Murakoze gusura Nature.com. Verisiyo ya mushakisha ukoresha ifite ubufasha buke kuri CSS. Kugira ngo ubone uburambe bwiza, turakugira inama yo gukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa uzimye uburyo bwo guhuza na Internet Explorer). Hagati aho, kugira ngo dukomeze gushyigikira, tuzerekana urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Dufashe umusozi wa gari ya moshi wa Sui-Chongqing nk'ikintu cy'ubushakashatsi, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubutaka, electrochimie y'ubutaka (ubushobozi bwo kwangirika, ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo ubuziranenge, ubunini bushoboka na pH), anion z'ubutaka (imyunyu yose ishongesha, Cl-, SO42- na) n'imirire y'ubutaka. (Ubushyuhe, ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, azote yose, azote ya alkali-hydrolyzed, fosifore iboneka, potasiyumu iboneka) Mu misozi itandukanye, igipimo cya corruption gipimwa hakurikijwe ibipimo bya buri kimwe n'ibipimo byuzuye by'ubutaka bw'ubukorano. Ugereranyije n'ibindi bintu, amazi agira ingaruka nini ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi, hagakurikiraho ingano ya anion. Umunyu wose ushongesha ufite ingaruka ziciriritse ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi, kandi amazi anyura mu mazi agira ingaruka ziciriritse ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi. Igipimo cya corruption cy'ingero z'ubutaka cyasuzumwe neza, kandi corruption ku musozi wo hejuru yari iringaniye, kandi corruption ku misozi yo hagati n'iyo hasi yari ikomeye. Ibintu bikomoka ku bimera mu butaka byari bifitanye isano rikomeye n'ubunini bushoboka. Azote ihari, potasiyumu iboneka na fosifore iboneka byari bifitanye isano rinini n'anion. Ikwirakwizwa ry'intungamubiri z'ubutaka rifitanye isano itaziguye n'umusozi ubwoko.
Mu gihe bubaka gari ya moshi, imihanda minini n'ibikoresho byo kubungabunga amazi, ahantu hakunze kugaragara imisozi ntabwo hashobora kwirindwa. Bitewe n'imisozi iri mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, kubaka gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa bisaba gucukura cyane umusozi. Bingiza ubutaka n'ibimera bya mbere, bigatuma habaho imisozi y'amabuye igaragara. Ibi bituma habaho isuri n'isuri, bityo bigashyira mu kaga umutekano w'ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi. Isuri ni mbi ku modoka zigenda mu muhanda, cyane cyane nyuma y'umutingito wa Wenchuan wo ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2008. Isuri yabaye icyorezo gikomeye cy'umutingito1. Mu isuzuma ryakozwe mu 2008 ku mihanda minini ya kilometero 4.243 mu Ntara ya Sichuan, habayeho ibiza bikomeye 1.736 by’imitingito mu nkengero z’imihanda no mu nkuta zirinda imigezi, bingana na 39.76% by’igihe cyose cy’isuzuma. Igihombo cy’ubukungu cyaturutse ku byangiritse mu mihanda cyarenze miliyari 58 z’amayuan 2.3. Ingero ku isi zigaragaza ko ingaruka mbi zabayeho nyuma y’umutingito zishobora kumara nibura imyaka 10 (umutingito wo muri Tayilande) ndetse n’igihe kingana n’imyaka 40-50 (umutingito wa Kanto mu Buyapani) 4.5. Ubushyuhe ni cyo kintu nyamukuru bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka z’umutingito 6.7. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kubungabunga ubushyuhe bw’umuhanda no gukomeza ubusugire bwawo. Ibimera bigira uruhare rudasimburwa mu kurinda ubushyuhe no gusana ibidukikije 8. Ugereranyije n’ubushyuhe busanzwe bw’ubutaka, ubushyuhe bw’amabuye ntibugira intungamubiri nk’ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, azote, fosifore, na potasiyumu, kandi nta butaka bufite bukenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikure. Bitewe n’ibintu nk’ubushyuhe bunini n’isuri y’imvura, ubutaka bw’ubushyuhe buhita bubura byoroshye. Ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka buracyari bubi, Nta bintu bikenewe kugira ngo ibimera bikure, kandi ubutaka bw'ubuhaname ntibugira ubushobozi bwo guhagarara neza9. Gutera ubutaka mu butaka hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ibanze kugira ngo birinde ubuhaname ni ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mu kuvugurura ibidukikije mu gihugu cyanjye. Ubutaka bw'ubukorano bukoreshwa mu gutera ubutaka bugizwe n'amabuye yasheshwe, ubutaka bwo mu mirima, ibyatsi, ifumbire mvaruganda, ibikoresho bifata amazi n'ubuhaname (ubuhaname bukoreshwa cyane burimo sima ya Portland, kole y'umwimerere na asphalt emulsifier) ​​​​mu rugero runaka. Uburyo bwa tekiniki ni: kubanza gushyira insinga z'ubuhaname ku rutare, hanyuma ugashyiraho insinga z'ubuhaname n'udupira tw'ubuhaname, hanyuma ugatera imbuto z'ubuhaname ku butaka bw'ubukorano ku butaka ukoresheje sprayer yihariye. Udupira tw'icyuma dufite ishusho ya diyama 14# dukoreshwa cyane, dufite ubuhaname bwa cm 5×5 na cm 2. Udupira tw'icyuma twemerera ubutaka gukora slab ikomeye ku buso bw'urutare. Udupira tw'icyuma tuzangirika mu butaka, kuko ubutaka ubwabwo ari electrolyte, kandi urwego rw'ubuhaname ruterwa n'imiterere y'ubutaka. Isuzuma ry'ibintu byangiritse ku butaka ni ingenzi cyane mu gusuzuma uruvange rw'icyuma ruterwa n'ubutaka. isuri no gukuraho ibyago byo gutemba kw'ubutaka.
