Mun gode da ziyartar Nature.com. Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da ƙarancin tallafi ga CSS. Domin mafi kyawun ƙwarewa, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da burauzar da aka sabunta (ko ku kashe yanayin daidaitawa a cikin Internet Explorer). A halin yanzu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da tallafi, za mu nuna shafin ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
Daukar gangaren layin dogo na Sui-Chongqing a matsayin abin bincike, juriyar ƙasa, electrochemistry na ƙasa (ikon lalata, ƙarfin redox, ƙarfin gradient da pH), anions na ƙasa (gishirin da ke narkewa gaba ɗaya, Cl-, SO42- da) da abinci mai gina jiki na ƙasa. (Abubuwan da ke cikin danshi, kwayoyin halitta, jimlar nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen, phosphorus mai samuwa, potassium mai samuwa) A ƙarƙashin gangare daban-daban, ana kimanta matakin tsatsa bisa ga alamomi daban-daban da cikakkun alamun ƙasa ta wucin gadi. Idan aka kwatanta da wasu dalilai, ruwa yana da mafi girman tasiri akan tsatsa na layin kariyar gangare, sai kuma abun da ke cikin anion. Jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa yana da matsakaicin tasiri akan tsatsa na layin kariyar gangare, kuma kwararar da ke ɓacewa tana da matsakaicin tasiri akan tsatsa na layin kariyar gangare. An kimanta matakin tsatsa na samfuran ƙasa sosai, kuma tsatsa a kan gangare na sama ya kasance matsakaici, kuma tsatsa a kan gangare na tsakiya da ƙasa yana da ƙarfi. An yi alaƙa sosai da yanayin halitta a cikin ƙasa da yanayin yuwuwar. An yi alaƙa sosai da nitrogen da ke akwai, potassium da phosphorus da ke akwai tare da anions. Rarraba abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da nau'in gangare.
Lokacin gina layin dogo, manyan hanyoyi da wuraren adana ruwa, galibi ba makawa ne a sami ramuka a tsaunuka. Saboda tsaunukan da ke kudu maso yamma, gina layin dogo na kasar Sin yana buƙatar tono dutsen sosai. Yana lalata ƙasa da ciyayi na asali, yana haifar da gangaren duwatsu da aka fallasa. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa da zaizayar ƙasa, wanda hakan ke barazana ga tsaron sufurin jirgin ƙasa. Zaftarewar ƙasa ba ta da kyau ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, musamman bayan girgizar ƙasa ta Wenchuan ta ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2008. Zaftarewar ƙasa ta zama bala'in girgizar ƙasa mai yaɗuwa kuma mai tsanani1. A cikin kimantawar 2008 na kilomita 4,243 na manyan titunan da ke kan tituna a lardin Sichuan, an sami bala'o'in girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani guda 1,736 a kan hanyoyin hanya da bangon da ke riƙe gangara, wanda ya kai kashi 39.76% na jimillar tsawon kimantawar. Asarar tattalin arziki kai tsaye daga lalacewar hanya ta wuce yuan biliyan 58. Misalai na duniya sun nuna cewa hatsarurrukan ƙasa bayan girgizar ƙasa na iya ɗaukar akalla shekaru 10 (girgizar ƙasar Taiwan) har ma da tsawon shekaru 40-50 (girgizar ƙasar Kanto a Japan)4,5. Gradient shine babban abin da ke shafar haɗarin girgizar ƙasa6,7. Saboda haka, ya zama dole a kula da gangaren hanya da ƙarfafa kwanciyar hankalinta. Shuke-shuke suna taka rawa ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba a cikin kariyar gangara da dawo da yanayin muhalli.8. Idan aka kwatanta da gangaren ƙasa na yau da kullun, gangaren duwatsu ba su da tarin abubuwan gina jiki kamar kwayoyin halitta, nitrogen, phosphorus, da potassium, kuma ba su da yanayin ƙasa da ake buƙata don ci gaban shuke-shuke. Saboda abubuwa kamar babban gangara da zaizayar ruwan sama, ƙasa mai gangara tana ɓacewa cikin sauƙi. Yanayin gangara yana da tsauri, ba shi da yanayin da ake buƙata don girma shuke-shuke, kuma ƙasar gangaren ba ta da kwanciyar hankali.9. Feshin gangaren da kayan tushe don rufe ƙasa don kare gangaren fasaha ce ta dawo da yanayin ƙasa da aka saba amfani da ita a ƙasata. Ƙasa ta wucin gadi da ake amfani da ita don feshi ta ƙunshi dutse da aka niƙa, ƙasar gona, bambaro, takin gargajiya, wakilin riƙe ruwa da manne (manne da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da simintin Portland, manne na halitta da emulsifier na kwalta) a wani kaso. Tsarin fasaha shine: da farko sanya waya mai shinge a kan dutsen, sannan a gyara wayar mai shinge da rivets da knots, sannan a ƙarshe a fesa ƙasa ta wucin gadi da ke ɗauke da iri a kan gangaren da feshi na musamman. Ana amfani da ragar ƙarfe mai siffar lu'u-lu'u mai siffar lu'u-lu'u mai girman 14# wanda aka cika da galvanized, tare da ma'aunin raga na 5cm × 5cm da diamita na 2mm. Ramin ƙarfe yana ba da damar matrix na ƙasa ya samar da slab mai ɗorewa a saman dutsen. Ramin ƙarfe zai lalace a cikin ƙasa, saboda ƙasa kanta electrolyte ce, kuma matakin tsatsa ya dogara da halayen ƙasa. Kimanta abubuwan da ke lalata ƙasa yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don kimantawa Zaizayar ƙasa da ragar ƙarfe ke haifarwa da kuma kawar da haɗarin zaftarewar ƙasa.
