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Mā te whakamahi i te pari rerewē o Sui-Chongqing hei kaupapa rangahau, ko te ātete oneone, te matū hiko o te oneone (te pūmanawa waikura, te pūmanawa redox, te pikinga pūmanawa me te pH), ngā anion oneone (ngā tote wairewa katoa, Cl-, SO42- me) me te Kai o te oneone. (Te ihirangi makuku, ngā mea rauropi, te hauota katoa, te hauota waikura-kawai, te whākawa e wātea ana, te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana) I raro i ngā pari rerekē, ka aromatawaihia te taumata waikura i runga i ngā tohu takitahi me ngā tohu whānui o te oneone horihori. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu āhuatanga, ko te wai te mea nui rawa atu ki te waikura o te kupenga tiaki pari, ā, muri iho ko te ihirangi anion. He pānga taurite te tote waikura katoa ki te waikura o te kupenga tiaki pari, ā, he pānga taurite te ia rere ki te waikura o te kupenga tiaki pari. I aromatawaihia whānuitia te nui o te waikura o ngā tauira oneone, ā, he taurite te waikura i te pari o runga, ā, he kaha te waikura i ngā pari waenga me raro. He hononga nui te mea rauropi i roto i te oneone ki te pikinga pūmanawa. He hononga nui te hauota e wātea ana, te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana me te whākawa e wātea ana ki ngā anion. Ko te tohatoha o ngā matūkai oneone e pā ana ki te momo pari.
I te wā e hanga ana i ngā rēriwe, i ngā huarahi tere me ngā whare tiaki wai, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te karo i ngā whakatuwheratanga maunga. Nā te mea he maunga kei te tonga-māuru, he nui te keri o te maunga e hiahiatia ana mō te hanganga rēriwe o Haina. Ka whakangaromia te oneone me ngā tipu taketake, ka hangaia he pari toka e kitea ana. Ka arahi tēnei āhuatanga ki ngā horo whenua me te horo o te oneone, ā, ka mōrearea te haumaru o te kawe waka rēriwe. He kino ngā horo whenua mō ngā waka rori, inā koa i muri i te rū whenua o Wenchuan i te 12 o Mei, 2008. Kua horapa whānuitia ngā horo whenua, ā, kua kino hoki1. I te aromatawai i te tau 2008 o te 4,243 kiromita o ngā rori matua i te Porowini o Sichuan, e 1,736 ngā aituā rū nui i roto i ngā papa rori me ngā pakitara pupuri pari, e 39.76% o te roa katoa o te aromatawai. Neke atu i te 58 piriona yuan ngā mate ōhanga tika mai i te kino o te rori. 2,3. E whakaatu ana ngā tauira o te ao ka taea e ngā tūponotanga whenua whai muri i te rū te roa mō te 10 tau pea (te rū o Taiwan) tae atu ki te 40-50 tau (te rū o Kanto i Hapani)4,5. Ko te nekehanga te mea matua e pā ana ki te tūponotanga rū6,7. Nō reira, me pupuri te pari o te rori me te whakapakari i tōna pumau. He mahi nui tā ngā tipu ki te tiaki pari me te whakaora whenua taiao8. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā pari oneone noa, kāore he kohi matūkai pērā i te mea rauropi, te hauota, te whākawa, me te pāhare pākawa ngā pari toka, ā, kāore hoki he taiao oneone e tika ana mō te tipu o ngā tipu. Nā ngā mea pērā i te pari nui me te horo o te ua, ka ngaro ngāwari te oneone pari. Ko te taiao pari he He pakari, kāore i te whai i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te tipu o te tipu, ā, kāore i te pumau te oneone o te pari.9 Ko te rehu pari ki te rauemi turanga hei taupoki i te oneone hei tiaki i te pari he hangarau whakaora taiao pari e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tōku whenua.Ko te oneone horihori e whakamahia ana mō te rehu he mea tito mai i te kōhatu pakaru, te oneone whenua pāmu, te kakau witi, te tongi matū, te kaihoko pupuri wai me te piri (ko ngā piri e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te sima Portland, te kāpia waro me te emulsifier uku) i roto i tētahi ōwehenga.Ko te tukanga hangarau: tuatahi whakatakotoria he waea taratara ki runga i te toka, kātahi ka whakapirihia te waea taratara ki ngā rivet me ngā pūtu punga, ā, hei whakamutunga rehuhia te oneone horihori kei roto ngā purapura ki runga i te pari me te rehu motuhake.Ko te mata whakarewa āhua taimana 14# kua whakakikoruatia katoatia te nuinga o te wā, me te paerewa mata he 5cm × 5cm me te diameter o te 2mm.Ka taea e te mata whakarewa te hanga i te hanganga oneone he papa monolithic pakari ki runga i te mata toka.Ka waikura te mata whakarewa i roto i te oneone, nā te mea he electrolyte te oneone tonu, ā, ko te nui o te waikura e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone.He mea nui te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga waikura oneone mō te aromatawai i te horo o te mata whakarewa i puta mai i te oneone. me te whakakore i ngā tūponotanga o te horo whenua.