Imizi y'ibimera ifatwa nk'ifite uruhare runini mu gutuza imisozi no kurwanya isuri10,11,12,13,14. Kugira ngo imisozi ikomeze gutuza imisozi irwanya isuri, ibimera bishobora gukoreshwa kuko imizi y'ibimera ishobora gukomereza ubutaka kugira ngo hirindwe isuri15,16,17. Ibimera by'ibiti, cyane cyane ibiti, bifasha gukumira isuri ndende18. Inyubako ikomeye yo kurinda ikorwa n'imizi y'ibimera ihagaze n'iy'impande ikora nk'imirundo ikomeye mu butaka. Iterambere ry'imiterere y'imizi riterwa na za gene, kandi ibidukikije by'ubutaka bigira uruhare rukomeye muri ibi bikorwa. Kwangirika kw'ibyuma biratandukanye bitewe n'ibidukikije by'ubutaka20. Igipimo cya kwangirika kw'ibyuma mu butaka gishobora kuva ku gushonga vuba kugeza ku ngaruka nkeya21. Ubutaka bw'ubukorano butandukanye cyane n' "ubutaka" nyabwo. Iremwa ry'ubutaka karemano ni ingaruka z'imikoranire hagati y'ibidukikije byo hanze n'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye mu myaka miliyoni mirongo22,23,24. Mbere y'uko ibimera by'ibiti bikora sisitemu ihamye y'imizi n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, niba imiyoboro y'icyuma ihujwe n'ubutaka bw'ubukorano ishobora gukora neza bifitanye isano itaziguye n'iterambere ry'ubukungu karemano, umutekano w'ubuzima no kunoza ibidukikije.
Ariko, kwangirika kw'ibyuma bishobora gutera igihombo kinini. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu Bushinwa mu ntangiriro za 1980 ku mashini zikora imiti n'izindi nganda, igihombo giterwa no kwangirika kw'ibyuma cyari 4% by'agaciro kose k'umusaruro. Kubwibyo, ni ingenzi cyane kwiga uburyo bwo kwangirika no gufata ingamba zo kurinda ubukungu. Ubutaka ni uburyo bugoye bw'imyuka, ibinyobwa, ibintu bikomeye na mikorobe. Ibinyabutabire bya mikorobe bishobora kwangiza ibintu, kandi imiyoboro y'amazi nayo ishobora gutera kwangirika. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gukumira kwangirika kw'ibyuma bitwikiriye ubutaka. Kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi ku kwangirika kw'ibyuma bitwikiriye bwibanda cyane cyane kuri (1) ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika kw'ibyuma bitwikiriye25; (2) uburyo bwo kurinda ibyuma26,27; (3) uburyo bwo gusuzuma urwego rwa kwangirika kw'ibyuma28; Kwangirika mu buryo butandukanye. Ariko, ubutaka bwose muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwari karemano kandi bwari bwarakorewe ibikorwa bihagije byo gushinga ubutaka. Ariko, nta raporo ihari ku kwangirika kw'ubutaka bw'ubukorano ku misozi y'amabuye ya gari ya moshi.
Ugereranyije n'ibindi bintu bihumanya, ubutaka bw'ubukorano bufite imiterere yo kutareshya, ubusumbane, ibihe by'umwaka n'uturere. Ingeso y'icyuma mu butaka bw'ubukorano iterwa n'imikoranire y'amashanyarazi hagati y'ibyuma n'ubutaka bw'ubukorano. Uretse ibintu bivukanwa, igipimo cy'ingeso y'icyuma giterwa kandi n'ibidukikije biyikikije. Hari ibintu bitandukanye bigira ingaruka ku ingeso y'icyuma ukwacyo cyangwa kimwe kimwe, nko ku bushyuhe, ogisijeni, umunyu wose ushongeshwa, anion n'iy'icyuma, pH, mikorobe z'ubutaka 30,31,32.
Mu myaka 30 y’imyitozo, ikibazo cyo kubungabunga burundu ubutaka bw’ubukorano ku misozi miremire cyabaye ikibazo33. Ibihuru cyangwa ibiti ntibishobora gukura ku misozi miremire nyuma y’imyaka 10 byita ku butaka bitewe n’isuri. Umukungugu uri ku buso bw’icyuma warajyanywe n’amazi ahantu hamwe na hamwe. Kubera ingese, hari imiyoboro y’icyuma yacitse ikabura ubutaka bwose hejuru no munsi yabwo (Ishusho ya 1). Kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi ku ngese y’ubutaka bwa gari ya moshi bwibanda cyane cyane ku ngese y’umuyoboro w’ubutaka wa gari ya moshi, ingese y’amashanyarazi yaturutse ku nzira y’amashanyarazi, ingese y’amashanyarazi yaturutse ku nzira y’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’ingese y’ibiraro bya gari ya moshi34,35, inzira n’ibindi bikoresho by’imodoka36. Nta raporo z’ingese y’icyuma cya gari ya moshi cyangiritse. Iyi nyandiko yiga ku miterere y’ubutaka bw’ubukorano, imiti n’amashanyarazi ku misozi miremire yo mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba bwa gari ya moshi ya Suiyu, igamije guhanura ingese y’icyuma binyuze mu gusuzuma imiterere y’ubutaka no gutanga ishingiro ry’inyigisho n’iry’imikorere yo gusana ibidukikije by’ubutaka no gusana ubutaka bw’ubukorano. Ingese y’ubutaka bw’ubukorano.