Ana kyautata zaton tushen tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita gangara da kuma rage zaizayar ƙasa10,11,12,13,14. Don daidaita gangara daga zaftarewar ƙasa mai zurfi, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire domin tushen tsirrai na iya gyara ƙasa don hana zaftarewar ƙasa15,16,17. Tsire-tsire masu itace, musamman bishiyoyi, suna taimakawa wajen hana zaftarewar ƙasa mai zurfi18. Tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi wanda tsarin tushen tsirrai na tsaye da na gefe suka samar wanda ke aiki azaman ƙarfafa tururuwa a cikin ƙasa. Ci gaban tsarin tsarin tushen yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kuma yanayin ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin. Tsaftacewa zuwa ƙarfe ya bambanta da yanayin ƙasa20. Matsayin tsatsa na ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa na iya bambanta daga narkewa cikin sauri zuwa tasiri mara iyaka21. Ƙasa ta wucin gadi ta bambanta sosai da ainihin "ƙasa". Samuwar ƙasa ta halitta sakamakon hulɗa ne tsakanin muhallin waje da halittu daban-daban tsawon shekaru miliyan 22,23,24. Kafin ciyayi mai itace ya samar da tsarin tushe mai ƙarfi da yanayin ƙasa, ko ragar ƙarfe da aka haɗa da gangaren dutse da ƙasa ta wucin gadi za su iya aiki lafiya yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ci gaban tattalin arzikin halitta, amincin rayuwa da kuma inganta muhallin muhalli.
Duk da haka, tsatsa ta karafa na iya haifar da asara mai yawa. A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a kasar Sin a farkon shekarun 1980 kan injunan sinadarai da sauran masana'antu, asarar da tsatsa ta karfe ke haifarwa ta kai kashi 4% na jimillar darajar fitarwa. Saboda haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi nazarin tsarin tsatsa da kuma daukar matakan kariya don gina tattalin arziki. Kasa tsari ne mai rikitarwa na iskar gas, ruwa, daskararru da ƙananan halittu. Kwayoyin halitta na iya lalata kayan aiki, kuma kwararar ruwa na iya haifar da tsatsa. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a hana tsatsa ta karafa da aka binne a cikin kasa. A halin yanzu, binciken kan tsatsa ta karafa da aka binne ya fi mayar da hankali kan (1) abubuwan da ke shafar tsatsa ta karafa da aka binne25; (2) hanyoyin kariya ta karafa26,27; (3) hanyoyin hukunci don matakin tsatsa ta karafa28; Tsatsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban. Duk da haka, duk kasa a cikin binciken na halitta ne kuma an yi isasshen hanyoyin samar da kasa. Duk da haka, babu wani rahoto kan tsatsa ta kasa ta roba ta gangaren duwatsun jirgin kasa.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin lalata, ƙasa ta wucin gadi tana da halaye na rashin ruwa, bambancin yanayi, yanayi da kuma yanki. Tsatsar ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa ta wucin gadi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗar lantarki tsakanin ƙarfe da ƙasa ta wucin gadi. Baya ga abubuwan da suka samo asali, ƙimar tsatsar ƙarfe kuma ya dogara da yanayin da ke kewaye. Abubuwa iri-iri suna shafar tsatsar ƙarfe daban-daban ko a hade, kamar abun da ke cikin danshi, abun da ke cikin iskar oxygen, jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa, abun da ke cikin anion da ƙarfe, pH, ƙwayoyin ƙasa 30,31,32.
A cikin shekaru 30 na aiki, tambayar yadda za a kiyaye ƙasa ta wucin gadi a kan gangaren duwatsu ta kasance matsala33. Bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi ba za su iya girma a wasu gangaren ba bayan shekaru 10 na kula da hannu saboda zaizayar ƙasa. An wanke ƙurar da ke saman ragar ƙarfe a wasu wurare. Saboda tsatsa, wasu ragar ƙarfe sun fashe suka rasa duk ƙasa a sama da ƙasa (Hoto na 1). A halin yanzu, binciken kan tsatsawar gangaren jirgin ƙasa ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsatsawar layin ƙasa na tashar jirgin ƙasa, tsatsawar da ke haifar da layin dogo mai sauƙi, da tsatsawar gadoji na layin dogo34,35, layuka da sauran kayan aikin ababen hawa36. Babu rahotannin tsatsawar ragar ƙarfe mai kariya daga gangaren jirgin ƙasa. Wannan takarda tana nazarin halayen zahiri, sinadarai da lantarki na ƙasa ta wucin gadi a kan gangaren dutse na kudu maso yammacin Suiyu Railway, da nufin annabta tsatsawar ƙarfe ta hanyar tantance halayen ƙasa da kuma samar da tushe na ka'ida da aiki don dawo da yanayin ƙasa da kuma dawo da ta wucin gadi. Tsatsa ta wucin gadi.