E whakaponohia ana he mahi nui ngā pakiaka tipu ki te whakau i ngā pari me te whakahaere i te horo10,11,12,13,14. Hei whakau i ngā pari mai i ngā whenua pāpaku, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā otaota nā te mea ka taea e ngā pakiaka tipu te whakau i te oneone hei ārai i ngā whenua pāpaku15,16,17. Ka āwhina ngā otaota rākau, inā koa ngā rākau, ki te ārai i ngā whenua pāpaku18. He hanganga tiaki pakari i hangaia e ngā pūnaha pakiaka poutū me te taha o ngā tipu e mahi ana hei puranga whakakaha i roto i te oneone. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā tauira hanganga pakiaka e akiakihia ana e ngā ira, ā, he mahi nui te taiao oneone i roto i ēnei tukanga. Ka rerekē te waikura ki ngā konganuku i runga i te taiao oneone20. Ko te nui o te waikura o ngā konganuku i roto i te oneone ka taea te rerekē mai i te tere o te memeha ki te iti noa o te pānga21. He tino rerekē te oneone horihori i te "oneone" tūturu. Ko te hanganga o ngā oneone tūturu ko te hua o ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te taiao o waho me ngā momo rauropi i roto i ngā tekau miriona tau22,23,24. I mua i te hanganga o te otaota rākau i tētahi pūnaha pakiaka pumau me te rauropi, ko te mea ka taea e te mata whakarewa i honoa ki te pari toka me te oneone horihori te mahi haumaru he mea e pā tika ana ki te whanaketanga o te ōhanga tūturu, te haumaru o te ora me te te whakapai ake i te taiao rauropi.
Heoi, ka taea e te waikura o ngā konganuku te arahi ki ngā mate nui. E ai ki tētahi rangahau i mahia i Haina i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980 mō ngā mīhini matū me ētahi atu ahumahi, ko ngā mate i puta mai i te waikura konganuku he 4% o te uara putanga katoa. Nō reira, he mea nui te ako i te tikanga waikura me te tango i ngā mahi tiaki mō te hanganga ōhanga. He pūnaha matatini te oneone o ngā hau, ngā wai, ngā totoka me ngā moroiti. Ka taea e ngā matū moroiti te waikura i ngā rauemi, ā, ka taea hoki e ngā ia rere te waikura. Nō reira, he mea nui kia āraihia te waikura o ngā konganuku i tanumia ki te oneone. I tēnei wā, ko te rangahau mō te waikura konganuku tanumia e aro nui ana ki (1) ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te waikura konganuku tanumia25; (2) ngā tikanga tiaki konganuku26,27; (3) ngā tikanga whakatau mō te nui o te waikura konganuku28; te waikura i roto i ngā momo pāpāho. Heoi, ko ngā oneone katoa i roto i te rangahau he taiao, ā, kua oti ngā tukanga hanganga oneone. Heoi, kāore he pūrongo mō te waikura oneone horihori o ngā pari toka rerewē.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu momo waikura, he āhuatanga o te oneone horihori ko te kore wai, te rerekētanga, te wā me te rohe. Ko te waikura whakarewa i roto i ngā oneone horihori ka puta mai i ngā taunekeneke hikohiko i waenga i ngā whakarewa me ngā oneone horihori. Haunga ngā āhuatanga ā-roto, ko te tere o te waikura whakarewa ka whakawhirinaki hoki ki te taiao e karapoti ana. He maha ngā āhuatanga ka pā ki te waikura whakarewa takitahi, ki te whakakotahi rānei, pērā i te nui o te makuku, te nui o te hāora, te nui o te tote wairewa katoa, te nui o te anion me te katote whakarewa, te pH, ngā moroiti oneone30,31,32.
I roto i ngā tau 30 o te mahi, ko te pātai me pēhea te tiaki tuturu i ngā oneone horihori i runga i ngā pari toka he raruraru33. Kāore e taea e ngā rakau iti te tupu i runga i ētahi pari i muri i te 10 tau o te tiaki ā-ringa nā te horo o te oneone. I horoia te paru i runga i te mata o te mata whakarewa i ētahi wāhi. Nā te waikura, i pakaru ētahi mata whakarewa, ā, i ngaro katoa te oneone i runga ake, i raro iho hoki (Pikitia 1). I tēnei wā, ko te rangahau mō te waikura o te pari rerewē e aro nui ana ki te waikura o te whatunga whenua o te teihana rerewē, te waikura o te au rerewē i puta mai i te rerewē māmā, me te waikura o ngā piriti rerewē34,35, ngā ara me ētahi atu taputapu waka36. Kāore anō kia puta he pūrongo mō te waikura o te mata whakarewa tiaki pari rerewē. E ako ana tēnei pepa i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, matū me te hikohiko o ngā oneone horihori i te pari toka tonga-uru o te Ara Rerewe Suiyu, e whai ana ki te matapae i te waikura whakarewa mā te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga oneone me te whakarato i te pūtake ariā me te mahi mō te whakaora i te rauropi oneone me te whakaora horihori. Te pari horihori.
