwentaba. Kubhubhisa inhlabathi yokuqala kanye nezitshalo, kudala izintaba ezinamatshe eziveziwe. Lesi simo siholela ekugugulekeni komhlaba kanye nokuguguleka komhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela kusongela ukuphepha kwezokuthutha kwezitimela. Ukuguguleka komhlaba kubi ezimotweni zomgwaqo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwangoMeyi 12, 2008 eWenchuan. Ukuguguleka komhlaba sekuphenduke inhlekelele yokuzamazama komhlaba esakazeke kabanzi futhi engathi sína1. Ekuhlolweni kuka-2008 kwamakhilomitha angu-4,243 emigwaqweni emikhulu eSifundazweni saseSichuan, kube nezinhlekelele ezinkulu zokuzamazama komhlaba ezingu-1,736 emigwaqweni nasezindongeni zokugcina imithambeka, okubalwa u-39.76% wobude bonke bokuhlolwa. Ukulahlekelwa okuqondile komnotho okuvela emonakalweni womgwaqo kudlule ama-yuan ayizigidigidi ezingu-58 2,3. Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuthi izingozi ze-geo ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba zingahlala okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 (ukuzamazama komhlaba eTaiwan) ngisho neminyaka engu-40-50 (ukuzamazama komhlaba eKanto eJapan) 4,5. I-Gradient iyisici esiyinhloko esithinta ingozi yokuzamazama komhlaba 6,7. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina imithambeka yomgwaqo nokuqinisa ukuzinza kwayo. Izitshalo zidlala indima engenakuphikwa ekuvikelweni kwemithambeka nokuvuselelwa kwendawo yemvelo 8. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemithambeka evamile yomhlaba, imithambeka yamadwala ayinakho ukuqongelela kwezinto ezinomsoco njengezinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, futhi ayinayo indawo yomhlaba edingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yezinto ezifana nemithambeka emikhulu kanye nokuguguleka kwemvula, inhlabathi yemithambeka ilahleka kalula. Indawo yemithambeka inzima, ayinazo izimo ezidingekayo zokukhula kwezitshalo, kanti inhlabathi ye-slope ayinazo izinzinzo ezisekelayo9. Ukufutha kwe-slope ngezinto eziyisisekelo zokumboza inhlabathi ukuvikela i-slope kuyindlela yobuchwepheshe yokuvuselela imvelo ye-slope esetshenziswa kakhulu ezweni lakithi. Inhlabathi yokwenziwa esetshenziselwa ukufutha yakhiwe ngamatshe aqoshiwe, inhlabathi yasepulazini, utshani, umanyolo ohlanganisiwe, i-ejenti yokugcina amanzi kanye ne-adhesive (izinamathiseli ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka phakathi usimende wasePortland, i-organic glue kanye ne-asphalt emulsifier) ​​​​ngesilinganiso esithile. Inqubo yobuchwepheshe yile: qala ubeke ucingo olunezinti edwaleni, bese ulungisa ucingo olunezinti ngama-rivets nama-anchor bolts, bese ekugcineni ufafaza inhlabathi yokwenziwa equkethe imbewu emthambekeni nge-sprayer ekhethekile. I-mesh yensimbi engu-14# emise okwedayimane ehlanganiswe ngokugcwele isetshenziswa kakhulu, enezinga le-mesh elingu-5cm×5cm kanye nobubanzi obungu-2mm. I-mesh yensimbi ivumela i-matrix yenhlabathi ukuthi yakhe i-monolithic slab eqinile ebusweni bedwala. I-mesh yensimbi izobola enhlabathini, ngoba inhlabathi ngokwayo iyi-electrolyte, futhi izinga lokugqwala lincike ezicini zenhlabathi. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokugqwala kwenhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni i-mesh yensimbi ebangelwa inhlabathi. ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokuqeda izingozi zokudilika komhlabathi.
Izimpande zezitshalo kukholakala ukuthi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni imithambeka kanye nokulawula ukuguguleka komhlabathi10,11,12,13,14. Ukuze kuqiniswe imithambeka ngokumelene nokuguguleka komhlabathi okungajulile, izitshalo zingasetshenziswa ngoba izimpande zezitshalo zingalungisa inhlabathi ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi15,16,17. Izitshalo ezinezinkuni, ikakhulukazi izihlahla, zisiza ukuvimbela ukuguguleka komhlabathi okungajulile18. Isakhiwo esiqinile sokuvikela esakhiwe yizinhlelo zezimpande zezitshalo eziqondile neziseceleni ezisebenza njengezinqwaba eziqinisayo enhlabathini. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphethini okwakhiwa kwezimpande kuqhutshwa izakhi zofuzo, futhi indawo ezungezile yomhlabathi idlala indima ebalulekile kulezi zinqubo. Ukuguguleka kwezinsimbi kuyahlukahluka ngokwendawo ezungezile yomhlabathi20. Izinga lokuguguleka kwezinsimbi enhlabathini lingasukela ekuqhekekeni okusheshayo kuya ekuthintekeni okuncane21. Inhlabathi yokwenziwa ihluke kakhulu "enhlabathini" yangempela. Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi yemvelo kuwumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwendawo engaphandle nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili22,23,24. Ngaphambi kokuba izitshalo ezinezinkuni zakhe uhlelo lwezimpande oluzinzile kanye ne-ecosystem, ukuthi i-mesh yensimbi ehlanganiswe nomthambeka wedwala kanye nenhlabathi yokwenziwa ingasebenza ngokuphepha kuhlobene ngqo nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wemvelo, ukuphepha kwempilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo ezungezile.
