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Kutora Sui-Chongqing railway slope sechinangwa chekutsvagisa, kudzivirira ivhu, electrochemistry yevhu (corrosion potential, redox potential, potential gradient uye pH), soil anions (total soluble salts, Cl-, SO42- uye) uye soil Nutrition. (Hunyoro, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium) Pasi pemaslope akasiyana, corrosion grade inoongororwa zvichienderana nezviratidzo zvega zvega uye zviratidzo zvakakwana zvevhu rekugadzira. Kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu, mvura ine simba guru pakuora kweslope protection net, ichiteverwa nehuwandu hweanion. Total soluble salt ine simba riri pakati nepakati pakuora kweslope protection net, uye stray current ine simba riri pakati nepakati pakuora kweslope protection net. Huremu hwekuora kwesamples dzevhu hwakaongororwa zvakakwana, uye corrosion iri pamusoro yaive pakati nepakati yaive yakasimba. Organic matter muvhu yaive yakabatana zvakanyanya ne potential gradient. Nitrogen iripo, potassium iripo uye phosphorus inowanikwa yaive yakabatana zvakanyanya neanion. Kugoverwa kwezvinovaka muviri zvevhu kwakabatana zvisina kunanga neslope. mhando.
Pakuvaka njanji, migwagwa mikuru uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mvura, mikana yemakomo inowanzo dzivirirwa. Nekuda kwemakomo ari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, kuvaka njanji yeChina kunoda kucherwa kwakawanda kwegomo. Inoparadza ivhu rekutanga nemiti, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzine matombo dzive pachena. Izvi zvinotungamira mukudonha kwevhu uye kukurwa kwevhu, nokudaro zvichityisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwekufambisa njanji. Kudonha kwevhu kwakaipa kune vanhu vanofamba mumigwagwa, kunyanya mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaitika musi wa12 Chivabvu, 2008 kuWenchuan. Kudonha kwevhu kwave njodzi huru yekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakapararira uye kwakakomba1. Muongororo ya2008 yemakiromita 4,243 emigwagwa mikuru muSichuan Province, kwakaitika njodzi dzekudengenyeka kwenyika dzakakomba dzinosvika 1,736 mumigwagwa nemadziro ekuchengetedza materu, zvichiita kuti zvive 39.76% yehurefu hwese hweongororo. Kurasikirwa kwehupfumi zvakananga kubva mukukuvara kwemugwagwa kwakapfuura mabhiriyoni 58 yuan 2,3. Mienzaniso yepasi rose inoratidza kuti njodzi dzepasi rose dzinogona kugara kwemakore angangoita gumi (kudengenyeka kwenyika kuTaiwan) uye kunyange makore 40-50 (kudengenyeka kwenyika kuKanto muJapan) 4,5. Gradient ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa njodzi yekudengenyeka kwenyika 6,7. Saka, zvakakosha kuchengetedza materu emugwagwa uye kusimbisa kugadzikana kwawo. Zvirimwa zvinoita basa risingatsiviwi mukudzivirira materu uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze 8. Zvichienzaniswa nemateru evhu akajairwa, materu ematombo haana kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvinovaka muviri zvakaita sezvinhu zvipenyu, nitrogen, phosphorus, uye potassium, uye haana ivhu rinodiwa kuti miti ikure. Nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita semateru makuru uye kukurwa kwemvura, ivhu remateru rinorasika nyore nyore. Nzvimbo yemateru yakaoma, Haisi mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti zvirimwa zvikure, uye ivhu remumatenhere harisi kutsigira kugadzikana9. Kupfapfaidza materu nezvinhu zvepasi kuti zvifukidze ivhu kuchengetedza materu inyanzvi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa matope munyika yangu. Ivhu rekugadzira rinoshandiswa kupfapfaidza rinoumbwa nematombo akapwanyika, ivhu rekurima, huswa, fetereza yakasanganiswa, chinhu chinochengetedza mvura uye chinonamira (zvinonamira zvinowanzo sanganisira simende yePortland, organic glue uye asphalt emulsifier) ​​​​muchikamu chakati. Maitiro ehunyanzvi ndeekuti: tanga waisa waya ine minzwa padombo, wobva wagadzirisa waya ine minzwa nemarivets uye mabhoti ekunamira, uye pakupedzisira pfapfaidza ivhu rekugadzira rine mbeu pamatope uchishandisa sprayer yakakosha. Mesh yesimbi ine chimiro chedhaimani 14# yakagadzika zvizere ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, ine mesh standard ye5cm×5cm uye dhayamita ye2mm. Mesh yesimbi inobvumira matrix yevhu kugadzira monolithic slab yakasimba pamusoro pedombo. Mesh yesimbi ichaora muvhu, nekuti ivhu pacharo ielectrolyte, uye mwero wekuora unoenderana nehunhu hwevhu. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvinokonzera ngura yevhu kwakakosha zvikuru pakuongorora mesh yesimbi inokonzerwa nevhu. kukurwa kwevhu uye kubvisa njodzi dzekudonha kwevhu.