Kei te rohe pukepuke o Sichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) te wāhi whakamātautau e tata ana ki te Teihana Tereina o Suining. Kei waenganui o te Rohe o Sichuan te rohe, he maunga me he pukepuke iti, he hanganga whenua māmā me te whenua papatahi. Nā te horo, te tapahi me te kohikohinga o te wai ka hangaia he whenua pukepuke kua horo. Ko te papa o raro he kōhatu kōhatu te nuinga, ā, ko te taupoki he onepū papura me te kohatu paru te nuinga. He ngoikore te āhua, ā, he hanganga poraka te toka. He āhuarangi hauhautanga hauhautanga hauāuru te rohe rangahau me ngā āhuatanga o te wā o te tīmatanga o te kōanga, te raumati wera, te ngahuru poto me te mutunga o te takurua. He nui te ua, he nui ngā rauemi mārama me te wera, he roa te wā kore huka (285 ngā rā te toharite), he ngawari te āhuarangi, ko te pāmahana toharite ā-tau ko 17.4°C, ko te pāmahana toharite o te marama wera rawa (Ākuhata) ko 27.2°C, ā, ko te pāmahana mōrahi rawa ko 39.3°C. Ko te marama makariri rawa ko Hānuere (ko te pāmahana toharite ko 6.5°C), ko te pāmahana iti rawa rawa ko -3.8°C, ā, ko te toharite ua ā-tau he 920 mm, ko te nuinga i te marama o Hūrae me Ākuhata. He rerekē rawa te ua i te kōanga, te raumati, te ngahuru me te takurua. Ko te ōwehenga o te ua i ia wā o te tau he 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% me te 4-5% ia.
He paripari te wāhi rangahau, tata ki te 45° te koki, i runga i te paripari o te Ara Rerewe o Yu-Sui i hangaia i te tau 2003. I te marama o Āperira 2012, i anga whaka-te-tonga ki roto i te 1 kiromita mai i te Teihana Rerewe o Suining. I whakamahia te pari māori hei mana whakahaere. Ko te whakaora taiao o te pari e whakamahi ana i te hangarau rehu oneone whakatōtika whenua ke mō te whakaora taiao. E ai ki te teitei o te pari taha rerewē, ka taea te wehewehe i te pari ki te pari ki runga, ki waenganui, me te pari ki raro (Pikitia 2). Nā te mea he 10cm te matotoru o te pari tapahi oneone horihori, hei karo i te parahanga o ngā hua waikura o te mata whakarewa oneone, ka whakamahia e mātou he koko maitai kore waikura hei tango i te mata oneone 0-8cm. E whā ngā tārua i whakatakotoria mō ia tūranga pari, me te 15-20 ngā tohu tauira matapōkere mō ia tārua. Ko ia tārua he ranunga o te 15-20 i whakatauhia matapōkeretia mai i ngā tohu tauira rārangi āhua-S. Ko tōna taumaha hou he 500 karamu. Kawea mai ngā tauira ki te taiwhanga i roto i ngā putea polyethylene ziplock hei tukatuka. Ka whakamaroketia te oneone ki te hau, ā, ka tangohia te kirikiri me ngā toenga kararehe me ngā tipu, ka kuruhia ki te rākau ākete, ka tātarihia ki te tātari nairona 20-mata, 100-mata engari ko ngā matūriki matotoru.
I inehia te ātete oneone e te taputapu whakamātautau ātete whenua VICTOR4106 i hangaia e te Kamupene Shengli Instrument; i inehia te ātete oneone i te parae; I inehia te makuku o te oneone mā te tikanga whakamaroke. He teitei te aukati whakauru o te taputapu kawe mamati mv/pH DMP-2 hei ine i te pūmanawa waikura oneone. I whakatauhia te rōnaki pūmanawa me te pūmanawa redox mā te DMP-2 mamati mv/pH kawe, i whakatauhia te tote wairewa katoa i roto i te oneone mā te tikanga whakamaroke toenga, i whakatauhia te ihirangi katote hauota i roto i te oneone mā te tikanga titration AgNO3 (tikanga Mohr), i whakatauhia te ihirangi whanariki oneone mā te tikanga titration EDTA ā-kore, te tikanga titration tohu takirua hei whakatau i te warowaihā oneone me te paikāponate, te tikanga whakamahana waikura pāhare pākawa dichromate hei whakatau i te matū waro oneone, te tikanga tohatoha otinga kawakore hei whakatau i te hauota waikura kawakore o te oneone, te tikanga tae-whakarewatanga Mo-Sb nakunaku H2SO4-HClO4 I whakatauhia te katoa o te whākawa i roto i te oneone me te ihirangi whākawa e wātea ana i roto i te oneone mā te tikanga Olsen (0.05 mol/L otinga NaHCO3 hei tango), ā, i whakatauhia te katoa o te ihirangi pākawa i roto i te oneone mā te photometry hanumi-mura konutai hauwai.