Ahantu ho gupimira hari mu gace k'imisozi miremire ya Sichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) hafi ya Gare ya Suining. Aka gace kari hagati mu kibaya cya Sichuan, gafite imisozi miremire n'udusozi, gafite imiterere yoroheje y'ubutaka n'ubutaka bugororotse. Isuri, gutema no kwirundanya kw'amazi bituma imisozi miremire ihanamye. Urutare rw'ibanze ahanini ni ishwagara, kandi umusenyi mwinshi ni umuhengeri n'amabuye y'umuhengeri. Ubuziranenge ni buke, kandi ibuye ni inyubako y'amabuye. Agace k'ubushakashatsi gafite ikirere cy'imvura ishyushye yo mu turere dushyuha kandi kirangwa n'ibihe by'impeshyi, ubushyuhe bw'impeshyi, umuhindo mugufi n'impeshyi. Imvura ni nyinshi, urumuri n'ubushyuhe ni byinshi, igihe nta bukonje ni kirekire (iminsi 285 ugereranije), ikirere ni gito, ubushyuhe bw'umwaka ni 17.4°C, ubushyuhe bw'ukwezi gushyuha cyane (Kanama) ni 27.2°C, n'ubushyuhe ntarengwa ni 39.3°C. Ukwezi gukonja cyane ni Mutarama (ubushyuhe bw'ikigereranyo ni 6.5°C), Ubushyuhe buke ni -3.8°C, naho imvura mpuzandengo ku mwaka ni mm 920, ahanini ikaba yiganje muri Nyakanga na Kanama. Imvura igwa mu mpeshyi, mu mpeshyi, mu gihe cy'umuhindo no mu gihe cy'itumba iratandukanye cyane. Igipimo cy'imvura muri buri gihembwe cy'umwaka ni 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% na 4-5%.
Ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi ni ahantu hahanamye hagera kuri dogere 45 ku ruhande rw'umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wa Yu-Sui wubatswe mu 2003. Muri Mata 2012, werekezaga mu majyepfo muri kilometero 1 uvuye kuri sitasiyo ya gari ya moshi ya Suining. Ubuso bw’ubutaka karemano bwakoreshejwe nk’uburyo bwo kugenzura. Gusana ubuso bw’ubutaka bushingiye ku bidukikije hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gusana ubutaka mu buryo bw’amahanga. Dukurikije uburebure bw’ubuso bw’umuhanda wa gari ya moshi, ubuso bushobora kugabanywamo ubuso bw’ubutaka buzamuka, ubuso bw’ubuso bw’ubutaka hagati n’ubuso bw’ubuso bw’ubuso (Ishusho ya 2). Kubera ko ubunini bw’ubutaka bw’ubuso bw’ubuso bw’ubuso bw’ubuso bufite cm 10, kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa n’ibikomoka ku buso bw’icyuma gikozwe mu butaka, dukoresha gusa ishoka ry’icyuma kitagira umugese kugira ngo dufate ubuso bw’ubutaka hagati ya cm 0-8. Hashyizweho uduce tune kuri buri gice cy’ubuso bw’ubutaka, hamwe n’uduce 15-20 tw’ingero ku buryo butunguranye kuri buri gice cy’ubuso bw’ubutaka. Buri gice cy’ubuso bw’ubutaka ni uruvange rwa 15-20 rugenwa mu buryo butunguranye uhereye ku duce tw’ingero dufite ishusho ya S. Uburemere bwabwo bushya ni garama 500. Garura ingero muri laboratwari mu mifuka ya polyethylene ziplock kugira ngo itunganywe. Ubutaka bwumye mu buryo busanzwe, maze amabuye n’ibisigazwa by’inyamaswa n’ibimera bikurwamo, bigakubitwa n’inkoni ya agate, hanyuma bigatoberwa n’agace k’ubuso bw’icyuma kitagira umugese ka nylon gafite mesh 20, gafite mesh 100 uretse uduce duto.
Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka bwapimwe n'icyuma gipima ubudahangarwa bwa VICTOR4106 cyakozwe na Shengli Instrument Company; ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka bwapimwe mu murima; Ubushuhe bw'ubutaka bwapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kumisha. Igikoresho cya DMP-2 gipima mv/pH gikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigendanwa gifite impedance nyinshi yo gupima ubushobozi bwo kwangirika k'ubutaka. Uburemere bw'ubushobozi n'ubushobozi bwo gusohora umwuka byagenwe na DMP-2 ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigendanwa mv/pH, umunyu wose ushongesha mu butaka wagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kumisha ibisigazwa, ingano ya chloride ion mu butaka yagenwe na AgNO3 titration method (uburyo bwa Mohr), ingano ya sulfate mu butaka yagenwe na EDTA Titration method, uburyo bwo kugabanya inshuro ebyiri kugira ngo hamenyekane karubonate y'ubutaka na bicarbonate, uburyo bwo gushyushya potassium dichromate oxidation kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu by'umwimerere mu butaka, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza alkaline solution kugira ngo hamenyekane azote ya alkaline hydrolysis mu butaka, uburyo bwa H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric Forosforuse yose mu butaka n'ingano ya fosforuse iboneka mu butaka byagenwe na Olsen method (0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 solution nk'umusaruro), naho ingano ya potasiyumu yose mu butaka yagenwe na sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Amakuru y’igerageza yabanje gutegurwa mu buryo bwa sisitemu. Ibarurishamibare rya SPSS 20 ryakoreshejwe mu gukora isesengura ry’ikigereranyo, ihindagurika ry’ikigereranyo, ANOVA y’inzira imwe, n’isesengura ry’imibanire y’abantu.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza imiterere y'amashanyarazi, anions n'intungamubiri z'ubutaka bufite imisozi itandukanye. Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubutaka ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo kuva iburasirazuba kugera iburengerazuba bw'imisozi itandukanye byari ingenzi (P < 0.05). Ubushobozi bwo gusubira inyuma bw'ubutaka bwo kumanuka, imisozi yo hagati n'imisozi karemano byari ingenzi (P < 0.05). Ubushobozi bwo kugera ku murongo umwe ku murongo, ni ukuvuga, ubushobozi bwo kuva mu majyaruguru kugera mu majyepfo, ni imisozi miremire>imanuka>imanuka>imanuka>imanuka. Agaciro ka pH y'ubutaka kari mu murongo wa imisozi miremire>izamuka>imanuka>imanuka karemano. Umunyu wose ushonga, imisozi karemano yari hejuru cyane ugereranije n'imanuka ya gari ya moshi (P < 0.05). Umunyu wose ushonga mu butaka bwo kumanuka bwa gari ya moshi yo mu rwego rwa gatatu uri hejuru ya 500 mg / kg, kandi umunyu wose ushonga ugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'icyuma. Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika bw'ubutaka bwari hejuru cyane mu misozi karemano n'ubuto bwo hasi mu misozi miremire (P < 0.05). Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika bw'ubutaka bwari hejuru cyane mu misozi miremire n'ubuto bwo hasi mu misozi miremire; Igipimo cya azote cyari kinini cyane mu gice cyo hasi no hagati, naho kiri hasi cyane mu gice cyo hasi; igipimo cya azote cyose cyo hejuru no hasi cya gari ya moshi cyari gito, ariko igipimo cya azote cyari kinini. Ibi bigaragaza ko igipimo cy'ubutare bwa azote y'umwimerere izamuka n'imanuka kirihuta. Igipimo cya potasiyumu kiboneka ni kimwe na fosifore iboneka.