Midzi yemiti inofungidzirwa kuti inoita basa guru mukudzikamisa materu uye kudzora kudonha kwevhu10,11,12,13,14.Kuti materu adzikame kubva pakudonha kwevhu kusinganyatsodzika, zvinomera zvinogona kushandiswa nekuti midzi yemiti inogona kugadzirisa ivhu kudzivirira kudonha kwevhu15,16,17.Miti ine miti, kunyanya miti, inobatsira kudzivirira kudonha kwevhu kusingadzika18.Chimiro chakasimba chekudzivirira chinoumbwa nemidzi yemiti yakamira uye yakatarisana nemidzi inoshanda semakomba anosimbisa muvhu.Kukura kwemagadzirirwo emidzi kunotungamirirwa nemajini, uye nharaunda yevhu inoita basa guru mukuita uku.Kuora kusimbi kunosiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yevhu20.Kukura kwesimbi muvhu kunogona kubva pakunyungudika nekukurumidza kusvika pakukanganisa kushoma21.Ivhu rekugadzira rakasiyana zvikuru ne "ivhu" chairo.Kuumbwa kwevhu rechisikigo kunokonzerwa nekudyidzana pakati penharaunda yekunze nezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana kwemakumi emamiriyoni emakore22,23,24.Miti isati yaumba midzi yakagadzikana uye ecosystem, kana mesh yesimbi yakabatana nematombo akatsetseka nevhu rekugadzira zvinogona kushanda zvakachengeteka zvine chekuita nekukura kwehupfumi hwechisikigo, kuchengetedzeka kwehupenyu uye kuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Zvisinei, ngura yesimbi inogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru. Sekureva kweongororo yakaitwa muChina mukutanga kwema1980 pamichina yemakemikari nedzimwe nzvimbo, kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nengura yesimbi kwaive 4% yehuwandu hwese hwezvinhu zvinobuda. Saka, zvakakosha zvikuru kudzidza nzira yengura uye kutora matanho ekudzivirira kuvaka kwehupfumi. Ivhu isystem yakaoma yemagasi, zvinwiwa, zvinhu zvakasimba uye tupukanana. Microbial metabolites inogona kukanganisa zvinhu, uye mafungu anodonha anogonawo kukonzera ngura. Saka, zvakakosha kudzivirira ngura yesimbi dzakavigwa muvhu. Parizvino, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pengura yesimbi yakavigwa inonyanya kutarisa pa (1) zvinhu zvinokanganisa ngura yesimbi yakavigwa25; (2) nzira dzekudzivirira simbi26,27; (3) nzira dzekutonga mwero wekuora kwesimbi28; Kuora muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Zvisinei, ivhu rese muchidzidzo raive rechisikigo uye rakaita maitiro akakwana ekuumba ivhu. Zvisinei, hapana mushumo pamusoro pekukukurwa kwevhu rekugadzira renzvimbo dzematombo enjanji.
Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzinoparadza, ivhu rekugadzira rine hunhu hwekusanyorova, kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, mwaka uye nharaunda. Kuora kwesimbi muvhu rekugadzira kunokonzerwa nekubatana kwemagetsi pakati pesimbi nevhu rekugadzira. Pamusoro pezvinhu zvekuzvarwa nazvo, mwero wekuora kwesimbi unoenderanawo nenzvimbo yakapoteredza. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa ngura yesimbi chimwe nechimwe kana pamwe chete, zvakaita sehuwandu hwehunyoro, huwandu hweokisijeni, huwandu hwemunyu unonyunguduka, huwandu hweanion nesimbi, pH, hutachiona hwevhu 30,31,32.
Mumakore makumi matatu ekushanda, mubvunzo wekuti ivhu rekugadzira ringachengetedzwa sei zvachose pamatombo akatsetseka wave uri dambudziko33. Zvikwenzi kana miti haigone kukura pamamwe materu mushure memakore gumi ekutarisira nemaoko nekuda kwekukukurwa kwevhu. Tsvina iri pamusoro pesimbi yakakukurwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nekuda kwekuora, mamwe mameshi esimbi akatsemuka ndokurasikirwa nevhu rese pamusoro nepasi pawo (Mufananidzo 1). Parizvino, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekuora kwechitima yakatsetseka inonyanya kutarisa pakuora kwegridi yepasi pechitima, ngura inogadzirwa nechitima chechiedza, uye ngura yemabhiriji echitima34,35, njanji nezvimwe zvishandiso zvemotokari36. Hapana mishumo yekuora kwesimbi yekudzivirira njanji yakatsetseka. Pepa iri rinoongorora hunhu hwepanyama, hwemakemikari uye hwemagetsi hwevhu rekugadzira rakatsetseka kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweSuiyu Railway, nechinangwa chekufanotaura ngura yesimbi nekuongorora hunhu hwevhu uye kupa hwaro hwedzidziso uye hunoshanda hwekugadziriswa kwemamiriro ekunze evhu uye kudzorerwa kwekugadzira. Kurongeka kwesimbi.