I te tīmatanga i whakapūmautia ngā raraunga whakamātautau. I whakamahia te SPSS Statistics 20 hei whakahaere i te tātaritanga toharite, te paerewa rerekētanga, te ANOVA kotahi-ara, me te tātaritanga hononga tangata.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 i ngā āhuatanga hikohiko, ngā anion me ngā matūkai o ngā oneone me ngā pari rerekē. He mea nui te pūmanawa waikura, te ātete oneone me te pikinga pūmanawa rawhiti-uru o ngā pari rerekē (P < 0.05). He mea nui ngā pūmanawa redox o te pari heke, te pari waenga me te pari tūturu (P < 0.05). Ko te pikinga pūmanawa poutū ki te rēriwe, arā, te pikinga pūmanawa raki-tonga, ko te pari piki>pari heke>pari waenga. Ko te uara pH oneone i te raupapa o te pari heke>pari piki>pari waenga>pari tūturu. Ko te tote wairewa katoa, pari tūturu he nui ake i te pari rerewē (P < 0.05). Ko te ihirangi tote wairewa katoa o te oneone pari rerewē tuatoru kei runga ake i te 500 mg/kg, ā, he pānga ngawari te tote wairewa katoa ki te waikura konganuku. Ko te ihirangi matū koiora o te oneone te mea teitei rawa i te pari tūturu me te mea iti rawa i te pari heke (P < 0.05). Ko te ihirangi hauota katoa te mea teitei rawa i te pari waenga me te mea iti rawa i te pari piki; Ko te nui o te hauota e wātea ana ko te mea teitei rawa i te pari heke me te pari waenga, ā, ko te mea iti rawa i te pari tūturu; he iti ake te nui o te hauota katoa o te pari piki me te pari heke o te ara rerewē, engari he teitei ake te nui o te hauota e wātea ana. E tohu ana tēnei he tere te tere o te whakapūngao hauota waro i te piki me te heke. He rite tonu te nui o te pāhare pāporo e wātea ana ki te whākawa e wātea ana.
Ko te ātete oneone he tohu e whakaatu ana i te kawe hiko me te tawhā taketake mō te aromatawai i te waikura oneone. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te ātete oneone ko te nui o te makuku, te nui o te tote wairewa katoa, te pH, te kakano oneone, te pāmahana, te nui o ngā mea rauropi, te pāmahana oneone, me te piripono. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā oneone he iti te ātete he waikura ake, me te ritenga kē. Ko te whakamahi i te ātete hei aromatawai i te waikura oneone he tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whenua maha. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 i ngā paearu aromatawai tohu waikura mō ia tohu kotahi37,38.
E ai ki ngā hua whakamātautau me ngā paerewa i tōku whenua (Ripanga 1), mēnā ka aromatawaitia te waikura o te oneone mā te ātete oneone anake, he tino waikura te oneone i te pari piki; he āhua waikura te oneone i te pari heke; he iti noa te waikura o te oneone i te pari waenga me te pari tūturu.
He iti iho te ātete oneone o te pari piki i ērā o ētahi atu wāhanga o te pari, ka puta pea tēnei i te horo o te ua. Ka rere te oneone o runga i te pari piki ki waenganui o te pari me te wai, kia tata ai te kupenga tiaki pari piki ki te oneone o runga. Ko ētahi o ngā mata whakarewa i kitea, ā, i iri noa iho i te rangi (Pikitia 1). I inehia te ātete oneone i te wāhi; ko te tawhiti o ngā puranga he 3m; ko te hohonu o te papa i raro i te 15cm. Ka taea e te mata whakarewa tahanga me te waikura e tihore ana te whakararuraru i ngā hua ine. Nō reira, kāore e pono te aromatawai i te waikura oneone mā te taupū ātete oneone anake. I roto i te aromatawai whānui o te waikura, kāore te ātete oneone o te pari piki e whakaarohia.
Nā te nui o te haumākū whanaunga, ka nui ake te waikura o te mata whakarewa e pā ana ki te hau i te mata whakarewa kua tanumia ki te oneone nā te hau39. Ka taea e te pā o te mata waea ki te hau te whakaiti i te roa o te mahi, ka taea ai te whakararu i ngā oneone piki. Ka uaua te tipu o ngā tipu, inā koa ngā tipu rakau, i te ngaronga o te oneone. Nā te korenga o ngā tipu rakau, he uaua ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha pakiaka piki hei whakapakeke i te oneone. I taua wā anō, ka taea hoki e te tipu o ngā tipu te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oneone me te whakanui ake i te nui o te humus i roto i te oneone, e kore e taea te pupuri i te wai anake, engari ka whakarato hoki i tētahi taiao pai mō te tipu me te whakaputa uri o ngā kararehe me ngā tipu, ā, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga o te oneone. Nō reira, i te tīmatanga o te hanganga, me whakatō ake he purapura rakau ki runga i te pari, ā, me tāpiri tonu he mea pupuri wai, me te hipoki ki te kiriata hei tiaki, kia whakaitihia ai te horo o te oneone piki i te wai ua.