Wurin gwajin yana cikin yankin tuddai na Sichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) kusa da Tashar Jirgin Ƙasa ta Suining. Yankin yana tsakiyar yankin Sichuan, tare da ƙananan duwatsu da tuddai, tare da tsarin ƙasa mai sauƙi da ƙasa mai faɗi. Zaizayar ƙasa, yankewa da tarin ruwa suna haifar da lalacewar wurare masu tuddai. Tudun dutse galibi dutse ne, kuma abin da ya mamaye galibi yashi mai launin shunayya ne da dutsen laka. Ingancinsa ba shi da kyau, kuma dutsen gini ne mai toshewa. Yankin binciken yana da yanayin damina mai zafi a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi tare da halaye na yanayi na farkon bazara, lokacin zafi, kaka kaɗan da ƙarshen hunturu. Ruwan sama yana da yawa, albarkatun haske da zafi suna da yawa, lokacin da ba ya yin sanyi yana da tsawo (matsakaicin kwanaki 285), yanayin yana da laushi, matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine 17.4°C, matsakaicin zafin watan mafi zafi (Agusta) shine 27.2°C, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 39.3°C. Watan da ya fi sanyi shine Janairu (matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 6.5°C), Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine -3.8°C, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 920 mm, wanda galibi ya taru a watan Yuli da Agusta. Ruwan sama a lokacin bazara, lokacin rani, kaka da hunturu ya bambanta sosai. Adadin ruwan sama a kowane yanayi na shekara shine 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% da 4-5% bi da bi.
Wurin binciken wani gangare ne mai nisan kusan 45° a kan gangaren layin dogo na Yu-Sui da aka gina a shekarar 2003. A watan Afrilun 2012, ya fuskanci kudu a cikin kilomita 1 daga Tashar Jirgin Kasa ta Suining. An yi amfani da gangaren halitta a matsayin iko. Gyaran yanayin muhalli na gangaren ya rungumi fasahar fesa ƙasa ta waje don dawo da muhalli. Dangane da tsayin gangaren gefen jirgin ƙasa, ana iya raba gangaren zuwa sama, tsakiyar gangare da kuma gangare (Hoto na 2). Tunda kauri na gangaren da aka yanke na ƙasa mai kama da ƙasa ya kai kusan 10cm, don guje wa gurɓatar kayayyakin tsatsa na ragar ƙarfe ta ƙasa, muna amfani da shebur na bakin ƙarfe kawai don ɗaukar saman ƙasa 0-8cm. An saita kwafi huɗu ga kowane matsayi na gangare, tare da maki 15-20 na samfuri bazuwar kowane kwafi. Kowane kwafi cakuda ne na 15-20 da aka ƙayyade bazuwar daga wuraren samfurin layin S mai siffar S. Sabon nauyinsa shine kimanin gram 500. A mayar da samfuran zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin jakunkunan polyethylene ziplock don sarrafawa. Ƙasa ta busar da iska ta halitta, kuma ana zaɓo tsakuwa da ragowar dabbobi da tsire-tsire, a niƙa su da sandar agate, sannan a tace su da sieve na nailan mai raga 20, 100-raga banda ƙananan barbashi.
An auna juriyar ƙasa ta hanyar na'urar gwajin juriyar ƙasa ta VICTOR4106 da Kamfanin Shengli Instrument ya samar; an auna juriyar ƙasa a filin; An auna danshi na ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar busarwa. Kayan aikin dijital mai ɗaukuwa na DMP-2 yana da babban juriyar shigarwa don auna yuwuwar lalata ƙasa. An ƙayyade saurin gradient da yuwuwar redox ta hanyar DMP-2 dijital mai ɗaukuwa mv/pH, an ƙaddara jimlar gishirin narkewa a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar busar da ragowar, an ƙaddara yawan ion chloride a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar AgNO3 titration (hanyar Mohr), an ƙaddara yawan sinadarin sulfate na ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar EDTA Titration kai tsaye, hanyar nuna alama sau biyu don tantance carbonate da bicarbonate na ƙasa, hanyar dumama oxidation na potassium dichromate don tantance abu mai rai na ƙasa, hanyar watsa maganin alkaline don tantance ƙasa alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 narkewar Mo-Sb hanyar launi. An ƙayyade jimlar phosphorus a cikin ƙasa da abubuwan phosphorus da ake da su a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar hanyar Olsen (maganin NaHCO3 0.05 mol/L a matsayin mai cirewa), kuma an ƙaddara jimlar abun ciki na potassium a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da hanyar sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
An fara tsara bayanan gwaji. An yi amfani da SPSS Statistics 20 don yin nazarin daidaito, karkacewar daidaito, ANOVA ta hanya ɗaya, da kuma nazarin hulɗar ɗan adam.
Tebur na 1 ya gabatar da halayen lantarki, anions da abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa masu gangara daban-daban. Ƙarfin tsatsa, juriyar ƙasa da kuma ƙarfin juyi na gabas da yamma na gangara daban-daban duk sun kasance masu mahimmanci (P < 0.05). Ƙarfin redox na gangara, tsakiyar gangara da gangara na halitta sun kasance masu mahimmanci (P < 0.05). Ƙarfin juyi na iya zama daidai da layin dogo, wato, ƙarfin juyi na arewa-kudu, shine gangara ta sama> ƙasa> tsakiya. Ƙimar pH ta ƙasa ta kasance cikin tsari na gangara ta ƙasa> hawa> tsakiya> gangara ta halitta. Jimlar gishiri mai narkewa, gangara ta halitta ta fi gangara ta jirgin ƙasa girma (P < 0.05). Jimlar gishiri mai narkewa na ƙasa mai gangara ta jirgin ƙasa ta uku ya wuce 500 mg/kg, kuma jimlar gishiri mai narkewa yana da matsakaicin tasiri akan tsatsa ta ƙarfe. Yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa shine mafi girma a gangara ta halitta kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a gangara ta ƙasa (P < 0.05). Jimlar sinadarin nitrogen shine mafi girma a gangara ta tsakiya kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a gangara ta sama; Yawan sinadarin nitrogen da ake da shi ya fi yawa a gangaren ƙasa da kuma gangaren tsakiya, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a gangaren halitta; jimillar sinadarin nitrogen da ke cikin gangaren jirgin ƙasa da gangaren ƙasa ya yi ƙasa, amma yawan sinadarin nitrogen da ake da shi ya fi yawa. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan sinadarin nitrogen da ke cikin ƙasa da kuma gangaren ƙasa yana da sauri. Yawan sinadarin potassium da ake da shi iri ɗaya ne da wanda ake da shi a phosphorus.