Kodwa-ke, ukugqwala kwezinsimbi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe eShayina ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 ngemishini yamakhemikhali nezinye izimboni, ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukugqwala kwensimbi kwaba ngu-4% wenani eliphelele lokukhipha. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha indlela yokugqwala nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela zokwakha umnotho. Inhlabathi iyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi samagesi, uketshezi, izinto eziqinile kanye nama-microorganism. Ama-metabolite amancane angagqwala izinto, kanti imisinga elahlekile nayo ingabangela ukugqwala. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwezinsimbi ezingcwatshwe enhlabathini. Njengamanje, ucwaningo ngokugqwala kwensimbi engcwatshwe lugxile kakhulu ku-(1) izici ezithinta ukugqwala kwensimbi engcwatshwe25; (2) izindlela zokuvikela insimbi26,27; (3) izindlela zokwahlulela ngezinga lokugqwala kwensimbi28; Ukugqwala ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, yonke inhlabathi ocwaningweni yayiyimvelo futhi yayidlule ezinqubweni ezanele zokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, akukho mbiko ngokugqwala kwenhlabathi yokwenziwa kwemithambeka yamadwala esitimela.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, inhlabathi yokwenziwa inezici zokungagugi, ukungafani, isikhathi sonyaka kanye nesifunda. Ukugqwala kwensimbi enhlabathini yokwenziwa kubangelwa ukusebenzisana kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwezinsimbi nenhlabathi yokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwezici ezizalwa nazo, izinga lokugqwala kwensimbi libuye lincike endaweni ezungezile. Izinto ezahlukahlukene zithinta ukugqwala kwensimbi ngazinye noma ngokuhlanganiswa, njengokuqukethwe komswakama, okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo, okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo, okuqukethwe kwe-anion kanye ne-ion yensimbi, i-pH, amagciwane enhlabathi angu-30,31,32.
Eminyakeni engama-30 yokusebenza, umbuzo wokuthi ungawugcina kanjani unomphela umhlabathi wokwenziwa ezindaweni ezinamadwala ube yinkinga33. Izihlahla noma izihlahla azikwazi ukukhula kwezinye izindawo ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokunakekelwa ngesandla ngenxa yokuguguleka komhlabathi. Ukungcola ebusweni be-mesh yensimbi kwakhukhulwa kwezinye izindawo. Ngenxa yokugqwala, amanye ama-mesh ensimbi aqhekeka futhi alahlekelwa yinhlabathi yonke ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwawo (Isithombe 1). Njengamanje, ucwaningo mayelana nokugqwala kwe-slope yesitimela lugxile kakhulu ekugqwaleni kwegridi yokumisa isisekelo sesitimela, ukugqwala kwamanje okudalwe yisitimela esincane, kanye nokugqwala kwamabhuloho esitimela34,35, imizila kanye neminye imishini yezimoto36. Akukaze kube khona imibiko yokugqwala kwe-mesh yensimbi yokuvikela i-slope yesitimela. Leli phepha lifunda izakhiwo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali kanye nezamakhemikhali zenhlabathi yokwenziwa endaweni esemadwaleni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSitimela saseSuiyu, lihlose ukubikezela ukugqwala kwensimbi ngokuhlola izakhiwo zenhlabathi futhi linikeze isisekelo semfundiso kanye nesisebenzayo sokubuyiselwa kwemvelo yenhlabathi kanye nokubuyiselwa okwenziwe. I-slope eyenziwe.
Indawo yokuhlola itholakala endaweni enamagquma yaseSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) eduze neSiteshi Sesitimela saseSuining. Le ndawo itholakala phakathi neSichuan Basin, enezintaba namagquma aphansi, enesakhiwo esilula se-geological kanye nendawo eyisicaba. Ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukusika kanye nokuqongelela kwamanzi kudala izindawo ezinamagquma ezigugile. Idwala eliyisisekelo liyi-limestone, kanti inqwaba yalo igcwele isihlabathi esinsomi kanye netshe lodaka. Ukuqina kwalo kubi, kanti idwala liyisakhiwo esinamabhulokhi. Indawo yokutadisha inesimo sezulu esimanzi esingaphansi kwe-tropical esinezimpawu zesizini zokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo elishisayo, ikwindla elifushane kanye nobusika bokuphela. Imvula iningi, ukukhanya kanye nezinsiza zokushisa ziningi, isikhathi esingenaqhwa side (izinsuku ezingu-285 ngokwesilinganiso), isimo sezulu sincane, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lingu-17.4°C, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lenyanga eshisayo kakhulu (u-Agasti) lingu-27.2°C, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingu-39.3°C. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu inguJanuwari (izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu-6.5°C), izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kakhulu Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lingu-3.8°C, kanti isilinganiso semvula yonyaka singama-920 mm, ikakhulukazi ngoJulayi nango-Agasti. Imvula entwasahlobo, ehlobo, ekwindla nasebusika iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ingxenye yemvula esizini ngayinye yonyaka ingu-19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% kanye no-4-5% ngokulandelana.