He mea nui te pūmanawa waikura e pā ana ki te waikura o te kupenga tiaki pari i runga i te pari e toru-taumata, ā, koia te mea nui rawa atu ki te pari piki (Ripanga 2). I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, kāore te pūmanawa waikura e tino rerekē i roto i tētahi taiao. Ka taea te whakaputa i tētahi huringa kitea e ngā ia rere. Ko ngā ia rere e pā ana ki ngā ia 40, 41, 42 e turuturu ana ki roto i te papa rori me te oneone ina whakamahia e ngā waka te pūnaha kawe tangata. Nā te whanaketanga o te pūnaha kawe, kua tutuki i te pūnaha kawe tereina o tōku whenua te hiko nui, ā, kāore e taea te wareware i te waikura o ngā konganuku tanumia i puta mai i te turuturu o te ia tika mai i ngā tereina hiko. I tēnei wā, ka taea te whakamahi i te pikinga pūmanawa oneone hei whakatau mēnā kei roto i te oneone ngā raruraru ia rere. Ina iti iho te pikinga pūmanawa o te oneone mata i te 0.5 mv/m, he iti te ia rere; ina kei roto te pikinga pūmanawa i te awhe o te 0.5 mv/m ki te 5.0 mv/m, he taurite te ia rere; Ina nui ake te pikinga pūmanawa i te 5.0 mv/m, he teitei te taumata o te au rere. Kei te whakaatuhia te whānuitanga rere o te pikinga pūmanawa (EW) o te pari waenga, te pari piki me te pari heke i te Pikitia 3. Mō te whānuitanga rere, he au rere ngawari kei ngā taha rawhiti-uru me te raki-tonga o te pari waenga. Nō reira, he mea nui te au rere e pā ana ki te waikura o ngā mata whakarewa i te pari waenga me te pari heke, inā koa i te pari waenga.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te pūmanawa redox oneone (Eh) i runga ake i te 400 mV e tohu ana i te kaha waikura, i runga ake i te 0-200 mV he kaha whakaiti reo, ā, i raro iho i te 0 mV he kaha whakaiti nui. Ko te iti o te pūmanawa redox oneone, ko te nui ake o te kaha waikura o ngā moroiti oneone ki ngā konganuku44. Ka taea te matapae i te ia o te waikura moroiti oneone mai i te pūmanawa redox. I kitea e te rangahau he nui ake te pūmanawa redox oneone o ngā pari e toru i te 500 mv, ā, he tino iti te taumata waikura. E whakaatu ana he pai te āhua o te hauhautanga oneone o te whenua pari, kāore e pai ana ki te waikura o ngā moroiti anaerobic i roto i te oneone.
Kua kitea i roto i ngā rangahau o mua he mārama te pānga o te pH o te oneone ki te horo o te oneone. I te piki me te heke o te uara pH, ka tino pāngia te tere o te waikura o ngā rauemi whakarewa. He hononga tata te pH o te oneone ki te rohe me ngā moroiti i roto i te oneone45,46,47. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te mārama te pānga o te pH o te oneone ki te waikura o ngā rauemi whakarewa i roto i te oneone paku kawakore. He kawakore katoa ngā oneone o ngā pari rerewē e toru, nō reira he ngoikore te pānga o te pH ki te waikura o te mata whakarewa.
E kitea ana i te Ripanga 3, e whakaatu ana te tātari hononga he hononga pai rawa atu te pūmanawa redox me te tūranga pari (R2 = 0.858), he hononga pai rawa atu te pūmanawa waikura me te rōnaki pūmanawa (SN) (R2 = 0.755), ā, he hononga pai rawa atu te pūmanawa redox me te rōnaki pūmanawa (SN) (R2 = 0.755). He hononga kino nui i waenga i te pūmanawa me te pH (R2 = -0.724). He hononga pai rawa te tūnga pari ki te pūmanawa redox. E whakaatu ana tēnei he rerekētanga kei roto i te taiao moroiti o ngā tūnga pari rerekē, ā, he hononga tata ngā moroiti oneone ki te pūmanawa redox48, 49, 50. He hononga kino rawa te pūmanawa redox ki te pH51,52. I tohu tēnei whanaungatanga kāore i te huri tahi ngā uara pH me Eh i te wā katoa i te tukanga redox oneone, engari he hononga raina kino. Ka taea e te pūmanawa waikura whakarewa te tohu i te kaha whanaunga ki te whiwhi me te ngaro i ngā irahiko. Ahakoa he hononga pai rawa te pūmanawa waikura ki te rōnaki pūmanawa (SN), ko te rōnaki pūmanawa pea nā te ngaronga ngāwari o ngā irahiko e te konganuku.
He hononga tata te nui o te tote wairewa katoa o te oneone ki te waikura o te oneone. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te tote o te oneone, ko te iti ake o te ātete o te oneone, ā, ka piki ake te ātete o te oneone. I roto i ngā electrolytes oneone, ehara i te mea ko ngā anion me ngā awhe rerekē anake, engari ko ngā awe o te waikura ko ngā warowaihā, ngā pūhaumāota me ngā whanariki. Hei tāpiri, ko te nui o te tote wairewa katoa i roto i te oneone ka pā kino ki te waikura mā te awe o ētahi atu mea, pērā i te pānga o te pūmanawa hiko i roto i ngā konganuku me te waikura hāora o te oneone53.