Nzvimbo yekuyedza iri munzvimbo ine makomo yeSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) pedyo neSuining Railway Station. Nzvimbo iyi iri pakati peSichuan Basin, ine makomo nemakomo madiki, ine chimiro chakareruka che geology nenzvimbo yakati sandara. Kukukurwa kwevhu, kuchekwa uye kuunganidzwa kwemvura kunoita kuti nzvimbo dzine makomo dzikure. Dombo guru rinonyanya kuve limestone, uye huwandu hwayo hwakawanda ijecha repepuru nematombo evhu. Kusimba kwayo hakuna kunaka, uye dombo iri chivakwa chakaita sechivharo. Nzvimbo yekuyedza ine mamiriro ekunze emvura inonaya pasi pemvura ine mwaka wekutanga kwechirimo, zhizha rinopisa, matsutso mapfupi uye kupera kwechando. Mvura inonaya yakawanda, chiedza nekupisa zvakawanda, nguva isina chando yakareba (mazuva 285 paavhareji), mamiriro ekunze akapfava, avhareji yekupisa kwegore negore i17.4°C, avhareji yekupisa kwemwedzi unopisa (Nyamavhuvhu) i27.2°C, uye tembiricha yepamusoro i39.3°C. Mwedzi unotonhora zvikuru ndiNdira (avhareji yekupisa i6.5°C), yakanyanya Tembiricha shoma i -3.8°C, uye avhareji yemvura inonaya pagore i920 mm, inonyanya kunaya muna Chikunguru naNyamavhuvhu. Mvura inonaya muchirimo, muzhizha, mumatsutso nemuchando inosiyana zvikuru. Huwandu hwemvura inonaya mumwaka wega wega wegore i19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% uye 4-5% zvichiteerana.
Nzvimbo yekutsvagisa iyi yakatenuka inosvika 45° patenuka yeYu-Sui Railway yakavakwa muna 2003. Muna Kubvumbi 2012, yakatarisa kumaodzanyemba mukati me1 km kubva kuSuining Railway Station. Kurereka kwechisikigo kwakashandiswa senzira yekudzora. Kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo yekurereka kunoshandisa tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza ivhu kubva kunze kwenyika kuti igadziriswe. Zvichienderana nekukwirira kwenzvimbo yekurereka yechitima, nzvimbo yekurereka inogona kukamurwa kuita nzvimbo yekukwira, yekudzika pakati uye yekudzika (Mufananidzo 2). Sezvo ukobvu hwenzvimbo yekurereka yakachekwa huri 10cm, kuti tidzivise kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekuora kwenzvimbo yekurereka yesimbi yevhu, tinoshandisa foshoro yesimbi isina ngura chete kutora pamusoro pevhu 0-8cm. Makopi mana akaiswa panzvimbo yega yega yekurereka, ne15-20 random sampling points pakopi imwe neimwe. kopi imwe neimwe musanganiswa we15-20 zvakasarudzwa zvisina kurongeka kubva panzvimbo dzekusampling line dzakaita seS. Huremu hwayo hutsva hunosvika 500 gramu. Dzoserai masamples kurabhoritari mumabhegi epolyethylene ziplock kuti agadziriswe. Ivhu rinoomeswa nemhepo, uye matongo nemhuka nezvirimwa zvinotorwa, zvopwanywa neagate stick, uye zvosefewa ne 20-mesh, 100-mesh nylon sieve kunze kwezvidimbu zvakakora.
Kudzivirira ivhu kwakayerwa neVICTOR4106 grounding resistance tester yakagadzirwa neShengli Instrument Company; kudzivirira ivhu kwakayerwa mumunda; hunyoro hwevhu hwakayerwa nenzira yekuomesa. Chishandiso cheDMP-2 chinotakurika chedhijitari mv/pH chine kupindira kwakanyanya kwekuyera kugona kwekuora kwevhu. Kugona kwegradient uye kugona kwe redox zvakaongororwa neDMP-2 inotakurika digital mv/pH, munyu wese unonyungudika muvhu wakaongororwa nenzira yekuomesa yakasara, huwandu hwe chloride ion muvhu hwakaongororwa neAgNO3 titration method (Mohr method), huwandu hwe soil sulfate hwakaongororwa neindirect EDTA Titration method, nzira ye double indicator titration yekuona soil carbonate ne bicarbonate, nzira ye potassium dichromate oxidation yekupisa kuti ione soil organic matter, nzira ye alkaline solution diffusion yekuona soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric method Total phosphorus muvhu uye huwandu hwe phosphorus huripo muvhu zvakaongororwa neOlsen method (0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 solution se extractant), uye huwandu hwe potassium muvhu hwakaongororwa ne sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Data rekuyedza rakatanga kurongeka. SPSS Statistics 20 yakashandiswa kuita mean, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, uye human correlation analysis.