Indawo yocwaningo iwumthambeka ongama-45° emthambekeni wesitimela i-Yu-Sui Railway esakhiwa ngo-2003. Ngo-Ephreli 2012, yabheka eningizimu ngaphakathi kwe-1 km ukusuka eSiteshini Sesitimela saseSuining. Ukwehla kwemvelo kwasetshenziswa njengokulawula. Ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo kokwehla kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokufafaza inhlabathi yangaphandle ukuze kubuyiselwe imvelo. Ngokusho kokuphakama kokwehla ohlangothini lwesitimela, ukwehla kungahlukaniswa kube phezulu, phakathi nokwehla kanye nokwehla (Isithombe 2). Njengoba ubukhulu bokwehla okusikiwe kungamasentimitha ayi-10, ukuze sigweme ukungcola kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala kwenethi yensimbi yomhlabathi, sisebenzisa ifosholo yensimbi engagqwali kuphela ukuthatha ubuso bomhlabathi bube ngu-0-8cm. Kwabekwa amakhophi amane endaweni ngayinye yokwehla, ngamaphuzu okuthatha isampula angu-15-20 ngokungahleliwe ngokuphindaphindwa ngakunye. Ukuphindaphinda ngakunye kuyingxube yamasentimitha angu-15-20 anqunywa ngokungahleliwe kusuka kumaphuzu okuthatha isampula anomumo we-S. Isisindo sayo esisha singamagremu angu-500. Buyisela amasampula elabhorethri ngezikhwama ze-polyethylene ziplock ukuze zicutshungulwe. Inhlabathi yomiswa ngokwemvelo emoyeni, futhi izinsalela zamatshe kanye nezilwane nezitshalo ziyakhishwa, zichotshozwe ngenduku ye-agate, bese zihlungwa ngesihlungo se-nylon esine-mesh engu-20, esine-mesh engu-100 ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya eziqinile.
Ukumelana nenhlabathi kukalwe ngumhloli wokumelana nokusikwa komhlabathi i-VICTOR4106 okhiqizwe yiShengli Instrument Company; ukumelana nenhlabathi kukalwe ensimini; Umswakama wenhlabathi ulinganiswe ngendlela yokomisa. Ithuluzi le-DMP-2 ephathekayo yedijithali mv/pH linomphetho ophezulu wokufaka wokulinganisa amandla okugqwala kwenhlabathi. I-gradient engaba khona kanye nekhono le-redox kunqunywe yi-DMP-2 ephathekayo yedijithali mv/pH, usawoti ophelele oncibilikayo enhlabathini unqunywe ngendlela yokomisa insalela, okuqukethwe kwe-chloride ion enhlabathini kunqunywe ngendlela ye-AgNO3 titration (indlela ye-Mohr), okuqukethwe kwe-soil sulfate kunqunywe ngendlela ye-indirect EDTA Titration, indlela ye-double indicator titration yokunquma i-soil carbonate ne-bicarbonate, indlela yokushisa ye-potassium dichromate oxidation yokunquma izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, indlela ye-alkaline solution diffusion yokunquma i-soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, indlela ye-H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric method I-phosphorus ephelele enhlabathini kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus okutholakala enhlabathini kunqunywe ngendlela ye-Olsen (isisombululo se-0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 njenge-extractant), kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-potassium okuphelele enhlabathini kunqunywe yi-sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Idatha yokuhlola yaqale yahlelwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Izibalo ze-SPSS 20 zasetshenziswa ukwenza isilinganiso, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, i-ANOVA yendlela eyodwa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuxhumana kwabantu.
Ithebula 1 liveza izakhiwo ze-electromechanical, ama-anion kanye nezakhamzimba zenhlabathi enezingqimba ezahlukene. Amandla okugqwala, ukumelana nenhlabathi kanye ne-gradient yamandla asempumalanga-ntshonalanga yezintaba ezahlukene konke kwakubalulekile (P < 0.05). Amandla e-redox ekwehleni, emthambekeni ophakathi kanye nomthambekeni wemvelo ayebalulekile (P < 0.05). I-gradient engaba khona iqonde ngqo kumzila, okungukuthi, i-gradient yamandla asenyakatho-ningizimu, i-upslope>downslope>mid slope. Inani le-pH yenhlabathi lalilandelana ne-downslope>ukuphakama>umthambeke ophakathi>umthambeke wemvelo. Usawoti oncibilikayo ophelele, umthambeke wemvelo wawuphakeme kakhulu kunomthambeke wesitimela (P < 0.05). Okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo okuphelele kwenhlabathi yomthambeke wesitimela webanga lesithathu kungaphezu kuka-500 mg/kg, kanti usawoti oncibilikayo ophelele unomthelela olinganiselayo ekugqwaleni kwensimbi. Okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kwakuphakeme kakhulu emthambekeni wemvelo futhi kuphansi kakhulu emthambekeni ophansi (P < 0.05). Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen okuphelele kwakuphakeme kakhulu emthambekeni ophakathi kanye nokuphansi kakhulu emthambekeni ophakeme; okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen okutholakalayo kwakuphakeme kakhulu endaweni engezansi kanye nethambeka eliphakathi, kanti okuphansi kakhulu endaweni engezansi yemvelo; okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen okuphelele kwendawo ephansi kanye nethambeka lesitimela kwakuphansi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen okutholakalayo kwakuphakeme. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokumbiwa kwe-nitrogen engokwemvelo ekhuphukayo kanye nephansi liyashesha. Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium okutholakalayo kufana ne-phosphorus etholakalayo.