Ubudahangarwa bw'ubutaka ni ikimenyetso kigaragaza imikorere y'amashanyarazi n'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cyo gupima ingese y'ubutaka. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku budahangarwa bw'ubutaka birimo ubushuhe, umunyu wose ushonga, pH, imiterere y'ubutaka, ubushyuhe, ingano y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka, n'ubukonje. Muri rusange, ubutaka bufite ubushobozi buke bwo gupima ingese y'ubutaka ni uburyo bukoreshwa mu bihugu bitandukanye. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma ingese y'ubutaka kuri buri gipimo kimwe37,38.
Dukurikije ibyavuye mu isuzuma n'ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gihugu cyanjye (Imbonerahamwe ya 1), niba ubutaka bwangiritse bupimwe gusa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka, ubutaka bwo ku misozi izamuka buraba bukabije; ubutaka bwo ku misozi imanuka buraba bukabije; ubwinshi bw'ubutaka bwo ku misozi yo hagati n'ubusanzwe buraba buciriritse.
Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka ku musozi uzamuka buri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ubw'ibindi bice by'umusozi, bishobora guterwa n'isuri y'imvura. Ubutaka bwo hejuru ku musozi uzamuka butemba bugana ku musozi wo hagati hamwe n'amazi, ku buryo inzitiramibu y'icyuma iri hafi y'ubutaka bwo hejuru. Zimwe mu nzitiramibu z'icyuma zagaragaye ndetse zininjizwa mu kirere (Ishusho ya 1). Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka bwapimwe aho buherereye; intera y'ibirundo yari metero 3; uburebure bw'ibirundo bwari munsi ya cm 15. Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'icyuma n'ingese bishobora kubangamira ibisubizo byo gupima. Kubwibyo, ntabwo byemewe gusuzuma uburyo ubutaka bugenda buhinduka hakoreshejwe igipimo cyo guhangana n'ubutaka gusa. Mu isuzuma rusange ry'ubushyuhe, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka ku musozi ntibwitabwaho.
Bitewe n'ubushuhe bwinshi, umwuka uhora uhuha mu gace ka Sichuan utuma icyuma gishyirwa mu mwuka cyangirika cyane kurusha icyuma gitwikiriwe mu butaka39. Guhura n'icyuma gishyirwa mu mwuka bishobora gutuma ubuzima bugabanuka, bishobora kwangiza ubutaka buzamuka. Gutakaza ubutaka bishobora kugora ibimera, cyane cyane ibimera bifite ibiti, gukura. Bitewe n'ibura ry'ibimera bifite ibiti, biragoye gukora imizi izamuka ku musozi kugira ngo ubutaka bukomere. Muri icyo gihe, gukura kw'ibimera bishobora no kunoza ubwiza bw'ubutaka no kongera ingano ya humus mu butaka, ibyo bikaba bitashobora kubika amazi gusa, ahubwo binatanga ibidukikije byiza byo gukura no kororoka kw'inyamaswa n'ibimera, bityo bigabanye igihombo cy'ubutaka. Kubwibyo, mu ntangiriro z'ubwubatsi, imbuto nyinshi zifite ibiti zigomba guterwa ku musozi, kandi ikintu gifata amazi kigomba kongerwamo buri gihe kandi kigapfundikirwa na firime kugira ngo birindwe, kugira ngo bigabanye isuri y'ubutaka buzamuka ku butaka bitewe n'amazi y'imvura.
Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi ku ruhande rw'amagorofa atatu, kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ruhande ruzamuka (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Mu bihe bisanzwe, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ntibuhinduka cyane mu bidukikije. Impinduka igaragara ishobora guterwa n'imigezi itembera. Imigezi itembera ivuga ku migezi 40, 41, 42 itembera mu muhanda no mu butaka iyo imodoka zikoresha uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu rusange. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu, uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu gihugu cyanjye bwageze ku bunini bw'amashanyarazi, kandi kwangirika kw'ibyuma bitwikiriwe n'amazi aturuka kuri gari ya moshi zikoresha amashanyarazi ntibishobora kwirengagizwa. Ubu, ubusumbane bw'ubutaka bushobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya niba ubutaka bufite imiyaga itembera. Iyo ubusumbane bw'ubutaka buri hasi ya 0.5 mv/m, umugezi utembera uba uri hasi; iyo ubusumbane bw'ubushobozi buri hagati ya 0.5 mv/m kugeza 5.0 mv/m, umugezi utembera uba uri hagati; Iyo ingano y'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi irenze 5.0 mv/m2, urwego rw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi uba uri hejuru. Ingano y'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi (EW) w'umuvuduko wo hagati, umuvuduko wo hejuru n'umuvuduko wo hasi igaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3. Ku bijyanye n'ingano y'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, hari imigezi iringaniye mu cyerekezo cy'iburasirazuba-iburengerazuba n'amajyaruguru-amajyepfo y'umuvuduko wo hagati. Kubwibyo, umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika kw'ibyuma ku muvuduko wo hagati n'umuvuduko wo hasi, cyane cyane ku muvuduko wo hagati.