Ko te nuinga o ngā katote wairewa i roto i te oneone kāore e whai wāhi tika ki ngā tauhohenga hikohiko, engari ka pā ki te waikura whakarewa mā te ātete oneone. Ko te teitei ake o te tote o te oneone, ko te kaha ake o te kawe o te oneone, ko te kaha ake hoki o te horo o te oneone. He nui ake te tote o te oneone o ngā pari maori i tērā o ngā pari rerewē, nā te mea he nui ngā tipu o ngā pari maori, he mea pai mō te tiaki oneone me te wai. Ko tētahi atu take pea ko te hanganga oneone kua pakeke te pari maori (he rauemi matua oneone i hangaia e te huarere toka), engari ko te oneone o te pari rerewē he mea tito mai i ngā kongakonga kōhatu pakaru hei anga o te "oneone horihori", ā, kāore anō kia oti te tukanga hanganga oneone. Kāore i tukuna ngā kohuke. Hei tāpiri, i piki ake ngā katote tote i roto i te oneone hohonu o ngā pari maori i roto i te mahi capillary i te wā e mimiti ana te mata, ā, i kohia ki roto i te oneone mata, ka hua ake te pikinga o te tote o ngā katote i roto i te oneone mata. Ko te matotoru o te oneone o te pari rerewē he iti iho i te 20 cm, ka hua ake te kore e taea e te oneone o runga te tāpiri i te tote mai i te oneone hohonu.
He iti noa te pānga o ngā katote pai (pērā i te K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, me ētahi atu) ki te waikura o te oneone, engari he nui te pānga o ngā anion ki te tukanga hikohiko o te waikura, ā, he nui hoki te pānga ki te waikura o te konganuku. Ka taea e te Cl− te whakatere i te waikura o te anode, ā, koinei te anion tino waikura; ko te teitei ake o te ihirangi Cl−, ko te kaha ake o te waikura o te oneone. Ehara i te mea ko te SO42− anake te whakatairanga i te waikura o te maitai, engari ka puta hoki te waikura i roto i ētahi rauemi raima54. Ka waikura hoki te rino. I roto i tētahi raupapa whakamātautau oneone waikawa, i kitea he rite te tere o te waikura ki te waikawa o te oneone55. Ko te chloride me te sulfate ngā wāhanga matua o ngā tote wairewa, ka taea te whakatere tika i te cavitation o ngā konganuku. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te ngaronga taumaha waikura o te maitai waro i roto i ngā oneone kawakore he tata rite ki te tāpiri o ngā katote chloride me te sulfate56,57. I kitea e Lee et al. tera pea ka ārai te SO42- i te waikura, engari ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā poka waikura kua hangaia kētia58.
E ai ki te paerewa aromatawai waikura oneone me ngā hua whakamātautau, ko te ihirangi katote hauota i roto i ia tauira oneone pari i runga ake i te 100 mg/kg, e tohu ana i te waikura oneone kaha. Ko te ihirangi katote whanariki o ngā pari piki me ngā pari heke i runga ake i te 200 mg/kg me raro iho i te 500 mg/kg, ā, he waikura paku te oneone. Ko te ihirangi katote whanariki i te pari waenga he iti iho i te 200mg/kg, ā, he ngoikore te waikura oneone. Ina he nui te kukū o te reo oneone, ka whai wāhi atu ki te tauhohenga ka puta he unahi waikura i runga i te mata o te hiko whakarewa, ka whakaroa i te tauhohenga waikura. I te piki haere o te kukū, ka pakaru ohorere pea te unahi, ka tere ake te tere waikura; i te piki haere tonu o te kukū, ka kapi te unahi waikura i te mata o te hiko whakarewa, ā, ka whakaatu anō te tere waikura i te ia whakaroa. I kitea e te rangahau he iti ake te nui o te oneone, nō reira he iti noa te pānga ki te waikura.
E ai ki te Ripanga 4, i whakaatuhia e te hononga i waenga i te pari me ngā anion oneone he hononga pai nui i waenga i te pari me ngā katote pūhaumāota (R2=0.836), me te hononga pai nui i waenga i te pari me ngā tote wairewa katoa (R2=0.742).
E whakaatu ana tēnei ko te rere o te mata me te horo o te oneone te take pea o ngā huringa o ngā tote wairewa katoa i roto i te oneone. He hononga pai nui i waenga i ngā tote wairewa katoa me ngā katote pūhaumāota, nā te mea pea ko ngā tote wairewa katoa te puna o ngā katote pūhaumāota, ā, ko te nui o ngā tote wairewa katoa e whakatau ana i te nui o ngā katote pūhaumāota i roto i ngā otinga oneone. Nō reira, ka taea e tātou te mōhio ko te rerekētanga o te pari ka puta he waikura nui ki te wāhanga mata whakarewa.