Tafura 1 inoratidza hunhu hwemagetsi, maanion uye zvinovaka muviri zvevhu rine materu akasiyana. Kugona kwengura, kuramba kwevhu uye kukwira kwesimba rekumabvazuva-kumadokero kwemateru akasiyana zvese zvaive zvakakosha (P < 0.05). Kugona kwe redox kwekudzika, materu epakati uye materu echisikigo zvaive zvakakosha (P < 0.05). Kukwira kwesimba kwakatarisana nerail, ndiko kuti, kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba kwesimba, kuri kukwira>kudzika>materu epakati. pH yevhu yaive muhurongwa hwe downslope>kukwira>materu epakati>materu echisikigo. Munyu wese unonyungudika, materu echisikigo aive akakwira zvakanyanya pane materu echitima (P < 0.05). Munyu wese unonyungudika wevhu re third-grade rail slope ivhu uri pamusoro pe 500 mg/kg, uye munyu wese unonyungudika une mhedzisiro iri pakati pakuora kwesimbi. Kuwanda kwe organic matter muvhu kwaive kwakanyanya mumateru echisikigo uye kwakaderera mumateru epasi (P < 0.05). Kuwanda kwe nitrogen kwaive kwakanyanya mumateru epakati uye kwakaderera mumateru ekumusoro; huwandu hwenitrogen huripo hwaive hwakanyanya mugomo repasi nepakati, uye hwakaderera mugomo repasi; huwandu hwenitrogen hwese hwechitima chiri kumusoro nepasi hwaive hwakaderera, asi huwandu hwenitrogen huripo hwaive hwakakwira. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mwero wekukwira nekudzika kwenitrogen yeorganic unokurumidza. Potassium inowanikwa yakafanana nephosphorus iripo.
Kudzivirira ivhu chiratidzo chinoratidza kufambisa kwemagetsi uye chinoratidza ngura yevhu. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kutsungirira ivhu zvinosanganisira hunyoro, munyu wese unonyunguduka, pH, magadzirirwo evhu, tembiricha, organic matter, tembiricha yevhu, uye kuomarara. Kazhinji, ivhu rine resistivity shoma rinonyanya kukuvadza, uye zvinopesana. Kushandisa resistivity kuongorora ngura yevhu inzira inowanzo shandiswa munyika dzakasiyana siyana. Tafura 1 inoratidza zvinodiwa zvekuongorora girasi rekuora kweindex yega yega37,38.
Zvichienderana nemigumisiro yebvunzo uye zviyero munyika yangu (Tafura 1), kana kuora kwevhu kuchiongororwa chete nekugona kwevhu, ivhu riri pagomo rinokwira rinoparadza zvakanyanya; ivhu riri pagomo rinokwira rinoparadza zvishoma; kuora kwevhu riri pagomo repakati nepagomo rechisikigo hakuna kusimba zvakanyanya.
Kudzivirira ivhu kubva pagomo rakakwira kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kwezvimwe zvikamu zvegomo, izvo zvinogona kukonzerwa nekudonha kwemvura. Ivhu repamusoro riri pamusoro rinoyerera richienda pakati pegomo nemvura, zvekuti mambure ekudzivirira dombo resimbi riri pamusoro ari pedyo nevhu repamusoro. Mamwe mambure esimbi akafumurwa uye akatosungirirwa mumhepo (Mufananidzo 1). Kudzivirira ivhu kwakayerwa panzvimbo yacho; nzvimbo yemurwi yaive 3m; kudzika kwemurwi kwaive pasi pe15cm. Mesh yesimbi isina chinhu uye ngura inogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yekuyera. Naizvozvo, hazvivimbike kuongorora ngura yevhu chete nechiratidzo chekudzivirira ivhu. Mukuongorora kwakazara kwengura, kudzivirira ivhu kubva pagomo hakufungirwi.
Nekuda kwehunyoro hwakawanda, mhepo inonyorova inogara iripo munzvimbo yeSichuan inoita kuti mesh yesimbi inoburitswa mumhepo iparare zvakanyanya kupfuura mesh yesimbi yakavigwa muvhu39. Kusangana nemesh yesimbi mumhepo kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwehupenyu hwebasa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa ivhu rinokwira. Kurasikirwa nevhu kunogona kuita kuti zviomere zvirimwa, kunyanya zvirimwa zvine miti, kukura. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemiti ine miti, zvakaoma kugadzira midzi inokwira mugomo kuti isimbise ivhu. Panguva imwe chete, kukura kwezvirimwa kunogonawo kuvandudza mhando yevhu uye kuwedzera humus muvhu, izvo zvisingangogone kuchengetedza mvura chete, asiwo zvinopa nzvimbo yakanaka yekukura nekubereka kwemhuka nezvirimwa, nokudaro zvichideredza kurasikirwa nevhu. Naizvozvo, pakutanga kwekuvaka, mbeu dzakawanda dzine miti dzinofanira kudyarwa pamusoro pegomo, uye chinhu chinochengetedza mvura chinofanira kugara chichiwedzerwa uye chakafukidzwa nefirimu yekudzivirira, kuitira kuderedza kuputsika kwevhu rinokwira mugomo nemvura inonaya.