Ukumelana nenhlabathi kuyinkomba ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kukagesi kanye nepharamitha eyisisekelo yokwahlulela ukugqwala kwenhlabathi. Izici ezithinta ukumelana nenhlabathi zifaka phakathi okuqukethwe umswakama, okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo ngokuphelele, i-pH, ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo, izinga lokushisa lenhlabathi, kanye nokuqina. Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi enokumelana okuphansi igqwala kakhulu, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ukusebenzisa ukumelana nokwahlulela ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ithebula 1 libonisa izindlela zokuhlola izinga lokugqwala kwenkomba ngayinye37,38.
Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kanye nezindinganiso ezweni lakithi (Ithebula 1), uma ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuhlolwa kuphela ngokuphikiswa kwenhlabathi, inhlabathi emthambekeni okhuphukayo igqwala kakhulu; inhlabathi emthambekeni okhuphukayo igqwala kancane; ukugqwala kwenhlabathi emthambekeni ophakathi kanye nomthambekeni wemvelo kuphansi kakhulu kubuthakathaka.
Ukumelana kwenhlabathi emthambekeni okhuphukayo kuphansi kakhulu kunokwezinye izingxenye zomthambekeni, okungase kubangelwe ukuguguleka kwemvula. Inhlabathi ephezulu emthambekeni okhuphukayo igeleza iye emthambekeni ophakathi namanzi, ukuze inethi yokuvikela umthambeke wensimbi okhuphukayo isondele emhlabathini ongaphezulu. Amanye ama-meshe ensimbi avezwe futhi alengiswe emoyeni (Isithombe 1). Ukumelana kwenhlabathi kwalinganiswa endaweni; isikhala senqwaba sasingu-3m; ukujula kokushayela inqwaba kwakungaphansi kuka-15cm. I-mesh yensimbi engenalutho kanye nokugqwala okuxebukayo kungaphazamisa imiphumela yokulinganisa. Ngakho-ke, akuthembekile ukuhlola ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuphela ngenkomba yokumelana nenhlabathi. Ekuhlolweni okuphelele kokugqwala, ukumelana kwenhlabathi komthambeke akucatshangelwa.
Ngenxa yomswakama ophezulu, umoya omanzi ohlala njalo endaweni yaseSichuan ubangela ukuthi i-mesh yensimbi evezwe emoyeni ibole kakhulu kune-mesh yensimbi egqitshwe enhlabathini. Ukuchayeka kwe-wire mesh emoyeni kungabangela ukuncipha kwesikhathi sokusebenza, okungaphazamisa inhlabathi ekhuphukayo. Ukulahleka kwenhlabathi kungenza kube nzima ngezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezinezinkuni, ukukhula. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezitshalo ezinezinkuni, kunzima ukwakha uhlelo lwezimpande olukhuphukayo ukuze kuqiniswe inhlabathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula kwezitshalo kungathuthukisa nekhwalithi yenhlabathi futhi kwandise okuqukethwe kwe-humus enhlabathini, okungagcini nje ngokugcina amanzi, kodwa futhi kuhlinzeke ngendawo enhle yokukhula nokuzala kwezilwane nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokuqala sokwakhiwa, imbewu eningi enezinkuni kufanele ihlwanyelwe endaweni ephezulu, futhi into egcina amanzi kufanele ihlale ingezwa futhi imbozwe ngefilimu ukuze kuvikelwe, ukuze kuncishiswe ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ephezulu ngamanzi emvula.