Juriyar ƙasa ma'auni ne da ke nuna wutar lantarki da kuma ma'auni na asali don tantance lalata ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke shafar juriyar ƙasa sun haɗa da yawan danshi, jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa, pH, yanayin ƙasa, zafin jiki, yawan kwayoyin halitta, zafin ƙasa, da kuma tauri. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa mai ƙarancin juriya sun fi lalata ƙasa, kuma akasin haka. Amfani da juriya don tantance lalata ƙasa hanya ce da aka saba amfani da ita a ƙasashe daban-daban. Tebur na 1 yana nuna ƙa'idodin kimanta darajar lalata ga kowane ma'auni guda ɗaya37,38.
Bisa ga sakamakon gwaji da ƙa'idodi a ƙasata (Tebur 1), idan aka kimanta lalacewar ƙasa kawai ta hanyar juriyar ƙasa, ƙasar da ke kan gangaren hawa tana da tsatsa sosai; ƙasar da ke kan gangaren hawa tana da tsatsa matsakaici; tsatsa ƙasa a kan gangaren tsakiya da gangaren halitta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai.
Juriyar ƙasa ta gangaren hawa dutse ta yi ƙasa sosai fiye da ta sauran sassan gangaren, wanda zai iya faruwa sakamakon zaizayar ƙasa da ruwan sama. Ƙasa a saman gangaren tana kwarara zuwa tsakiyar gangaren tare da ruwa, don haka ragar kariya daga gangaren ƙarfe ta gangaren sama tana kusa da saman ƙasa. An fallasa wasu daga cikin ragar ƙarfe har ma an rataye su a cikin iska (Hoto na 1). An auna juriyar ƙasa a wurin; tazarar tudu ita ce mita 3; zurfin tudun tudu yana ƙasa da 15cm. Ramin ƙarfe mara nauyi da tsatsar da ke barewa na iya tsoma baki ga sakamakon aunawa. Saboda haka, ba abin dogaro ba ne a kimanta lalata ƙasa kawai ta hanyar ma'aunin juriyar ƙasa. A cikin cikakken kimantawa na tsatsa, ba a la'akari da juriyar ƙasa ta gangaren sama ba.
Saboda yawan danshi, iskar da ke da danshi a yankin Sichuan na sa ragar ƙarfe da aka fallasa a sararin samaniya ta lalace fiye da ragar ƙarfe da aka binne a cikin ƙasa.39. Fuskantar ragar waya a cikin iska na iya haifar da raguwar tsawon rai, wanda zai iya lalata ƙasa mai tsayi. Asarar ƙasa na iya sa ya yi wa tsire-tsire wahala, musamman tsire-tsire masu itace, girma. Saboda rashin tsire-tsire masu itace, yana da wuya a samar da tushen tushe don ƙarfafa ƙasar. A lokaci guda, girman shuka kuma zai iya inganta ingancin ƙasa da ƙara yawan humus a cikin ƙasa, wanda ba wai kawai zai iya riƙe ruwa ba, har ma yana samar da yanayi mai kyau don girma da haifuwar dabbobi da tsire-tsire, ta haka ne rage asarar ƙasa. Saboda haka, a farkon matakin gini, ya kamata a shuka ƙarin iri masu itace a kan gangaren, kuma ya kamata a ci gaba da ƙara sinadarin riƙe ruwa a rufe shi da fim don kariya, don rage zaizayar ƙasa da ruwan sama ke yi.
Ƙarfin tsatsa muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar tsatsa ta hanyar kariyar gangara a kan gangara mai matakai uku, kuma yana da babban tasiri ga gangara mai hawa (Tebur 2). A ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, yuwuwar tsatsa ba ta canzawa sosai a cikin wani yanayi da aka bayar. Canji mai bayyane na iya faruwa ta hanyar kwararar da ba ta dace ba. Ruwan da ba ta dace ba yana nufin kwararar 40, 41, 42 waɗanda ke zubewa cikin ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da motoci ke amfani da tsarin sufuri na jama'a. Tare da haɓaka tsarin sufuri, tsarin sufuri na jirgin ƙasa na ƙasata ya sami babban aikin lantarki, kuma ba za a iya yin watsi da tsatsa ta ƙarfe da aka binne sakamakon kwararar wutar lantarki kai tsaye daga layin dogo masu lantarki ba. A halin yanzu, ana iya amfani da tsatsa ta ƙasa don tantance ko ƙasa tana ɗauke da matsalolin kwararar wutar lantarki. Lokacin da yuwuwar tsatsa ta ƙasa ta ƙasa da 0.5 mv/m, kwararar wutar lantarki ta ɓace tana da ƙasa; lokacin da yuwuwar tsatsa ta kasance cikin kewayon 0.5 mv/m zuwa 5.0 mv/m, kwararar wutar lantarki ta ɓace tana da matsakaici; Idan ƙarfin ƙarfin ya fi 5.0 mv/m2, matakin ƙarfin ƙarfin da ya ɓace yana da yawa. An nuna kewayon yuwuwar ƙarfin ƙarfin (EW) na tsakiyar gangara, gangara sama da gangara ƙasa a Hoto na 3. Dangane da kewayon iyo, akwai matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a cikin alkiblar gabas-yamma da arewa-kudu na tsakiyar gangara. Saboda haka, ƙarfin wutar da ya ɓace muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar tsatsa na ragar ƙarfe a tsakiyar gangara da gangara, musamman a tsakiyar gangara.
Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin redox na ƙasa (Eh) sama da 400 mV yana nuna ikon oxidizing, sama da 0-200 mV ikon rage matsakaici ne, kuma ƙasa da 0 mV babban ikon ragewa ne. Ƙananan ƙarfin redox na ƙasa, mafi girman ƙarfin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa zuwa ƙarfe44. Yana yiwuwa a yi hasashen yanayin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa daga ƙarfin redox. Binciken ya gano cewa ƙarfin redox na ƙasa na gangaren uku ya fi 500 mv, kuma matakin lalata yana da ƙanƙanta sosai. Yana nuna cewa yanayin iska na ƙasa na ƙasa mai gangare yana da kyau, wanda ba ya taimakawa ga lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu rashin lafiyar anaerobic a cikin ƙasa.
Binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa tasirin pH na ƙasa akan zaizayar ƙasa a bayyane yake. Tare da canjin ƙimar pH, ƙimar tsatsa na kayan ƙarfe yana da tasiri sosai. pH na ƙasa yana da alaƙa da yankin da ƙananan halittu a cikin ƙasa45,46,47. Gabaɗaya, tasirin pH na ƙasa akan tsatsa kayan ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa mai ɗan alkaline ba a bayyane yake ba. Ƙasan gangaren layin dogo uku duk alkaline ne, don haka tasirin pH akan tsatsa na ragar ƙarfe yana da rauni.
Kamar yadda aka gani daga Jadawali na 3, nazarin haɗin gwiwar ya nuna cewa ƙarfin redox da matsayin gangara suna da alaƙa mai kyau sosai (R2 = 0.858), ƙarfin tsatsa da ƙarfin tsatsa (SN) suna da alaƙa mai kyau sosai (R2 = 0.755), kuma ƙarfin redox da ƙarfin tsatsa (SN) suna da alaƙa mai kyau sosai (R2 = 0.755). Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin yuwuwar da pH (R2 = -0.724). Matsayin gangara yana da alaƙa mai kyau da yuwuwar redox. Wannan yana nuna cewa akwai bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin ƙananan wurare na wurare daban-daban na gangara, kuma ƙananan halittun ƙasa suna da alaƙa da yuwuwar redox48, 49, 50. Ƙarfin redox yana da alaƙa mai kyau da pH51,52. Wannan alaƙar ta nuna cewa ƙimar pH da Eh ba koyaushe suke canzawa tare ba yayin aikin redox na ƙasa, amma suna da alaƙa mai layi mara kyau. Ƙarfin tsatsa na ƙarfe na iya wakiltar ikon dangi na samun da rasa electrons. Kodayake yuwuwar tsatsa yana da alaƙa mai kyau da yuwuwar gradient (SN), yuwuwar gradient na iya faruwa ne sakamakon asarar electrons cikin sauƙi ta ƙarfe.
Jimillar gishirin da ke narkewa a ƙasa yana da alaƙa da lalata ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman gishirin ƙasa, ƙarancin juriyar ƙasa, don haka yana ƙara juriyar ƙasa. A cikin electrolytes na ƙasa, ba wai kawai anions da kewayon daban-daban ba, har ma da tasirin lalata galibi sune carbonates, chlorides da sulfates. Bugu da ƙari, jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ƙasa yana shafar lalata ta hanyar tasirin wasu abubuwa, kamar tasirin yuwuwar lantarki a cikin ƙarfe da iskar oxygen na ƙasa53.
Yawancin ions masu narkewa da gishiri a cikin ƙasa ba sa shiga kai tsaye cikin halayen lantarki, amma suna shafar lalata ƙarfe ta hanyar juriyar ƙasa. Yayin da gishirin ƙasa ya fi yawa, haka nan ƙarfin watsar da ƙasa da kuma ƙarfin zaizayar ƙasa. Gishirin ƙasa na gangaren halitta ya fi na gangaren jirgin ƙasa girma sosai, wanda zai iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa gangaren halitta yana da wadataccen ciyayi, wanda ke da amfani ga kiyaye ƙasa da ruwa. Wani dalili kuma na iya zama cewa gangaren halitta ya fuskanci samuwar ƙasa mai girma (abin da ya samo asali daga yanayin dutse), amma ƙasan gangaren jirgin ƙasa ta ƙunshi gutsuttsuran dutse da aka daskare a matsayin matrix na "ƙasar wucin gadi", kuma ba a sami isasshen tsarin samar da ƙasa ba. Ba a fitar da ma'adanai ba. Bugu da ƙari, ions na gishiri a cikin ƙasa mai zurfi na gangaren halitta sun tashi ta hanyar aikin capillary yayin fitar da ƙasa kuma sun taru a cikin ƙasa mai faɗi, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar abun ciki na ions na gishiri a cikin ƙasa mai zurfi. Kauri na gangaren jirgin ƙasa bai wuce 20 cm ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin iyawar saman ƙasa don ƙara gishirin daga ƙasa mai zurfi.