Kugona kwengura chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa ngura yemugero wekudzivirira mambure pamawere ane nhanho nhatu, uye ine simba guru pamawere ekukwira (Tafura 2). Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, kugona kwengura hakuchinji zvakanyanya munzvimbo yakatarwa. Kuchinja kunoonekwa kunogona kukonzerwa nemafungu emvura anodonha. Mafungu emvura anodonha anoreva mafungu emvura 40, 41, 42 anodonhedza mvura mumigwagwa nepakati pevhu kana mota dzichishandisa sisitimu yekufambisa yeruzhinji. Nekuvandudzwa kwesisitimu yekufambisa, sisitimu yekufambisa njanji yenyika yangu yakawana magetsi akawanda, uye ngura yesimbi dzakavigwa inokonzerwa nekudonha kwemagetsi zvakananga kubva muzvitima zvine magetsi haigone kufuratirwa. Parizvino, gradient yesimba revhu inogona kushandiswa kuona kana ivhu rine kukanganiswa kwemagetsi anodonha. Kana gradient yesimba revhu iri pasi pe0.5 mv/m, magetsi anodonha akaderera; kana gradient yesimba iri pakati pe0.5 mv/m kusvika 5.0 mv/m, magetsi anodonha ari pakati nepakati; Kana potential gradient yakakura kupfuura 5.0 mv/m2, stray current level inenge yakakwira.Floating range ye potential gradient (EW) ye mid-slope, up-slope uye down-slope inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Panyaya yefloating range, kune ma stray currents ari pakati nepakati kumabvazuva-kumadokero uye kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba kwe mid-slope.Naizvozvo, stray current chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa ngura yesimbi meshes pamid-slope ne down-slope, kunyanya pamid-slope.
Kazhinji, simba rekugadzirisa ngura yevhu (Eh) pamusoro pe400 mV rinoratidza kugona kwe oxidizing, pamusoro pe0-200 mV simba rekuderedza pakati nepakati, uye pasi pe0 mV simba rekuderedza rakakura. Kana simba rekugadzirisa ngura yevhu rakaderera, simba rezvipembenene zvevhu rakawedzera kuita ngura yesimbi44. Zvinokwanisika kufanotaura mafambiro ekuora kwezvipembenene zvevhu kubva pasimba rekugadzirisa ngura. Chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti simba rekugadzirisa ngura yevhu rematsetse matatu raive rakakura kupfuura 500 mv, uye huwandu hwekuora hwaive hudiki kwazvo. Zvinoratidza kuti mamiriro emhepo evhu enzvimbo dzakatenuka akanaka, izvo zvisingakonzeri ngura yezvipembenene zvisingashande muvhu.
Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakawana kuti simba re pH yevhu pakukukurwa kwevhu riri pachena. Nekuchinja kwe pH, huwandu hwe ngura yezvinhu zvesimbi hunokanganiswa zvakanyanya. pH yevhu ine hukama hwakasimba nenzvimbo uye tupukanana turi muvhu45,46,47. Kazhinji, simba re pH yevhu pakukukurwa kwezvinhu zvesimbi muvhu rine alkaline zvishoma harisi pachena. Ivhu renzvimbo nhatu dzechitima dzese dzine alkaline, saka simba re pH pakukukurwa kwesimbi harina simba.
Sezvatinoona kubva paTafura 3, ongororo yekubatana inoratidza kuti redox potential nenzvimbo yekutsvedza zvine hukama hwakanaka (R2 = 0.858), corrosion potential uye potential gradient (SN) zvine hukama hwakanaka (R2 = 0.755), uye redox potential uye potential gradient (SN) zvine hukama hwakanaka (R2 = 0.755). Paiva nehukama hwakaipa pakati pesimba remagetsi ne pH (R2 = -0.724). Nzvimbo yekutsvedza yakabatana zvakanaka ne redox potential. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kune mutsauko munzvimbo diki dzenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekutsvedza, uye tupukanana twevhu twakabatana zvakanyanya ne redox potential48, 49, 50. Simba re redox rakabatana zvakanyanya ne pH51,52. Hukama uhu hwakaratidza kuti pH ne Eh values ​​​​hazvina kuchinja nguva dzose panguva yekutsvedza kwevhu, asi zvaive nehukama hwakaipa hwemutsara. Simba resimbi rinogona kumiririra kugona kuwana nekurasikirwa nemaerekitironi. Kunyangwe simba remagetsi rakabatana zvakanaka ne potential gradient (SN), potential gradient inogona kukonzerwa nekurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi nyore nyore nesimbi.
Munyu wese unonyungudika muvhu une chekuita nekuora kwevhu. Kazhinji, kana munyu wevhu wakakwira, kuomerera kwevhu kunoderedza, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kuomerera kwevhu. Muma electrolyte evhu, kwete maanion chete uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana, asiwo zvinokanganisa ngura zvinonyanya kuve ma carbonates, ma chloride nema sulfates. Pamusoro pezvo, munyu wese unonyungudika muvhu unokanganisa ngura kuburikidza nezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita semhedzisiro ye electrode potential musimbi uye kunyungudika kwe oxygen muvhu53.