Muri rusange, ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe mu butaka (Eh) buri hejuru ya 400 mV bugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe, hejuru ya 0-200 mV ni ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe buri hagati, naho munsi ya 0 mV ni ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Uko ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe mu butaka bugabanuka, ni ko ubushobozi bwa mikorobe mu butaka burushaho kwiyongera, ni ko ubushobozi bwa mikorobe mu butaka burushaho kwiyongera. Birashoboka kumenya uko ubushyuhe buterwa n’ubushyuhe mu butaka buzamuka ugereranyije n’ubushobozi bwa redox. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe mu butaka mu misozi itatu bwari burenga 500 mV, kandi ko urwego rwa ruswa rwari ruto cyane. Bigaragaza ko umwuka uhumeka mu butaka mu misozi ari mwiza, ibyo bikaba bidatera kwangirika kwa mikorobe zidafite umwuka mu butaka.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko ingaruka za pH y'ubutaka ku isuri ry'ubutaka zigaragara. Iyo pH ihindagurika, igipimo cya ruswa y'ibikoresho by'icyuma kigira ingaruka zikomeye. pH y'ubutaka ifitanye isano ya hafi n'agace n'udukoko turi mu butaka45,46,47. Muri rusange, ingaruka za pH y'ubutaka ku isuri y'ibikoresho by'icyuma mu butaka bufite alkaline nke ntizigaragara. Ubutaka bwo mu misozi itatu ya gari ya moshi ni alkaline, bityo ingaruka za pH ku isuri y'icyuma ni nke.
Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3, isesengura ry’imibanire ryerekana ko ubushobozi bwa redox n’aho imiterere y’aho iherereye bifitanye isano igaragara neza (R2 = 0.858), ubushobozi bwa corrosion n’umuvuduko w’ubushobozi (SN) bifitanye isano igaragara neza (R2 = 0.755), naho ubushobozi bwa redox n’umuvuduko w’ubushobozi (SN) bifitanye isano igaragara neza (R2 = 0.755). Hari isano ikomeye hagati y’ubushobozi na pH (R2 = -0.724). Aho imiterere y’ubutaka yari ihuriye neza cyane n’ubushobozi bwa redox. Ibi bigaragaza ko hari itandukaniro mu bidukikije by’ahantu hatandukanye h’ubutaka, kandi udukoko two mu butaka dufitanye isano ya hafi na ubushobozi bwa redox48, 49, 50. ubushobozi bwa redox bwari bufitanye isano mbi cyane na pH51,52. Iyi sano yagaragaje ko agaciro ka pH na Eh katahindukaga buri gihe mu gihe cyo guhindura ubutaka, ahubwo kari gafite isano mbi. Ubushobozi bwa corrosion bw’icyuma bushobora kwerekana ubushobozi bwo kubona no gutakaza electron. Nubwo ubushobozi bwa corrosion bwari bufitanye isano nziza cyane n’ubushobozi bwa potential gradient (SN), potential gradient ishobora guterwa no gutakaza electron byoroshye n’icyuma.
Ubushyuhe bw'umunyu ushongesha mu butaka bufitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka. Muri rusange, uko umunyu w'ubutaka uba mwinshi, ni ko ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka bugabanuka, bityo bikongera ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka. Mu bintu bikoresha electrolyte mu butaka, si anions gusa n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibimera, ahubwo n'ingaruka za corruptines, chloride na sulfates ni zo ahanini ziba zirimo karubone, chloride na sulfates. Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bw'umunyu ushongesha mu butaka bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bushyuhe binyuze mu ngaruka z'ibindi bintu, nko kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi mu byuma no mu gushonga kwa ogisijeni mu butaka53.
Inyinshi muri iyoni zishongeshwa n’umunyu mu butaka ntizigira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye mu mikorere y’amashanyarazi, ahubwo zigira ingaruka ku byuma byangiritse binyuze mu guhangana n’ubutaka. Uko umunyu w’ubutaka uba mwinshi, ni ko umunyu w’ubutaka urushaho gukomera kandi isuri igakomeza kwiyongera. Umunyu w’ubutaka mu misozi karemano uba munini cyane ugereranije n’uw’imirasire ya gari ya moshi, bishobora guterwa n’uko imisozi karemano ikungahaye ku bimera, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kubungabunga ubutaka n’amazi. Indi mpamvu ishobora kuba ari uko imisozi karemano yabayeho mu butaka bukuze (ubutaka bukomoka ku butaka bukozwe n’urutare), ariko ubutaka bwo mu misozi karemano bugizwe n’uduce tw’amabuye yashegeshwe nk’igice cy’“ubutaka bw’ubukorano”, kandi ntibwanyuze mu buryo buhagije bwo gushinga ubutaka. Ibuye ry’agaciro ntiryarekuwe. Byongeye kandi, iyoni z’umunyu mu butaka burebure bw’imisozi karemano zazamutse binyuze mu bikorwa bya capillary mu gihe cyo guhumeka ku buso kandi zikiyongera mu butaka hejuru, bigatuma ingano y’iyoni z’umunyu mu butaka burebure yiyongera. Ubunini bw’ubutaka bwo mu misozi karemano ni munsi ya cm 20, bigatuma ubutaka bwo hejuru budashobora kongera umunyu uva mu butaka burebure.