Ion masu kyau (kamar K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, da sauransu) ba su da wani tasiri sosai ga lalata ƙasa, yayin da anions ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin electrochemical na lalata kuma suna da babban tasiri ga lalata ƙarfe. Cl− na iya hanzarta lalata anode kuma shine mafi yawan anion mai lalata; mafi girman abun ciki na Cl−, ƙarfin lalata ƙasa.SO42− ba wai kawai yana haɓaka lalata ƙarfe ba, har ma yana haifar da lalata a cikin wasu kayan siminti54.Hakanan yana lalata ƙarfe.A cikin jerin gwaje-gwajen ƙasa mai acid, an gano cewa ƙimar lalata tana daidai da acidity na ƙasa55.Chloride da sulfate sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin gishirin da ke narkewa, wanda zai iya hanzarta cavitation na ƙarfe kai tsaye.Bincike ya nuna cewa asarar nauyi na lalata ƙarfen carbon a cikin ƙasa mai alkaline kusan daidai yake da ƙara ions chloride da sulfate56,57.Lee et al. sun gano cewa SO42- na iya hana tsatsa, amma yana haɓaka ci gaban ramukan tsatsa waɗanda suka riga suka kafa58.
Bisa ga ma'aunin kimanta lalata ƙasa da sakamakon gwaji, yawan sinadarin chloride a cikin kowace samfurin ƙasa mai gangara ya wuce 100 mg/kg, wanda ke nuna ƙarfin lalata ƙasa. Yawan sinadarin sulfate a cikin gangaren hawa da sauka ya wuce 200 mg/kg kuma ƙasa da 500 mg/kg, kuma ƙasar ta lalace sosai. Yawan sinadarin sulfate a cikin gangaren tsakiya ya yi ƙasa da 200mg/kg, kuma tsatsar ƙasa ta yi rauni. Lokacin da matsakaicin ƙasa ya ƙunshi babban taro, zai shiga cikin amsawar kuma ya samar da sikelin tsatsa a saman lantarkin ƙarfe, don haka rage jinkirin amsawar tsatsa. Yayin da yawan sinadarin ke ƙaruwa, sikelin na iya karyewa ba zato ba tsammani, ta haka yana hanzarta saurin tsatsa; yayin da yawan sinadarin ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, sikelin tsatsa ya rufe saman lantarkin ƙarfe, kuma ƙimar tsatsa ta sake nuna raguwar yanayi59. Binciken ya gano cewa adadin da ke cikin ƙasa ya yi ƙasa saboda haka ba shi da tasiri sosai ga tsatsa.
A cewar Jadawali na 4, alaƙar da ke tsakanin gangara da anions na ƙasa ta nuna cewa akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin gangara da ions na chloride (R2=0.836), da kuma muhimmiyar alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin gangara da jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa (R2=0.742).
Wannan yana nuna cewa kwararar ruwa daga saman ƙasa da zaizayar ƙasa na iya zama sanadin canje-canje a cikin jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ƙasa. Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa da ions ɗin chloride, wanda wataƙila saboda jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa sune tarin ions ɗin chloride, kuma yawan gishirin da ke narkewa yana ƙayyade adadin ions ɗin chloride a cikin mafita na ƙasa. Saboda haka, za mu iya sanin cewa bambancin gangara na iya haifar da tsatsa mai tsanani na ɓangaren raga na ƙarfe.
Sinadaran halitta, sinadarin nitrogen gaba ɗaya, sinadarin nitrogen da ake da shi, sinadarin phosphorus da ake da shi da kuma sinadarin potassium da ake da shi sune muhimman abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa, waɗanda ke shafar ingancin ƙasa da kuma shan abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar tushen ƙasa. Sinadaran ƙasa muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar ƙananan halittu a cikin ƙasa, don haka ya kamata a yi nazari ko akwai alaƙa tsakanin sinadaran ƙasa da kuma lalata ƙarfe. An kammala layin dogo na Suiyu a shekarar 2003, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙasar wucin gadi ta fuskanci tarin abubuwa na halitta na shekaru 9 kacal. Saboda takamaiman yanayin ƙasa wucin gadi, ya zama dole a fahimci sinadaran da ke cikin ƙasa wucin gadi.
Binciken ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta sune mafi girma a cikin ƙasa mai gangara ta halitta bayan dukkan tsarin samuwar ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa mai gangara ta ƙasa mai gangara ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta. Saboda tasirin yanayi da kwararar ruwa a saman ƙasa, abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa za su taru a tsakiyar gangara da ƙasa, suna samar da kauri mai yawa na humus. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa mai gangara, ƙwayoyin halitta suna iya ruɓewa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta. Binciken ya gano cewa rufewar tsire-tsire masu tsaka-tsaki da ƙasa da gangara suna da yawa, amma daidaiton ya kasance ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da rarraba abinci mai gina jiki a saman ƙasa mara daidaito. Kauri mai kauri na humus yana riƙe ruwa kuma halittun ƙasa suna aiki. Duk wannan yana hanzarta ruɓewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa.