Mazhinji emaion anonyungudika munyu muvhu haabatanidzwe zvakananga mukuita kwemagetsi, asi anokanganisa ngura yesimbi kuburikidza nekuramba kwevhu. Kana munyu wevhu wakakwira, kutenderera kwevhu kwakasimba uye kudonha kwevhu kwakasimba. Huremu hwemunyu wevhu mumatope echisikigo hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwemumatope echitima, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti materu echisikigo ane miti yakawanda, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza ivhu nemvura. Chimwe chikonzero chingave chekuti materu echisikigo akaumbwa ivhu rakakura (ivhu rinoumbwa nematombo), asi ivhu remumatope echitima rakaumbwa nezvidimbu zvematombo akapwanywa se "ivhu rekugadzira", uye harina kuita maitiro akakwana ekuumbwa kwevhu. Maminerari haana kuburitswa. Pamusoro pezvo, maion emunyu muvhu rakadzika remateru echisikigo akakwira kuburikidza nekushanda kwe capillary panguva yekubuda kwemvura pamusoro uye akaungana muvhu repamusoro, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemaion emunyu muvhu repamusoro. Ukobvu hwevhu hwemateru echitima huri pasi pe20 cm, zvichikonzera kutadza kwevhu repamusoro kuwedzera munyu kubva muvhu rakadzika.
Maion akanaka (akadai seK+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, nezvimwewo) haana simba guru pakuora kwevhu, nepo maanion achiita basa guru mukuora kwemagetsi uye ane simba guru pakuora kwesimbi.Cl− inogona kukurumidzisa kuora kweanode uye ndiyo anion inonyanya kuodza; kana Cl− yakawanda, kuora kwevhu kwakasimba.SO42− haingosimudziri ngura yesimbi chete, asiwo inokonzera ngura mune zvimwe zvinhu zvekongiri54.Inoodzawo simbi.Muongororo dzakawanda dzemuvhu une acid, mwero wekuora wakawanikwa wakaenzana neacidity yevhu55.Chloride nesulfate ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvemunyu unonyunguduka, izvo zvinogona kukurumidzisa cavitation yesimbi zvakananga.Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kurasikirwa nehuremu hwekuora kwesimbi yekabhoni muvhu realkaline kunenge kwakaenzana nekuwedzerwa kwechloride nesulfate ions56,57.Lee et al. vakawana kuti SO42- inogona kukanganisa ngura, asi kukurudzira kukura kwemakomba ekuora atove akaumbwa58.
Zvichienderana nechiyero chekuongorora kuora kwevhu uye mhedzisiro yebvunzo, huwandu hwe chloride ion musampuli yega yega yevhu rakatsetseka hwaive pamusoro pe100 mg/kg, zvichiratidza kuora kwakasimba kwevhu. Hunhu hwe sulfate ion hwese mumakomo ekukwira nekudzika hwaive pamusoro pe200 mg/kg uye pasi pe500 mg/kg, uye ivhu rakanga raora zvine mwero. Hunhu hwe sulfate ion mumatunhu ari pakati hwakaderera pane 200mg/kg, uye kuora kwevhu kwakaderera. Kana nzvimbo yevhu ine huwandu hwakawanda, inozotora chikamu mukuita uye inoburitsa chiyero chekuora pamusoro pe electrode yesimbi, nokudaro ichideredza kukurumidza kwekuita kwekuora. Sezvo huwandu hwacho huchiwedzera, chiyero chinogona kuputsika kamwe kamwe, nokudaro chichikurumidzisa zvakanyanya chiyero chekuora; sezvo huwandu hwacho huchiramba huchiwedzera, chiyero chekuora chinofukidza pamusoro pe electrode yesimbi, uye chiyero chekuora chinoratidza mafambiro ekuderera zvakare59. Chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti huwandu huri muvhu hwaive hwakaderera uye nekudaro hahuna mhedzisiro yakawanda pakuora.
Zvichienderana neTafura 4, hukama huripo pakati pema "slope" ne "soil anions" hwakaratidza kuti paive nehukama hwakanaka pakati pe "slope" ne "chloride ions" (R2=0.836), uye hukama hwakanaka pakati pe "slope" ne "total soluble salts" (R2=0.742).
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mvura inoyerera pamusoro pevhu uye kukurwa kwevhu zvinogona kunge zviri izvo zvinokonzera shanduko mumunyu wese unonyungudika muvhu. Paiva nehukama hwakanaka pakati pemunyu wese unonyungudika nemaion echloride, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti munyu wese unonyungudika ndiwo mudziva wemaion echloride, uye huwandu hwemunyu wese unonyungudika hunosarudza huwandu hwemaion echloride mumhinduro dzevhu. Nokudaro, tinogona kuziva kuti musiyano uripo mumatope unogona kukonzera ngura yakanyanya pachikamu chesimbi chemesh.
Zvinhu zveorganic, nitrogen yakazara, nitrogen iripo, phosphorus iripo uye potassium iripo ndizvo zvinovaka muviri zvevhu, izvo zvinokanganisa kunaka kwevhu uye kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri nemidzi. Zvinovaka muviri zvevhu chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa tupukanana muvhu, saka zvakakosha kudzidza kana paine hukama pakati pezvinovaka muviri zvevhu nekuora kwesimbi. Suiyu Railway yakapedzwa muna 2003, zvinoreva kuti ivhu rekugadzira rave nemakore mapfumbamwe chete rekuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zveorganic. Nekuda kwekusiyana kwevhu rekugadzira, zvakakosha kuti munhu anzwisise zvinovaka muviri zviri muvhu rekugadzira.
Ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu hwakanyanya kuwanda muvhu remunzvimbo dzakatenuka mushure mekuumbwa kwevhu rese. Huwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu muvhu rakatenuka hwakaderera hwakaderera. Nekuda kwekukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye kuyerera kwemvura pamusoro, zvinovaka muviri muvhu zvinoungana pakati nepakati penzvimbo dzakatenuka, zvichigadzira humus yakakora. Zvisinei, nekuda kwezvidimbu zvidiki uye kusagadzikana kwakashata kwevhu rakatenuka, zvinhu zvipenyu zvinoora zviri nyore netupukanana. Ongororo iyi yakawana kuti kufukidza kwemiti pakati nepakati penzvimbo dzakatenuka uye pasi penzvimbo dzakatenuka kwakakwira, asi kufanana kwacho kwakaderera, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukupararira kusina kuenzana kwezvinovaka muviri pamusoro. Humus yakakora inobata mvura uye zvisikwa zvemuvhu zvinoshanda. Zvese izvi zvinokurumidzisa kuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu muvhu.
Nitrogen ine alkali-hydrolyzed muzvitima zviri kumusoro, pakati nepakati uye pasi yaive yakakwira kupfuura yenzvimbo yemuchadenga, zvichiratidza kuti mwero we organic mineralization wenzvimbo yemuchadenga waive wakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura wenzvimbo yemuchadenga. Zvidimbu zvidiki, chimiro chevhu chisina kugadzikana, zviri nyore kuti tupukanana tuore zvinhu zvipenyu muzvikamu, uye huwandu hwe mineralized organic nitrogen60,61 hunowedzera. Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yechidzidzo che62, huwandu hwezvikamu zvidiki muvhu renzvimbo dzemuchadenga hwaive hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura hwenzvimbo dzemuchadenga. Nokudaro, matanho akakodzera anofanira kutorwa kuwedzera huwandu hwefetereza, zvinhu zvipenyu uye nitrogen muvhu renzvimbo yemuchadenga, uye kuvandudza kushandiswa kwevhu kwenguva refu. Kurasika kwephosphorus iripo uye potassium inowanikwa kunokonzerwa nekuyerera kwemvura pamusoro penzvimbo kwakaita 77.27% kusvika 99.79% yekurasikirwa kwese kwenzvimbo yemuchadenga. Kuyerera kwemvura pamusoro penzvimbo kunogona kunge kuri iko kunokonzera kurasikirwa kwezvinovaka muviri muvhu renzvimbo dzemuchadenga63,64,65.
Sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 4, paive nehukama hwakanaka pakati penzvimbo yekutsvedza nephosphorus iripo (R2=0.948), uye hukama pakati penzvimbo yekutsvedza nepotassium iripo hwaive hwakafanana (R2=0.898). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo yekutsvedza inokanganisa huwandu hwephosphorus iripo nepotassium inowanikwa muvhu.
Gradient chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu muvhu uye kuwedzera nitrogen66, uye gradient diki, huwandu hwekuwedzerwa kwemvura hunowedzera. Pakuwedzera kwezvinovaka muviri muvhu, kurasikirwa kwezvinovaka muviri kwakaderedzwa, uye mhedzisiro yenzvimbo yekutsvedza pahuwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu muvhu uye kuwedzera nitrogen yese yakanga isiri pachena. Mhando dzakasiyana uye huwandu hwezvirimwa pamatunhu akasiyana ane maasidhi akasiyana eorganic anoburitswa nemidzi yemiti. Organic acids inobatsira pakugadzika kwephosphorus iripo nepotassium inowanikwa muvhu. Nokudaro, pakanga paine hukama hwakakosha pakati penzvimbo yekutsvedza nephosphorus iripo, uye nzvimbo yekutsvedza nepotassium iripo.
Kuti tijekese hukama huripo pakati pezvinovaka muviri muvhu nekuora kwevhu, zvakakosha kuongorora hukama hwacho.Sezvinoratidzwa muTafura 5, redox potential yaive yakabatana zvakanyanya nenitrogen iripo (R2 = -0.845) uye yakabatana zvakanyanya nephosphorus iripo (R2 = 0.842) uye potassium iripo (R2 = 0.980). Redox potential inoratidza mhando yeredox, iyo inowanzo kanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvevhu, uye yozokanganisa zvakatevedzana zvehunhu hwevhu.Naizvozvo, chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza divi rekushandurwa kwehunhu hwevhu67. Hunhu hwakasiyana hweredox hunogona kukonzera mamiriro akasiyana uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinovaka muviri.Naizvozvo, redox potential ine hukama hwakakosha nenitrogen iripo, phosphorus iripo uye potassium iripo.