Iyoni nziza (nka K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, nibindi) ntizigira ingaruka nyinshi ku kwangirika k’ubutaka, mu gihe aniyoni zigira uruhare runini mu nzira y’amashanyarazi yo kwangirika kandi zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kwangirika k’icyuma. Cl− ishobora kwihutisha kwangirika kwa anode kandi niyo aniyoni ibora cyane; uko Cl− ingana cyane, niko kwangirika k’ubutaka gukomera. SO42− ntitera kwangirika k’icyuma gusa, ahubwo inatera kwangirika mu bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya sima54. Nanone ibora icyuma. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu butaka bugizwe n’aside, igipimo cya kwangirika cyagaragaye ko gihuye n’ubushyuhe bw’ubutaka55. Chloride na sulfate ni byo bigize imyunyu ishongesha, bishobora kwihutisha kwangirika kw’ibyuma. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kugabanuka k’uburemere bw’icyuma cya karuboni mu butaka bwa alkaline hafi ya byose bihuye no kongeramo iyoni za kloride na sulfate56,57. Lee n'abandi basanze SO42- ishobora kubangamira kwangirika, ariko igateza imbere imyobo yakwangirika yamaze gushingwa58.
Dukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma ubukana bw'ubutaka n'ibyavuye mu isuzuma, ingano ya iyoni ya kloride muri buri ngero y'ubutaka yari hejuru ya 100 mg/kg, bigaragaza ko ubutaka bushobora kwangirika cyane. Ingano ya iyoni ya sulfate mu misozi miremire no mu misozi miremire yari hejuru ya 200 mg/kg no munsi ya 500 mg/kg, kandi ubutaka bwari bwarangiritse ku rugero ruciriritse. Ingano ya iyoni ya sulfate mu misozi miremire yo hagati iri hasi ya 200 mg/kg, kandi ingese y'ubutaka iba nke. Iyo ubutaka burimo ingano nyinshi, buzitabira gukora inyito y'ubukana ku buso bwa electrode y'icyuma, bityo bigabanye umuvuduko w'ubukana. Uko ingano yiyongera, ingano ishobora gucika mu buryo butunguranye, bityo ikiyongera cyane umuvuduko w'ubukana; uko ingano ikomeza kwiyongera, ingano y'ubukana itwikira ubuso bwa electrode y'icyuma, kandi igipimo cy'ubukana cyongera kugaragaza ko ingano iri kugabanuka59. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ingano iri mu butaka yari hasi bityo ikaba ntacyo yahinduye ku ngeso y'ubukana.
Dukurikije Imbonerahamwe ya 4, isano iri hagati y’ubuhaname n’ibimera by’ubutaka yagaragaje ko hari isano iri hagati y’ubuhaname n’ibimera bya kloride (R2=0.836), hamwe n’isano iri hagati y’ubuhaname n’umunyu wose ushongesha (R2=0.742).
Ibi bigaragaza ko amazi atemba ku butaka no gushwanyagurika kw'ubutaka bishobora kuba ari byo bitera impinduka mu myunyu yose ishongera mu butaka. Hari isano ikomeye hagati y'imyunyu yose ishongera mu butaka na iyoni za chloride, bishobora kuba biterwa nuko imyunyu yose ishongera mu butaka ari ikigega cya iyoni za chloride, kandi ingano y'imyunyu yose ishongera mu butaka ni yo igaragaza ingano ya iyoni za chloride mu bisubizo by'ubutaka. Kubwibyo, dushobora kumenya ko itandukaniro mu buhaname rishobora gutera ingese ikomeye ku gice cy'icyuma gihuza ibyuma.
Ibintu by’umwimerere, azote yose, azote iboneka, fosifore iboneka na potasiyumu iboneka ni byo bintu by’ibanze by’ubutaka, bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ubutaka no ku buryo imizi y’ibinyabutabire ifata. Intungamubiri z’ubutaka ni ikintu cy’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikorobe ziri mu butaka, bityo ni ngombwa kwiga niba hari isano iri hagati y’intungamubiri z’ubutaka n’ingufu z’ibyuma. Gari ya moshi ya Suiyu yuzuye mu 2003, bivuze ko ubutaka bw’ubukorano bumaze imyaka 9 gusa bwikusanyijemo ibintu by’umwimerere. Bitewe n’umwihariko w’ubutaka bw’ubukorano, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa neza intungamubiri ziri mu butaka bw’ubukorano.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ingano y’ibinyabuzima ari yo iri hejuru cyane mu butaka busanzwe buhanamye nyuma y’uburyo bwose bwo kurema ubutaka. Ingano y’ibinyabuzima mu butaka buhanamye ni yo yari hasi cyane. Bitewe n’ingaruka z’ikirere n’amazi atemba ku buso, intungamubiri z’ubutaka zirundanya ku butaka buhanamye no hasi, zigakora urwego runini rwa humus. Ariko, bitewe n’uduce duto n’ubudahangarwa buke bw’ubutaka buhanamye, ibintu by’ibinyabuzima byoroshye kubora na mikorobe. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko imiterere y’ibimera byo hagati n’ibihanamye byari byinshi, ariko uburinganire bwari buke, bishobora gutuma intungamubiri zo ku butaka zikwirakwira mu buryo butari bumwe. Urusobe runini rwa humus rufata amazi kandi ibinyabuzima byo mu butaka birakora. Ibi byose byihutisha kubora kw’ibintu by’ibinyabuzima mu butaka.