Amandla okugqwala ayisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwenethi yokuvikela ithambeka emthambekeni onezitezi ezintathu, futhi inethonya elikhulu emthambekeni okhuphukayo (Ithebula 2). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, amandla okugqwala awashintshi kakhulu endaweni ethile. Ushintsho oluphawulekayo lungabangelwa yimisinga elahlekile. Imisinga elahlekile ibhekisela kumisinga 40, 41, 42 evuza emgwaqweni kanye nasendaweni yomhlabathi lapho izimoto zisebenzisa uhlelo lwezokuthutha zomphakathi. Ngokuthuthuka kohlelo lwezokuthutha, uhlelo lwezokuthutha lwesitimela sezwe lami selufinyelele ugesi omkhulu, futhi ukugqwala kwezinsimbi ezigqitshwe okubangelwa ukuvuza kwamanje okuvela ezitimeleni ezisebenzisa ugesi akunakunganakwa. Njengamanje, i-gradient yamandla enhlabathi ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukuthi inhlabathi iqukethe ukuphazamiseka kwamanje okulahlekile. Lapho i-gradient yamandla enhlabathi engaphezulu ingaphansi kuka-0.5 mv/m, i-cray current iphansi; lapho i-gradient yamandla iphakathi kuka-0.5 mv/m kuya ku-5.0 mv/m, i-cray current iphakathi; uma i-gradient engaba khona inkulu kuno-5.0 mv/m2, izinga lamanje elilahlekile liphezulu. Ububanzi obuntantayo be-gradient engaba khona (EW) yomthambeka ophakathi, umthambeka ophakeme kanye nomthambeka ophansi buboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Ngokuphathelene nobubanzi obuntantayo, kunemifudlana elahlekile emaphakathi eziqondisweni ezisempumalanga-ntshonalanga kanye nasenyakatho-ningizimu yomthambeka ophakathi. Ngakho-ke, umthambeka olahlekile uyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwama-meshe ensimbi emthambekeni ophakathi kanye nomthambeka ophansi, ikakhulukazi emthambekeni ophakathi.
Ngokuvamile, amandla okuguqula inhlabathi (Eh) angaphezu kuka-400 mV abonisa ikhono loku-oxidiza, ngaphezu kuka-0-200 mV kuyikhono lokunciphisa eliphakathi nendawo, kanti ngaphansi kuka-0 mV kuyikhono lokunciphisa elikhulu. Uma amandla okuguqula inhlabathi abe ngaphansi, kulapho amandla okugqwala enhlabathi abe makhulu khona abe yizinsimbi.44 Kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthambekela kokugqwala kwenhlabathi kusuka kumandla okuguqula inhlabathi. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amandla okuguqula inhlabathi abe yizindawo ezintathu ayengaphezu kuka-500 mV, kanti izinga lokugqwala lalilincane kakhulu. Kubonisa ukuthi isimo somoya wenhlabathi endaweni ethambekeleyo sihle, okungavumeli ukugqwala kwezinambuzane ezincane ezingakwazi ukumelana ne-anaerobic enhlabathini.
Izifundo zangaphambilini zithole ukuthi umthelela we-pH yenhlabathi ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi usobala. Ngokuguquguquka kwenani le-pH, izinga lokugqwala kwezinto zensimbi lithinteka kakhulu. I-pH yenhlabathi ihlobene eduze nendawo kanye nama-microorganisms enhlabathini45,46,47. Ngokuvamile, umthelela we-pH yenhlabathi ekugugulekeni kwezinto zensimbi enhlabathini ene-alkaline kancane awubonakali. Inhlabathi yemithambeka emithathu yesitimela yonke ine-alkaline, ngakho-ke umthelela we-pH ekugugulekeni kwe-mesh yensimbi ubuthakathaka.
Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 3, ukuhlaziywa kokuhambisana kukhombisa ukuthi amandla e-redox kanye nendawo yokuthambeka kuhlobene kakhulu (R2 = 0.858), amandla okugqwala kanye ne-potential gradient (SN) kuhlobene kakhulu (R2 = 0.755), kanye namandla e-redox kanye ne-potential gradient (SN) kuhlobene kakhulu (R2 = 0.755). Kube nokuhlobana okuphawulekayo okungekuhle phakathi kwe-potential kanye ne-pH (R2 = -0.724). Indawo yokuthambeka yayihlobene kakhulu ne-redox potential. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kunomehluko endaweni encane yezindawo ezahlukene zokuthambeka, futhi amagciwane omhlabathi ahlobene kakhulu ne-redox potential48, 49, 50. I-redox potential yayihlobene kakhulu ne-pH51,52. Lobu budlelwano bubonise ukuthi amanani e-pH kanye ne-Eh awazange ashintshe njalo ngesikhathi senqubo ye-redox yomhlabathi, kodwa ayenobudlelwano obuqondile obungebuhle. I-Metal corrosion potential ingamelela ikhono elihlobene lokuthola nokulahlekelwa ama-electron. Nakuba i-corrosion potential yayihlobene kakhulu ne-potential gradient (SN), i-potential gradient ingabangelwa ukulahleka kalula kwama-electron yinsimbi.
Ubuningi bosawoti oncibilikayo enhlabathini buhlobene kakhulu nokugqwala kwenhlabathi. Ngokuvamile, uma usawoti wenhlabathi uphakeme, ukumelana kwenhlabathi kwehla, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukumelana kwenhlabathi. Kuma-electrolyte enhlabathi, akuzona nje ama-anion kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene, kodwa futhi nethonya lokugqwala ikakhulukazi ama-carbonate, ama-chloride nama-sulfate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo enhlabathini kuthinta ngokungaqondile ukugqwala ngethonya lezinye izinto, njengomphumela wamandla e-electrode ezinsimbini kanye nokuncibilika komoya-mpilo enhlabathini53.