Pamusoro pehunhu hwesimbi, kugona kwekuora kwakabatanawo nehunhu hwevhu.Kugona kwekuora kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwezvisikwa, zvichiratidza kuti zvinhu zvepanyama zvine mhedzisiro yakakura pakugona kwekuora.Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zveorganic zvakabatanawo zvakanyanya nehunhu hwekuwedzera (SN) (R2=-0.713) uye sulfate ion (R2=-0.671), zvichiratidza kuti huwandu hwezvinhu zveorganic hunokanganisawo hunhu hwekuwedzera (SN) uye sulfate ion..Paiva nehukama hwakaipa pakati pepH yevhu nepotassium iripo (R2 = -0.728).
Nitrogen iripo yakanga yakabatana zvakanyanya nemunyu wese unonyunguduka uye maion echloride, uye phosphorus iripo nepotassium yaivepo yakanga yakabatana zvakanyanya nemunyu wese unonyunguduka uye maion echloride. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri hwakanga hwave hwakakanganisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwemunyu wese unonyunguduka uye maion echloride muvhu, uye maanion muvhu akanga asingakonzeri kuunganidzwa nekuwanikwa kwezvinovaka muviri zviripo. Nitrogen yese yakanga yakabatana zvakanyanya nesulfate ion, uye yakabatana zvakanyanya nebicarbonate, zvichiratidza kuti total nitrogen yaive nemhedzisiro pane zviri musulfate nebicarbonate. Zvirimwa hazvina kudiwa zvakanyanya kwemaion esulfate nebicarbonate, saka mazhinji acho haana muvhu kana kuti anotorwa nevhu. Maion eBicarbonate anofarira kuunganidzwa kwenitrogen muvhu, uye maion esulfate anoderedza kuwanikwa kwenitrogen muvhu. Nokudaro, kuwedzera zvakakodzera huwandu hwenitrogen nehumus zviripo muvhu kunobatsira kuderedza ngura yevhu.
Ivhu ihurongwa hune maumbirwo akaomarara uye hunhu hwaro. Kuora kwevhu kunokonzerwa nekushanda pamwe chete kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Nokudaro, nzira yakazara yekuongorora inowanzo shandiswa kuongorora kuora kwevhu. Tichitarisa "Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation" (GB50021-94) uye nzira dzekuyedza dzeChina Soil Corrosion Test Network, giredhi rekuora kwevhu rinogona kuongororwa zvakakwana zvichienderana nematanho anotevera: (1) Kuongororwa uku ndekwekuora kusina simba, kana kuri kwekuora kusina simba chete, hapana ngura iri pakati nepakati kana ngura yakasimba; (2) kana pasina ngura yakasimba, inoongororwa sengura iri pakati nepakati; (3) kana paine nzvimbo imwe kana mbiri dzekuora kwakasimba, inoongororwa sengura yakasimba; (4) kana paine nzvimbo nhatu kana kupfuura dzekuora kwakasimba, inoongororwa sengura yakasimba yengura yakanyanya.
Zvichienderana nekusagona kwevhu, kugona kwe redox, huwandu hwemvura, huwandu hwemunyu, pH, uye huwandu hweCl- neSO42, huwandu hwengura hwemasampuli evhu pamawere akasiyana-siyana hwakaongororwa zvakakwana. Zvakabuda muongororo zvinoratidza kuti ivhu riri pamawere ese rinoparadza zvakanyanya.
Kugona kwengura chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa ngura yetsvimbo yekudzivirira mambure. Kugona kwengura kwetsvimbo nhatu idzi kwakaderera pane -200 mv, izvo zvinokanganisa zvikuru ngura yetsvimbo yesimbi inokwira. Kugona kwegradient kunogona kushandiswa kutonga hukuru hwemvura inodonha muvhu. Kugona kwemvura inodonha chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa ngura yetsvimbo yesimbi pamatope ari pakati nepakati nepamatope ari kumusoro, kunyanya pamatope ari pakati. Munyu wese unonyungudika muvhu rematunhu ari pamusoro, ari pakati nepazasi waive pamusoro pe500 mg/kg, uye mhedzisiro yengura patsvimbo yekudzivirira mambure yaive pakati nepakati. Kuwanda kwemvura yevhu chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa ngura yetsvimbo yesimbi pamatope ari pakati nepakati nepamatope ari pasi, uye kune mhedzisiro yakakura pakuora kwetsvimbo yetsvimbo yekudzivirira mambure. Zvinovaka muviri zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya muvhu riri pakati nepakati, zvichiratidza kuti kune hutachiona hwakawanda uye kukura kwezvirimwa nekukurumidza.
Ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti kugona kwengura, kugona kwekukura kwevhu, huwandu hwemunyu unonyunguduka uye huwandu hwemvura ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa ngura yevhu pamateru matatu, uye kuora kwevhu kunoonekwa sekunge kwakasimba. Kuora kwenetwork yekudzivirira materu ndiyo yakanyanya kuipa pakati pemateru, izvo zvinopa chiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwenetwork yekudzivirira materu enjanji. Kuwedzera nitrogen nefetereza yeorganic kunobatsira kuderedza ngura yevhu, kusimudzira kukura kwezvirimwa, uye pakupedzisira kudzikamisa materu.
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