Ko ngā matūkai rauropi, te hauota katoa, te hauota e wātea ana, te whākōkī e wātea ana me te pāhare pāporo e wātea ana ngā matūkai matua o te oneone, e pā ana ki te kounga o te oneone me te mimiti o ngā matūkai e te pūnaha pakiaka. He mea nui ngā matūkai oneone e pā ana ki ngā moroiti i roto i te oneone, nō reira he mea tika kia akohia mēnā he hononga i waenga i ngā matūkai oneone me te waikura whakarewa. I oti te hanga o te Ara Rerewe o Suiyu i te tau 2003, ko te tikanga kua 9 tau noa te kohikohinga o ngā matūkai rauropi o te oneone horihori. Nā te āhua motuhake o te oneone horihori, me mārama pai ki ngā matūkai i roto i te oneone horihori.
E whakaatu ana te rangahau ko te nui o ngā matū waro i roto i te oneone pari māori i muri i te tukanga hanganga oneone katoa. Ko te nui o ngā matū waro o te oneone pari iti te mea iti rawa. Nā te awe o te huarere me te rere o te mata, ka kohia ngā matūkai oneone ki waenganui o te pari me te pari iho, ka hanga he paparanga matotoru o te humus. Heoi, nā te iti o ngā matūriki me te kore pumau o te oneone pari iti, ka ngawari te pirau o ngā matū waro e ngā moroiti. I kitea e te rangahau he teitei te kapi me te kanorau o ngā tipu o waenganui o te pari me te pari iho, engari he iti te ōritetanga, ka arahi pea ki te tohatoha koretake o ngā matūkai mata. Ka pupuri te paparanga matotoru o te humus i te wai, ā, ka kaha ngā rauropi oneone. Mā ēnei katoa ka tere ake te pirau o ngā matū waro i roto i te oneone.
Ko te nui o te hauota waikura-kawa-kore o ngā ara rerewē piki-pari, waenga-pari me te heke-pari he nui ake i te pari tūturu, e tohu ana he nui ake te tere o te whakapūngao hauota waro o te pari rerewē i te pari tūturu. Ko te iti o ngā matūriki, ko te kore pumau o te hanganga oneone, ko te māmā ake o te pirau o ngā mea waro i roto i ngā matūriki, ā, ko te nui ake o te puna o te hauota waro kua whakapūngao60,61. E rite ana ki ngā hua o te rangahau 62, ko te nui o ngā matūriki iti i roto i te oneone o ngā pari rerewē he nui ake i te pari tūturu. Nō reira, me mahi ngā mahi tika hei whakanui ake i te nui o te tongi, te mea waro me te hauota i roto i te oneone o te pari rerewē, me te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pumau o te oneone. Ko te para o te whākawa me te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana i puta mai i te rerenga o te mata i ahu mai i te 77.27% ki te 99.79% o te ngaronga katoa o te pari rerewē. Ko te rerenga o te mata pea te take matua o te ngaronga o ngā matūkai e wātea ana i roto i ngā oneone pari63,64,65.
E ai ki te Ripanga 4, he hononga pai nui i waenganui i te tūnga pari me te whākawa e wātea ana (R2=0.948), ā, he rite tonu te hononga i waenganui i te tūnga pari me te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana (R2=0.898). E whakaatu ana tēnei ka pā te tūnga pari ki te nui o te whākawa me te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana i roto i te oneone.
He mea nui te nekehanga e pā ana ki te nui o ngā mea rauropi o te oneone me te whakanui i te hauota66, ā, ko te iti o te nekehanga, ko te nui ake o te tere whakanui. Mō te whakanui i ngā matūkai o te oneone, i ngoikore te ngaronga o ngā matūkai, ā, kāore i te kitea te pānga o te tūnga pari ki te nui o ngā mea rauropi o te oneone me te whakanui katoa i te hauota. He rerekē ngā waikawa rauropi o ngā momo me te maha o ngā tipu i runga i ngā pari rerekē e hunaia ana e ngā pakiaka tipu. He pai ngā waikawa rauropi ki te whakapūmau i te whākawa me te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana i roto i te oneone. Nō reira, he hononga nui i waenga i te tūnga pari me te whākawa e wātea ana, me te tūnga pari me te pāhare pākawa e wātea ana.
Hei whakamārama i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā matūkai oneone me te waikura oneone, me tātari te hononga. E ai ki te Ripanga 5, he hononga kino te pūmanawa redox ki te hauota e wātea ana (R2 = -0.845) ā, he hononga pai ki te phosphorus e wātea ana (R2 = 0.842) me te pāhare pākawa waro e wātea ana (R2 = 0.980). Ko te pūmanawa redox e whakaata ana i te kounga o te redox, e pāngia ana e ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te oneone, kātahi ka pā ki te raupapa o ngā āhuatanga o te oneone. Nō reira, he mea nui ki te whakatau i te ahunga o te huringa matūkai oneone67. Ko ngā āhuatanga redox rerekē ka hua ake i ngā āhua rerekē me te wātea o ngā āhuatanga kai. Nō reira, he hononga nui te pūmanawa redox ki te hauota e wātea ana, te phosphorus e wātea ana me te pāhare pākawa waro e wātea ana.