Yawan sinadarin nitrogen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da sinadarin alkaline a cikin layin dogo na sama, gangare na tsakiya da kuma gangare na ƙasa ya fi na gangare na halitta, wanda ke nuna cewa yawan sinadarin nitrogen na organic na gangaren jirgin ƙasa ya fi na gangare na halitta girma. Yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin suka fi ƙanƙanta, tsarin ƙasa ya fi rashin daidaito, ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin tarin, kuma girman tafkin nitrogen na organic da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da sinadarai 60,61. Daidai da sakamakon binciken 62, yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa na gangaren jirgin ƙasa ya fi na gangare na halitta girma. Saboda haka, dole ne a ɗauki matakan da suka dace don ƙara yawan taki, kwayoyin halitta da nitrogen a cikin ƙasa na gangaren jirgin ƙasa, da kuma inganta amfani da ƙasa mai ɗorewa. Sharar phosphorus da ake da su da potassium da ake da su da kwararar ruwa ta haifar ya kai kashi 77.27% zuwa 99.79% na jimillar asarar gangaren jirgin ƙasa. Ruwan sama na iya zama babban abin da ke haifar da asarar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ƙasa mai gangare 63,64,65.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 4, akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matsayin gangara da phosphorus da ake da shi (R2=0.948), kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin matsayin gangara da potassium da ake da shi iri ɗaya ne (R2=0.898). Yana nuna cewa matsayin gangara yana shafar yawan phosphorus da potassium da ake da shi a cikin ƙasa.
Gradient muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar yawan sinadarin ƙasa da wadatar sinadarin nitrogen66, kuma ƙaramin gradient, mafi girman yawan sinadarin. Don wadatar sinadarin ƙasa, asarar sinadarai ta ragu, kuma tasirin matsayin gangara akan yawan sinadarin ƙasa da wadatar sinadarin nitrogen gaba ɗaya bai bayyana ba. Nau'o'i da adadin tsire-tsire daban-daban a kan gangara daban-daban suna da nau'ikan acid na halitta daban-daban da tushen shuka ke fitarwa. Acid na Organic yana da amfani ga daidaita phosphorus da potassium da ake da su a cikin ƙasa. Saboda haka, akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin matsayin gangara da phosphorus da ake da su, da matsayin gangara da potassium da ake da su.
Domin fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin sinadaran ƙasa da lalata ƙasa, ya zama dole a yi nazarin alaƙar. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 5, ƙarfin redox yana da alaƙa mai kyau da nitrogen da ake da shi (R2 = -0.845) kuma yana da alaƙa mai kyau da phosphorus da ake da shi (R2 = 0.842) da potassium da ake da shi (R2 = 0.980). Ƙarfin redox yana nuna ingancin redox, wanda galibi yana shafar wasu halaye na zahiri da na sinadarai na ƙasa, sannan yana shafar jerin halaye na ƙasa. Saboda haka, muhimmin abu ne wajen tantance alkiblar canjin abinci na ƙasa67. Halaye daban-daban na redox na iya haifar da yanayi daban-daban da samuwar abubuwan gina jiki. Saboda haka, ƙarfin redox yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da nitrogen da ake da shi, phosphorus da ake da shi da potassium da ake da shi.
Baya ga halayen ƙarfe, yuwuwar tsatsa tana da alaƙa da halayen ƙasa. Ƙarfin tsatsa yana da alaƙa da mummunan abu da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yuwuwar tsatsa. Bugu da ƙari, kwayoyin halitta suna da alaƙa da mummunan abu da yuwuwar tsatsa (SN) (R2=-0.713) da sulfate ion (R2=-0.671), wanda ke nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta suma suna shafar yuwuwar tsatsa (SN) da sulfate ion..Akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin pH na ƙasa da potassium da ake da shi (R2 = -0.728).
An yi mummunan alaƙa tsakanin sinadarin nitrogen da ke akwai da gishirin da ke narkewa da ions ɗin chloride, kuma phosphorus da potassium da ke akwai suna da alaƙa mai kyau da gishirin da ke narkewa da ions ɗin chloride. Wannan ya nuna cewa sinadarin da ke akwai yana da tasiri sosai ga adadin gishirin da ke narkewa da ions ɗin chloride a cikin ƙasa, kuma anions a cikin ƙasa ba su da tasiri ga tarin da wadatar abubuwan gina jiki da ake da su. Jimlar nitrogen tana da alaƙa mai kyau da ions ɗin sulfate, kuma tana da alaƙa mai kyau da bicarbonate, wanda ke nuna cewa jimlar nitrogen tana da tasiri kan abun da ke ciki na sulfate da bicarbonate. Shuke-shuke ba su da buƙatar ions ɗin sulfate da ions ɗin bicarbonate, don haka yawancinsu ba su da 'yanci a cikin ƙasa ko kuma suna shaye da colloids na ƙasa. ions ɗin bicarbonate suna fifita tarin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, kuma ions ɗin sulfate suna rage samuwar nitrogen a cikin ƙasa. Saboda haka, ƙara yawan nitrogen da humus da ke akwai a cikin ƙasa yana da amfani don rage lalata ƙasa.
Ƙasa tsari ne mai sarkakiya da halaye. Lalacewar ƙasa sakamakon aikin haɗin gwiwa na abubuwa da yawa. Saboda haka, ana amfani da cikakkiyar hanyar kimantawa gabaɗaya don kimanta lalacewar ƙasa. Tare da la'akari da "Lambar Binciken Injiniyan Ƙasa" (GB50021-94) da hanyoyin gwaji na Cibiyar Gwajin Lalacewar Ƙasa ta China, ana iya kimanta matakin lalacewar ƙasa sosai bisa ga ƙa'idodi masu zuwa: (1) Kimantawar ita ce rauni, idan kawai rauni ne, babu matsakaiciyar tsatsa ko tsatsa mai ƙarfi; (2) idan babu ƙarfi, ana kimanta shi azaman matsakaiciyar tsatsa; (3) idan akwai wurare ɗaya ko biyu na ƙarfi na tsatsa, ana kimanta shi azaman ƙarfi na tsatsa; (4) idan akwai wurare 3 ko fiye na ƙarfi na tsatsa, ana kimanta shi azaman ƙarfi na tsatsa mai tsanani.