Ingano ya azote irimo alkali-hydrolyze mu nzira za gari ya moshi zo mu misozi miremire, zo mu misozi miremire no mu misozi miremire yari hejuru y’iyo mu misozi karemano, bigaragaza ko igipimo cy’ubutare bwa azote mu misozi miremire cyari hejuru cyane y’iyo mu misozi karemano. Uko uduce duto tw’ubutaka tuba duto, ni ko imiterere y’ubutaka irushaho kuba mibi, ni ko byoroha ko udukoko two mu bwoko bwa mikorobe twongera uburozi mu birunga, kandi uko azote y’ubwoko bwa mikoromano iba nini60,61. Bikurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa 62, ingano y’uduce duto tw’ubutaka mu misozi miremire yari hejuru cyane y’iyo mu misozi karemano. Bityo rero, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo hongerwe ifumbire, ibintu karemano na azote mu butaka bw’imirambi, no kunoza imikoreshereze irambye y’ubutaka. Gutakaza fosifore na potasiyumu iboneka biterwa n’amazi yo ku buso byagize 77.27% kugeza 99.79% by’igihombo cyose cy’imirambi. Amazi yo ku buso ashobora kuba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yo gutakaza intungamubiri mu butaka buri mu misozi miremire63,64,65.
Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 4, hari isano ikomeye hagati y’ahantu hari imisozi miremire na fosifore iboneka (R2 = 0.948), kandi isano iri hagati y’ahantu hari imisozi miremire na potasiyumu iboneka yari imwe (R2 = 0.898). Bigaragaza ko ahantu hari imisozi miremire bigira ingaruka ku bipimo bya fosifore iboneka na potasiyumu iboneka mu butaka.
Uburemere ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku bukungu bw'ubutaka n'ubwiyongere bwa azote66, kandi uko ubucucike bugenda bugabanuka, ni ko igipimo cyo gukungahara cyarushaho kuba kinini. Ku bukungu bw'ubutaka, igihombo cy'intungamubiri cyagabanutse, kandi ingaruka z'aho ubucucike buherereye ku bukungu bw'ubutaka n'ubwiyongere bwa azote yose ntizari zigaragara. Ubwoko butandukanye n'umubare w'ibimera biri ku misozi itandukanye bifite aside organic zitandukanye zituruka ku mizi y'ibimera. Aside organic ni ingirakamaro mu gufata fosifore na potasiyumu iboneka mu butaka. Kubwibyo, hari isano ikomeye hagati y'aho ubucucike buherereye n'fosifore iboneka, n'aho ubucucike buherereye na potasiyumu iboneka.
Kugira ngo hasobanuke neza isano iri hagati y’intungamubiri zo mu butaka n’ingufu z’ubutaka, ni ngombwa gusesengura isano iri hagati y’ibinyabutabire byo mu butaka. Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 5, ubushobozi bwa redox bwari bufite isano ribi cyane na azote ihari (R2 = -0.845) kandi bufite isano rinini na fosifore ihari (R2 = 0.842) na potasiyumu ihari (R2 = 0.980). Ubushobozi bwa redox bugaragaza ubwiza bwa redox, bukunze kugira ingaruka ku miterere imwe n’imwe y’ubutaka, hanyuma bukagira ingaruka ku miterere y’ubutaka. Kubwibyo, ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu kugena aho intungamubiri zo mu butaka ziherereye67. Imiterere itandukanye ya redox ishobora gutera imiterere itandukanye n’iboneka ry’ibintu by’intungamubiri. Kubwibyo, ubushobozi bwa redox bufite isano rinini na azote ihari, fosifore ihari na potasiyumu ihari.
Uretse imiterere y'icyuma, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika nabwo bufitanye isano n'imiterere y'ubutaka. Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika bwahuye nabi cyane n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, bigaragaza ko ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bushobozi bwo kwangirika. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bikomoka ku bimera nabyo byari bifitanye isano mbi cyane n'ubushobozi bwo kwangirika (SN) (R2=-0.713) na iyoni ya sulfate (R2=-0.671), bigaragaza ko ingano y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kwangirika (SN) na iyoni ya sulfate..Hari isano iri hagati ya pH y'ubutaka na potasiyumu iboneka (R2 = -0.728).
Azote yari ihari yari ifite isano iri hagati y’umunyu wose ushonga na iyoni za kloride, kandi fosifore na potasiyumu byari bihari byari bifite isano iri hagati y’umunyu wose ushonga na iyoni za kloride. Ibi byagaragaje ko ingano y’intungamubiri yari ihari yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku munyu wose ushonga na iyoni za kloride mu butaka, kandi anions mu butaka ntizafashaga kwegerana no gutanga intungamubiri zari zihari. Azote yari ifitanye isano iri hagati y’iyoni za sulfate, kandi yari ifitanye isano iri hagati y’ibimera bya bicarbonate, bigaragaza ko azote yose yagize ingaruka ku munyu wa sulfate na bicarbonate. Ibimera ntibikeneye cyane iyoni za sulfate na iyoni za bicarbonate, bityo inyinshi muri zo ziba zifunguye mu butaka cyangwa zigatwarwa n’ibimera byo mu butaka. Iyoni za bicarbonate zikunda kwegerana kwa azote mu butaka, kandi iyoni za sulfate zigabanya kuboneka kwa azote mu butaka. Kubwibyo, kongera neza ingano ya azote na humus mu butaka ni ingirakamaro mu kugabanya kwangirika k’ubutaka.
Ubutaka ni uburyo bufite imiterere n'imiterere igoye. Kwangirika k'ubutaka ni ingaruka z'ibikorwa by'ubufatanye by'ibintu byinshi. Kubwibyo, uburyo busesuye bwo gusuzuma bukoreshwa muri rusange mu gusuzuma kwangirika k'ubutaka. Hashingiwe ku "Kode y'Iperereza rya Geotechnical Engineering" (GB50021-94) n'uburyo bwo gupima bwa China Soil Corrosion Test Network, igipimo cy'ubwangirike bw'ubutaka gishobora gupimwa neza hakurikijwe ibi bikurikira: (1) Isuzuma ni ukwangirika guke, niba ari ukwangirika guke gusa, nta kwangirika guke cyangwa kwangirika gukomeye; (2) niba nta kwangirika gukomeye, bipimwa nk'ubwangirika buciriritse; (3) niba hari ahantu hamwe cyangwa habiri hangirika cyane, bipimwa nk'ubwangirika bukomeye; (4) niba hari ahantu 3 cyangwa harenga hangirika cyane, bipimwa nk'ubwangirika bukomeye ku kwangirika gukomeye.
Hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubutaka, ubushobozi bwo kuzura umwuka, ingano y'amazi, ingano y'umunyu, agaciro ka pH, hamwe n'ingano ya Cl- na SO42, ingero z'ingano y'uburozi ku misozi itandukanye zasuzumwe neza. Ibisubizo by'ubushakashatsi bigaragaza ko ubutaka ku misozi yose bushobora kwangiza cyane.
Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi. Ubushobozi bwo kwangirika bw'imiraba itatu buri munsi ya -200 mV, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kwangirika k'urushundura rw'icyuma ruzamuka. Ubunini bw'ubushobozi bushobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma ingano y'umugezi utemba mu butaka. Umugezi utemba ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika k'urushundura rw'icyuma ku misozi yo hagati no ku misozi yo hagati, cyane cyane ku misozi yo hagati. Umunyu wose ushongeshwa mu butaka bw'imisozi yo hejuru, yo hagati no hasi wari hejuru ya 500 mg / kg, kandi ingaruka ku kwangirika k'urushundura rwari ruciriritse. Ubwinshi bw'amazi mu butaka ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika k'urushundura rw'icyuma ku misozi yo hagati no hasi, kandi bigira ingaruka cyane ku kwangirika k'urushundura rurinda imisozi. Intungamubiri ziboneka cyane mu butaka bwo hagati, bigaragaza ko hari udukoko twinshi dukora kandi ibimera bikura vuba.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubushobozi bwo kwangirika, ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera, ingano y'umunyu ushonga hamwe n'ingano y'amazi ari byo bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwangirika k'ubutaka ku misozi itatu, kandi ko kwangirika k'ubutaka bipimwa nk'ibikomeye. Kwangirika k'urusobe rw'ubutaka ni byo bikomeye cyane ku misozi yo hagati, bitanga ishusho y'imiterere y'urusobe rw'ubutaka bwo kurinda kwangirika. Kongeramo azote n'ifumbire mvaruganda iboneka ni ingirakamaro mu kugabanya kwangirika k'ubutaka, koroshya gukura kw'ibimera, no kugabanya kwangirika k'ubutaka.
Uburyo bwo kuvuga iyi nkuru: Chen, J. et al. Ingaruka z'imiterere y'ubutaka na electrochimie ku kwangirika kw'urusobe rw'amabuye ku muhanda wa gari ya moshi wo mu Bushinwa.science.Rep. 5, 14939; doi: 10.1038/srep14939 (2015).
Lin, YL na Yang, GL Ibiranga imiterere y'imisozi ya gari ya moshi iri munsi y'ubutaka iterwa n'umutingito. Ibiza bisanzwe.69, 219–235 (2013).
Sui Wang, J. n'abandi. Isesengura ry'ibyangiritse bisanzwe by'imihanda minini mu gace ka Wenchuan kabasiwe n'umutingito mu Ntara ya Sichuan [J]. Ikinyamakuru cy'Abashinwa cy'Ubukanishi n'Ubwubatsi bw'Amabuye.28, 1250–1260 (2009).
Weilin, Z., Zhenyu, L. & Jinsong, J. Isesengura ry'ibyangiritse ku mihindagurikire y'isi n'ingamba zo kurwanya ibiraro byo mu muhanda mu gihe cy'umutingito wa Wenchuan. Ikinyamakuru cy'Abashinwa cy'Ubukanishi bw'Amabuye n'Ubwubatsi.28, 1377–1387 (2009).
Lin, CW, Liu, SH, Lee, SY & Liu, CC Ingaruka z'umutingito wa Chichi ku isuri ryatewe n'imvura yakurikiyeho muri Tayiwani yo hagati. Engineering Geology.86, 87–101 (2006).
Koi, T. n'abandi. Ingaruka z'igihe kirekire z'inkangu ziterwa n'umutingito ku ikorwa ry'ibitaka mu mazi yo mu misozi: akarere ka Tanzawa, Ubuyapani.geomorphology.101, 692–702 (2008).
Hongshuai, L., Jingshan, B. & Dedong, L. Isuzuma ry'ubushakashatsi ku isesengura ry'imitingito ku misozi ya geotekinike. Ubwubatsi bw'umutingito n'ubuhanga mu by'ingufu.25, 164–171 (2005).
Yue Ping, Ubushakashatsi ku byago bya geologiya byatewe n'umutingito wa Wenchuan muri Sichuan. Ikinyamakuru cy'Ubwubatsi bw'Ubwubatsi 4, 7–12 (2008).
Ali, F. Kurinda imirasire y'ubutaka hakoreshejwe ibimera: imiterere y'imizi y'ibimera bimwe na bimwe byo mu turere dushyuha. Ikinyamakuru Mpuzamahanga cy'Ubumenyi bw'Ibintu.5, 496–506 (2010).
Takyu, M., Aiba, SI & Kitayama, K. Ingaruka z'imiterere y'ubutaka ku mashyamba yo mu misozi miremire yo mu turere dushyuha munsi y'imiterere y'ubutaka itandukanye ku musozi wa Kinabalu, Borneo. Ibimera.159, 35–49 (2002).
Stokes, A. n'abandi. Ibiranga imizi y'ibimera byiza mu kurinda imisozi karemano n'iyakozwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga ku nkengero z'ubutaka. Ibimera n'ubutaka, 324, 1-30 (2009).
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Gyssels, G. & Knapen, A. Ingaruka z'imizi y'ibyatsi ku gushonga kw'ubutaka bwo hejuru mu gihe cy'amazi menshi. Geomorphology 76, 54–67 (2006).