Iningi lama-ion ancibilikayo ahlukaniswe usawoti enhlabathini awahlanganyeli ngqo ekusabeleni kwe-electrochemical, kodwa athinta ukugqwala kwensimbi ngokumelana nenhlabathi. Uma usawoti wenhlabathi uphakeme, ukuqina kwenhlabathi kuyanda futhi ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kunamandla. Okuqukethwe kosawoti wenhlabathi emithambekeni yemvelo kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwemithambekeni yesitimela, okungase kube ngenxa yokuthi imithambekeni yemvelo icebile ngezitshalo, okusiza ukongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi. Esinye isizathu kungaba ukuthi imithambekeni yemvelo iye yabhekana nokwakheka kwenhlabathi okuvuthiwe (izinto eziyinhloko zenhlabathi ezakhiwe yidwala), kodwa inhlabathi yemithambekeni yesitimela yakhiwe yizingcezu zamatshe aqoshiwe njenge-matrix "yenhlabathi yokwenziwa", futhi ayizange idlule enkambisweni eyanele yokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Amaminerali awakhishwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ion kasawoti enhlabathini ejulile yemithambekeni yemvelo akhuphuka ngesenzo se-capillary ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka kobuso futhi aqongelela enhlabathini engaphezulu, okuholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwama-ion kasawoti enhlabathini engaphezulu. Ubukhulu benhlabathi yemithambekeni yesitimela bungaphansi kwama-20 cm, okuholela ekungakwazini kwenhlabathi engaphezulu ukwengeza usawoti ovela enhlabathini ejulile.
Ama-ion amahle (njenge-K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, njll.) awanayo ithonya elikhulu ekugqwaleni kwenhlabathi, kuyilapho ama-anion edlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni ye-electrochemical yokugqwala futhi enomthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni kwensimbi. I-Cl− ingasheshisa ukugqwala kwe-anode futhi iyi-anion egqwala kakhulu; uma okuqukethwe kwe-Cl− kuphakeme, kulapho ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuqina khona. I-SO42− ayikhuthazi kuphela ukugqwala kwensimbi, kodwa futhi ibangela ukugqwala kwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi54. Futhi igqwala insimbi. Ochungechungeni lwezivivinyo zenhlabathi ene-asidi, izinga lokugqwala litholakale lilingana ne-asidi yenhlabathi55. I-Chloride ne-sulfate yizingxenye eziyinhloko zikasawoti oncibilikayo, ezingasheshisa ngqo ukuqhekeka kwezinsimbi. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukulahlekelwa isisindo sokugqwala kwensimbi yekhabhoni enhlabathini ye-alkaline cishe kulingana nokwengezwa kwama-ion e-chloride ne-sulfate56,57. ULee nabanye bathole ukuthi i-SO42- ingavimbela ukugqwala, kodwa ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemigodi yokugqwala eseyakhiwe kakade58.
Ngokwezinga lokuhlola ukubola kwenhlabathi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, okuqukethwe kwe-chloride ion kusampula ngayinye yomhlabathi othambekele kwakungaphezu kuka-100 mg/kg, okubonisa ukubola kwenhlabathi okunamandla. Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ion kokubili emathambekeni akhuphukayo naphansi kwakungaphezu kuka-200 mg/kg nangaphansi kuka-500 mg/kg, kanti inhlabathi yayigqwalile ngokulinganisela. Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ion emthambekeni ophakathi kungaphansi kuka-200mg/kg, kanti ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kubuthakathaka. Lapho indawo yomhlabathi iqukethe ukuhlushwa okuphezulu, izohlanganyela ekusabeleni futhi ikhiqize isikali sokugqwala ebusweni be-electrode yensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ijubane lokusabela kokugqwala. Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwanda, isikali singaphuka ngokuzumayo, ngaleyo ndlela sisheshise kakhulu izinga lokugqwala; njengoba ukuhlushwa kuqhubeka nokwanda, isikali sokugqwala simboza ubuso be-electrode yensimbi, futhi izinga lokugqwala libonisa ukuthambekela kokwehla futhi59. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi inani elisenhlabathini laliphansi ngakho-ke alinawo umthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni.
Ngokusho kweThebula 4, ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-anion asethafeni nomhlabathi bubonise ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwano obuhle obuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-ion asethafeni nama-chloride (R2=0.836), kanye nobudlelwano obuhle obuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-ion asethafeni nama-salti ancibilikayo aphelele (R2=0.742).
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kanye nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kungaba yimbangela yezinguquko kusawoti oncibilikayo ngokuphelele enhlabathini. Kwakukhona ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kukasawoti oncibilikayo ngokuphelele kanye nama-ion e-chloride, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi usawoti oncibilikayo ngokuphelele uyichibi lama-ion e-chloride, futhi okuqukethwe kukasawoti oncibilikayo ngokuphelele kunquma okuqukethwe kwama-ion e-chloride ezixazululweni zenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, singazi ukuthi umehluko ekuthambekeni ungabangela ukugqwala okukhulu kwengxenye ye-mesh yensimbi.
Izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen iyonke, i-nitrogen etholakalayo, i-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo yizona izakhamzimba eziyisisekelo zomhlabathi, ezithinta ikhwalithi yomhlabathi kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba uhlelo lwezimpande. Izakhamzimba zomhlabathi ziyisici esibalulekile esithinta amagciwane asemhlabathini, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukutadisha ukuthi kukhona yini ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamzimba zomhlabathi kanye nokugqwala kwensimbi. Isitimela iSuiyu saqedwa ngo-2003, okusho ukuthi inhlabathi yokwenziwa ineminyaka engu-9 kuphela yokuqongelela izinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwenhlabathi yokwenziwa, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle izakhamzimba ezisemhlabathini wokwenziwa.
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo kuphezulu kakhulu enhlabathini yemithambeka yemvelo ngemva kwenqubo yonke yokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Ukuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi wemithambeka ephansi bekuphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yethonya lokuwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni, izakhamzimba zomhlabathi zizoqongelela endaweni yemithambeka ephakathi nendawo kanye nethambeka, zakha ungqimba olujiyile lwe-humus. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinhlayiya ezincane kanye nokuqina okungekuhle kwenhlabathi yemithambeka ephansi, izinto eziphilayo zibola kalula yizilokazane ezincane. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukumbozwa kwezitshalo zemithambeka ephakathi nendawo kanye nethambeka eliphansi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwakuphezulu, kodwa ukulingana kwakuphansi, okungaholela ekusabalaleni okungalingani kwezakhamzimba zomhlabathi. Ungqimba olujiyile lwe-humus lubamba amanzi futhi izinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi ziyasebenza. Konke lokhu kusheshisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini.
Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen ene-alkali-hydrolyzed yesitimela esise-up-slope, esise-maphakathi kanye nese-down-slope kwakuphakeme kunokwe-natural slope, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lokumbiwa kwe-nitrogen yemvelo ye-slope yesitimela laliphakeme kakhulu kunele-natural slope. Uma izinhlayiya zincane, isakhiwo senhlabathi singazinzile, kulula kakhulu ukuthi ama-microorganism abole izinto eziphilayo eziqongeleleni, futhi lapho i-nitrogen ephilayo ene-mineral ikhula kakhulu. Ngokuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo lwe-62, okuqukethwe kwezinhlayiya ezincane enhlabathini ye-slope yesitimela kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokwe-natural slope. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele zokwandisa okuqukethwe komanyolo, izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-nitrogen enhlabathini ye-slope yesitimela, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwenhlabathi. Ukuchitheka kwe-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo okubangelwa ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kwakungu-77.27% kuya ku-99.79% wokulahlekelwa okuphelele kwe-slope yesitimela. Ukugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni kungaba yimbangela eyinhloko yokulahleka kwezakhamzimba okutholakalayo enhlabathini ye-slope63,64,65.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4, kube nobudlelwano obuhle obuphawulekayo phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo (R2=0.948), kanti ubudlelwane phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo babufana (R2=0.898). Kubonisa ukuthi indawo yokuthambeka ithinta okuqukethwe yi-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo enhlabathini.
I-Gradient iyisici esibalulekile esithinta okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini kanye nokucebisa i-nitrogen66, futhi uma i-gradient incane, izinga lokucebisa liba likhulu. Ngokucebisa izakhamzimba enhlabathini, ukulahlekelwa izakhamzimba kwaba buthaka, futhi umphumela wendawo yokuthambeka kokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini kanye nokucebisa i-nitrogen iyonke wawungabonakali. Izinhlobo ezahlukene nezinombolo zezitshalo ezithambekeni ezahlukene zinama-asidi ahlukene e-organic akhishwa yizimpande zezitshalo. Ama-asidi e-organic awusizo ekuqiniseni i-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kanye ne-phosphorus etholakalayo, kanye nendawo yokuthambeka kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo.
Ukuze kucaciswe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhamzimba zomhlabathi kanye nokugqwala komhlabathi, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano. Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 5, amandla e-redox ahlotshaniswe kabi kakhulu ne-nitrogen etholakalayo (R2 = -0.845) futhi ahlotshaniswe kahle kakhulu ne-phosphorus etholakalayo (R2 = 0.842) kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo (R2 = 0.980). Amandla e-redox abonisa ikhwalithi ye-redox, evame ukuthintwa ezinye izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zomhlabathi, bese ithinta uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, kuyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni indlela yokuguqulwa kwezakhamzimba zomhlabathi67. Izimfanelo ezahlukene ze-redox zingabangela izimo ezahlukene kanye nokutholakala kwezici zokudla okunempilo. Ngakho-ke, amandla e-redox anobuhlobo obubalulekile ne-nitrogen etholakalayo, i-phosphorus etholakalayo kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo.
Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zensimbi, amandla okugqwala nawo ahlobene nezakhiwo zomhlabathi. Amandla okugqwala ahlobene kakhulu nezinto eziphilayo, okubonisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zinomthelela omkhulu emandleni okugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziphilayo nazo zihlobene kabi kakhulu ne-potential gradient (SN) (R2=-0.713) kanye ne-sulfate ion (R2=-0.671), okubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo kuthinta ne-potential gradient (SN) kanye ne-sulfate ion.. Kwakukhona ubudlelwano obubi obuphawulekayo phakathi kwe-pH yomhlabathi kanye ne-potassium etholakalayo (R2 = -0.728).
I-nitrogen etholakalayo yayihlobene kakhulu nosawoti ophelele oncibilikayo nama-ion e-chloride, kanti i-phosphorus ne-potassium etholakalayo yayihlobene kakhulu nosawoti ophelele oncibilikayo nama-ion e-chloride. Lokhu kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba okutholakalayo kuthinte kakhulu inani lama-ion e-chloride aphelele oncibilikayo enhlabathini, kanti ama-anion enhlabathini ayengahambisani nokuqongelela nokutholakala kwezakhamzimba ezitholakalayo. I-nitrogen ephelele yayihlobene kakhulu ne-sulfate ion, futhi yayihlobene kakhulu ne-bicarbonate, okubonisa ukuthi i-nitrogen ephelele yayinomthelela kokuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ne-bicarbonate. Izitshalo azidingi kangako ama-ion e-sulfate nama-ion e-bicarbonate, ngakho-ke iningi lazo likhululekile enhlabathini noma limuncwa yi-colloids yomhlabathi. Ama-ion e-bicarbonate athanda ukuqongelela kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini, kanti ama-ion e-sulfate anciphisa ukutholakala kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa ngokufanele okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen ne-humus etholakalayo enhlabathini kuyazuzisa ukunciphisa ukubola kwenhlabathi.
Inhlabathi iyisistimu enokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezakhiwo. Ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuwumphumela wesenzo sokusebenzisana sezici eziningi. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuhlola ephelele ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukugqwala kwenhlabathi. Ngokubhekisela ku-“Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation” (GB50021-94) kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ze-China Soil Corrosion Test Network, izinga lokugqwala kwenhlabathi lingahlolwa ngokuphelele ngokwezindinganiso ezilandelayo: (1) Ukuhlolwa kungukugqwala okubuthakathaka, uma kungukugqwala okubuthakathaka kuphela, akukho ukugqwala okuphakathi noma ukugqwala okunamandla; (2) uma kungekho ukugqwala okunamandla, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okuphakathi; (3) uma kukhona indawo eyodwa noma ezimbili zokugqwala okunamandla, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okunamandla; (4) uma kunezindawo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu zokugqwala okunamandla, kuhlolwa njengokugqwala okunamandla kokugqwala okukhulu.
Ngokusho kokumelana nenhlabathi, amandla e-redox, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, okuqukethwe usawoti, inani le-pH, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-Cl- kanye ne-SO42, amazinga okugqwala kwamasampula enhlabathi ezindaweni ezahlukene zezintaba ahlolwe ngokuphelele. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi inhlabathi kuzo zonke izindawo zezintaba igqwala kakhulu.
Amandla okugqwala ayisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwenethi yokuvikela ukuthambeka. Amandla okugqwala emithambekeni emithathu aphansi kune--200 mV, okunomthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni kwenethi yensimbi ekhuphukayo. Ukuphakama okungenzeka kungasetshenziswa ukwahlulela ubukhulu bomsinga olahlekile enhlabathini. Amandla okugqwala ayisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwenethi yensimbi emithambekeni ephakathi nasemithambekeni ekhuphukayo, ikakhulukazi emithambekeni ephakathi. Okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo enhlabathini yemithambekeni ephezulu, ephakathi naphansi konke kwakungaphezu kuka-500 mg/kg, kanti umphumela wokugqwala enethini yokuvikela ukuthambeka wawumaphakathi. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi enhlabathi kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ukugqwala kwenethi yensimbi emithambekeni ephakathi naphansi, futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ekugqwaleni kwenethi yokuvikela ukuthambeka. Izakhamzimba ziningi kakhulu enhlabathini ephakathi nendawo, okubonisa ukuthi kunemisebenzi eminingi yamagciwane kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo ngokushesha.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amandla okugqwala, ukuthambekela okungenzeka, okuqukethwe usawoti oncibilikayo okuphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi yizinto eziyinhloko ezithinta ukugqwala kwenhlabathi emithambekeni emithathu, futhi ukugqwala kwenhlabathi kuhlolwa njengokunamandla. Ukugqwala kwenethiwekhi yokuvikela imithambekeni yiyona ebaluleke kakhulu emthambekeni ophakathi, okunikeza inkomba yomklamo wokulwa nokugqwala kwenethiwekhi yokuvikela imithambekeni yesitimela. Ukwengezwa okufanele kwe-nitrogen etholakalayo kanye nomanyolo we-organic kuyasiza ekunciphiseni ukugqwala kwenhlabathi, kusize ukukhula kwezitshalo, futhi ekugcineni kuzinzise umthambekeni.
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