Haunga ngā āhuatanga whakarewa, e pā ana hoki te pūmanawa waikura ki ngā āhuatanga oneone. He hononga kino nui te pūmanawa waikura ki ngā mea rauropi, e tohu ana he pānga nui tō ngā mea rauropi ki te pūmanawa waikura. Hei tāpiri, he hononga kino nui anō hoki tō ngā mea rauropi ki te rōnaki pūmanawa (SN) (R2=-0.713) me te katote whanariki (R2=-0.671), e tohu ana ka pā anō hoki te ihirangi o ngā mea rauropi ki te rōnaki pūmanawa (SN) me te katote whanariki. He hononga kino nui i waenga i te pH oneone me te pāhare pāporo e wātea ana (R2 = -0.728).
He hononga kino te hauota e wātea ana ki ngā tote wairewa katoa me ngā katote pūhaumāota, ā, he hononga pai te whākōkī me te pāhare pākawa waro e wātea ana ki ngā tote wairewa katoa me ngā katote pūhaumāota. I tohu tēnei he pānga nui te ihirangi matūkai e wātea ana ki te nui o ngā tote wairewa katoa me ngā katote pūhaumāota i roto i te oneone, ā, kāore ngā anion i roto i te oneone i pai mō te kohikohi me te whakarato i ngā matūkai e wātea ana. He hononga kino te hauota katoa ki te katote pūhākawa, ā, he hononga pai ki te paikāpōnate, e tohu ana he pānga te hauota katoa ki te ihirangi o te pūhākawa me te paikāpōnate. He iti noa te hiahia o ngā tipu mō ngā katote pūhākawa me ngā katote paikāpōnate, nō reira he kore utu te nuinga o rātou i roto i te oneone, he mimiti rānei e ngā korori oneone. Ka pai ake ngā katote paikāpōnate ki te kohikohinga o te hauota i roto i te oneone, ā, ka whakaitihia e ngā katote pūhākawa te wātea o te hauota i roto i te oneone. Nō reira, he pai te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o te hauota me te humus e wātea ana i roto i te oneone hei whakaiti i te waikura o te oneone.
He pūnaha te oneone, he hanganga matatini, he āhuatanga hoki. Ko te waikura o te oneone te hua o te mahi tahi a ngā āhuatanga maha. Nō reira, he tikanga aromatawai whānui te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te waikura o te oneone. E ai ki te "Waehere mō te Rangahau Hangarau Whenua" (GB50021-94) me ngā tikanga whakamātautau o te Whatunga Whakamātautau Waikura o Haina, ka taea te aromatawai whānui i te taumata waikura o te oneone i runga i ngā paerewa e whai ake nei: (1) Ko te aromatawai he waikura ngoikore, mēnā he waikura ngoikore anake, kāore he waikura ngawari, he waikura kaha rānei; (2) mēnā kāore he waikura kaha, ka aromatawaitia he waikura ngawari; (3) mēnā kotahi, e rua rānei ngā wāhi o te waikura kaha, ka aromatawaitia he waikura kaha; (4) mēnā e toru, neke atu rānei ngā wāhi o te waikura kaha, ka aromatawaitia he waikura kaha mō te waikura kino.
E ai ki te ātete oneone, te pūmanawa redox, te nui o te wai, te nui o te tote, te uara pH, me te nui o te Cl- me te SO42-, i arotakehia whānuitia ngā taumata waikura o ngā tauira oneone i ngā pari rerekē. E whakaatu ana ngā hua rangahau he tino waikura ngā oneone i ngā pari katoa.
He mea nui te pūmanawa waikura e pā ana ki te waikura o te kupenga tiaki pari. Ko ngā pūmanawa waikura o ngā pari e toru he iti iho i te -200 mv, ā, koinei te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te waikura o te mata whakarewa piki. Ka taea te whakamahi i te pikinga pūmanawa hei aromatawai i te nui o te ia rere i roto i te oneone. He mea nui te ia rere e pā ana ki te waikura o te mata whakarewa i ngā pari waenga me ngā pari piki, inā koa i ngā pari waenga. Ko te nui o te tote wairewa katoa i roto i ngā oneone o ngā pari o runga, waenga me raro i neke atu i te 500 mg/kg, ā, he taurite te pānga waikura ki te kupenga tiaki pari. He mea nui te wai o te oneone e pā ana ki te waikura o ngā mata whakarewa i waenganui me te pari heke, ā, he nui ake te pānga ki te waikura o ngā mata tiaki pari. He nui ngā matūkai i roto i te oneone waenga-pari, e tohu ana he maha ngā mahi moroiti me te tere o te tipu o ngā tipu.
E whakaatu ana te rangahau ko te pūmanawa waikura, te pikinga pūmanawa, te nui o te tote wairewa katoa me te nui o te wai ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te waikura oneone i ngā pari e toru, ā, ka aromatawaihia te kaha o te waikura oneone. Ko te waikura o te whatunga tiaki pari te mea tino kino i te pari waenga, e whakarato ana i te tohutoro mō te hoahoa ārai-waikura o te whatunga tiaki pari rerewē. He pai te tāpiri tika o te hauota me te tongi waro e wātea ana hei whakaiti i te waikura oneone, hei whakahaere i te tipu o ngā tipu, ā, hei whakau i te pari.
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