Dangane da juriyar ƙasa, ƙarfin redox, yawan ruwa, yawan gishiri, ƙimar pH, da kuma yawan Cl- da SO42, an yi cikakken kimanta matakan tsatsa na samfuran ƙasa a wurare daban-daban. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa ƙasa a duk gangaren tana da tsatsa sosai.
Ƙarfin tsatsa muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar tsatsa ta hanyar kariyar gangare. Ƙarfin tsatsa na gangare uku duk suna ƙasa da -200 mv, wanda ke da babban tasiri ga tsatsa ta hanyar ƙarfe mai hawa. Ana iya amfani da canjin da zai iya yin hukunci don auna girman kwararar da ke cikin ƙasa. Ƙarfin tsatsa muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar tsatsa ta hanyar ƙarfe a kan gangare na tsakiya da gangare na sama, musamman a kan gangare na tsakiya. Jimillar gishirin da ke narkewa a cikin ƙasa na gangare na sama, na tsakiya da na ƙasa duk ya wuce 500 mg/kg, kuma tasirin tsatsa a kan hanyar kariyar gangare ya kasance matsakaici. Yawan ruwan ƙasa muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar tsatsa ta hanyar ƙarfe a kan gangare na tsakiya da na ƙasa, kuma yana da tasiri mafi girma akan tsatsa ta hanyar kariyar gangare. Sinadaran gina jiki sun fi yawa a cikin ƙasa mai tsayi, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta akai-akai da saurin girma na tsire-tsire.
Binciken ya nuna cewa yuwuwar tsatsa, yuwuwar raguwar yanayi, jimlar gishirin da ke narkewa da kuma yawan ruwa sune manyan abubuwan da ke shafar tsatsa ta ƙasa a kan gangaren uku, kuma ana kimanta tsatsa ta ƙasa a matsayin mai ƙarfi. Tsatsa ta hanyar sadarwa ta kariya daga gangaren ita ce mafi tsanani a gangaren tsakiya, wanda ke ba da ma'ana ga ƙirar hana tsatsa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta kariya daga gangaren jirgin ƙasa. Ƙara takin nitrogen da takin gargajiya da ake da su yana da amfani don rage tsatsa ta ƙasa, sauƙaƙe ci gaban tsirrai, da kuma daidaita gangaren.
Yadda za a ambaci wannan labarin: Chen, J. et al. Tasirin tsarin ƙasa da na'urar lantarki kan tsatsawar hanyar sadarwa ta gangaren duwatsu a kan layin dogo na ƙasar Sin.science.Rep. 5, 14939; doi: 10.1038/srep14939 (2015).
Lin, YL & Yang, GL Halaye masu ƙarfi na gangaren layin dogo a ƙarƙashin girgizar ƙasa. Bala'in yanayi.69, 219–235 (2013).
Sui Wang, J. da sauransu. Binciken lalacewar girgizar ƙasa da aka saba gani a manyan hanyoyi a yankin da girgizar ƙasa ta afkawa a Wenchuan na lardin Sichuan[J]. Mujallar Sinanci ta Injiniyoyin Dutse da Injiniya.28, 1250–1260 (2009).
Weilin, Z., Zhenyu, L. & Jinsong, J. Binciken lalacewar girgizar ƙasa da matakan magance gadojin manyan hanyoyi a girgizar ƙasa ta Wenchuan. Mujallar Sinanci ta Injiniyoyin Dutse da Injiniya.28, 1377–1387 (2009).
Lin, CW, Liu, SH, Lee, SY & Liu, CC Tasirin girgizar ƙasa ta Chichi akan zaftarewar ƙasa da ruwan sama ya haifar a tsakiyar Taiwan. Injiniyan Geology.86, 87–101 (2006).
Koi, T. da sauransu. Tasirin zaftarewar ƙasa da girgizar ƙasa ke haifarwa na dogon lokaci kan samar da laka a cikin wani yanki mai tsaunuka: yankin Tanzawa, Japan.geomorphology.101, 692–702 (2008).
Hongshuai, L., Jingshan, B. & Dedong, L. Bitar bincike kan nazarin kwanciyar hankali na girgizar ƙasa na gangaren ƙasa. Girgizar Ƙasa da Injiniya Girgizar Ƙasa.25, 164–171 (2005).
Yue Ping, Bincike kan haɗarin ilimin ƙasa da girgizar ƙasa ta Wenchuan ta haifar a Sichuan. Mujallar Injiniyan Geology 4, 7–12 (2008).
Ali, F. Kariyar gangara tare da ciyayi: tsarin tushen wasu shuke-shuke na wurare masu zafi. Mujallar Duniya ta Kimiyyar Jiki.5, 496–506 (2010).
Takyu, M., Aiba, SI & Kitayama, K. Tasirin yanayin ƙasa akan dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu ƙarancin zafi a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa daban-daban a Dutsen Kinabalu, Borneo. Ilimin Halittu na Shuke-shuke.159, 35–49 (2002).
Stokes, A. da sauransu. Halayen tushen shuke-shuke masu kyau don kare gangaren halitta da na injiniya daga zaftarewar ƙasa. Shuke-shuke da Ƙasa, 324, 1-30 (2009).
De Baets, S., Poesen, J., Gyssels, G. & Knapen, A. Tasirin tushen ciyawa akan lalacewar ƙasa a saman ƙasa yayin kwararar ruwa mai yawa. Ilimin ƙasa 76, 54–67 (2006).