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Ukuthatha i-Sui-Chongqing kaloliwe ithambeka njengento yophando, ukumelana nomhlaba, i-electrochemistry (i-corrosion potential, i-redox potential, i-gradient enokwenzeka kunye ne-pH), i-anion yomhlaba (iityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke, i-Cl-, i-SO42- kunye) kunye neSondlo somhlaba. ibakala lokubola livandlakanywa ngokwezalathi zomntu ngamnye kunye nezalathi ezibanzi zomhlaba owenziweyo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, amanzi anempembelelo enkulu kwi-corrosion ye-slope protection net, ilandelwa ngumxholo we-anion.Itotali yetyuwa enyibilikayo inefuthe eliphakathi kwi-corrosion ye-slope protection net Iqondo lokutya kweisampulu zomhlaba zavavanywa ngokunzulu, kwaye ukudleka okukwithambeka elingasentla bekuphakathi, kwaye ukudleka kumbindi naphantsi kumathambeka womelele. Indalo ephilayo emhlabeni yayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokuthambekela okunokubakho. Inayitrojeni ekhoyo, i-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-potassium ekhoyo kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo enxulumene ngokuthe ngqo ne-phosphorus ekhoyo enxulumene ngokubalulekileyo. uhlobo lwethambeka.
Xa ukwakhiwa koololiwe, oohola bendlela kunye neendawo zogcino lwamanzi, ukuvuleka kweentaba kudla ngokungenakuthintelwa.Ngenxa yeentaba ezisemzantsi-ntshona, ulwakhiwo lukaloliwe lwaseTshayina lufuna ukugrumba kakhulu entabeni.Utshabalalisa umhlaba wokuqala kunye nezityalo, ukudala amathambeka avulekileyo amatye.Le meko ikhokelela ekukhukulisekeni komhlaba kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela isongela ukukhukuliseka kwendlela kaloliwe emva kokhuseleko lwendlela kaloliwe. Ngomhla we-12, 2008 inyikima ye-Wenchuan.Ukudilika komhlaba kube yintlekele esasazwe ngokubanzi kunye nenyikima enkulu1. Kuvavanyo lwe-2008 yeekhilomitha ze-4,243 zeendlela eziphambili ze-trunk kwiPhondo laseSichuan, kwakukho iintlekele ze-1,736 zenyikima enkulu kwiindonga zendlela kunye neendonga zokugcina i-slope, i-accounting ye-39.76% yobude be-evaluation.Ilahleko yezoqoqosho ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwimizekelo yomonakalo wendlela idlula i-528 yezigidigidi ze-postquarth. I-geohazards ingahlala iminyaka engama-10 ubuncinane (inyikima yaseTaiwan) kwaye nangona nje iminyaka engama-40-50 (inyikima yaseKanto eJapan)4,5.I-Gradient yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ingozi yenyikima6,7.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukugcina i-slope yendlela kunye nokomeleza ukuzinza kwayo. Amathambeka, amathambeka amatye awanayo imfumba yezinto zezakhamzimba ezifana ne-organic matter, initrogen, phosphorus, nepotassium, kwaye ayinayo imo yomhlaba eyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo.Ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokuthambeka okukhulu kunye nokhukuliseko lwemvula, umhlaba othambeka ulahleka lula.Imo emathambekeni inzima, ayinayo imeko yokukhula kwezityalo, ayinayo i-stalope efunekayo, kunye nokungabikho kwe-stalope yomhlaba. ukutshiza ngezinto ezisisiseko ukugquma umhlaba ukukhusela ithambeka yiteknoloji yokubuyisela ithambeka eliqhelekileyo kwilizwe lam. Umhlaba owenziweyo osetyenziselwa ukutshiza wakhiwe ngamatye atyunyuziweyo, umhlaba wasefama, umququ, isichumiso esixubeneyo, iarhente yokugcina amanzi kunye nokuncamathelisa (izincamathelisi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka isamente yePortland, iglue ye-organicport ye-organicport) kuqala ubeke ucingo oluhlabayo phezu kwelitye, emva koko ulungise ucingo oluhlabayo kunye ne-rivets kunye neebholiti ze-ankile, kwaye ekugqibeleni utshize umhlaba owenziweyo oqulethe imbewu kwithambeka ngesitshizi esikhethekileyo.I-14 # i-mesh yentsimbi emile njengedayimane efakwe ngokupheleleyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, kunye nomgangatho we-mesh we-5cm × 5cm kunye nobubanzi be-mesh mesh ye-2mm yomhlaba ivumela i-mesh mesh ye-mono. umphezulu wamatye.Umnatha wesinyithi uya kudleka emhlabeni, kuba umhlaba ngokwawo yi-electrolyte, kwaye iqondo lokuhlwa lixhomekeke kwiimpawu zomhlaba.Uvandlakanyo lwemiba yokuthotywa komhlaba lubaluleke kakhulu xa kuvavanywa ukhukuliseko lwesinyithi olubangelwa ngumhlaba kunye nokuphelisa iingozi zokudilika komhlaba.
Iingcambu zezityalo kukholelwa ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni ithambeka kunye nolawulo lokhukuliseko10,11,12,13,14.Ukuzinzisa amathambeka ngokuchasene nokukhukuliseka komhlaba ongekho nzulu, uhlaza lunokusetyenziswa kuba iingcambu zezityalo zinokuwulungisa umhlaba ukunqanda ukudilika komhlaba15,16,17. Iingcambu ezithe nkqo nezisecaleni zezityalo ezisebenza njengemfumba eziqinisayo emhlabeni.Uphuhliso lweepateni zolwakhiwo lweengcambu luqhutywa yimfuza, kwaye imeko-bume yomhlaba idlala indima eqinisekileyo kwezi nkqubo.Ukonakala kwesinyithi kuyahluka ngokwendalo yomhlaba20.Inqanaba lokubola kwesinyithi emhlabeni linokusukela ekunyibilikeni okukhawulezayo ukuya kutsho kokungamkelekiyo21 kokwenyani. ukubunjwa kwemihlaba yendalo kusisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka22,23,24.Ngaphambi kokuba uhlaza olunemithi lwenza inkqubo yeengcambu ezizinzileyo kunye ne-ecosystem, nokuba i-mesh yesinyithi idityaniswe ne-rock slope kunye nomhlaba owenziweyo unokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nophuhliso lwemekobume yendalo kunye nokuphuculwa koqoqosho lwendalo, ukhuseleko lwendalo kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubola kwesinyithi kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu.Ngokophando olwenziwa e-China ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 ngoomatshini bekhemikhali kunye namanye amashishini, ilahleko ebangelwa kukuhlwa kwesinyithi ibalelwa kwi-4% yexabiso elipheleleyo lemveliso.Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda indlela yokubola kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela, ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lomhlaba kunye nolwakhiwo oluqinileyo lomhlaba. I-microorganisms.I-metabolites ye-Microbial inokugqwala izinto, kunye nemisinga elahlekileyo inokubangela ukubola.Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukunqanda ukubola kwesinyithi esingcwatywe emhlabeni.Okwangoku, uphando malunga ne-corrosion yesinyithi engcwatyiweyo igxile kakhulu (1) kwizinto ezichaphazela i-corrosion yensimbi engcwatywayo25; (2) iindlela zokukhusela isinyithi26,27; (3) iindlela zokugweba zenqanaba lokubola kwesinyithi28; Ukonakala kumajelo osasazo ahlukeneyo.Nangona kunjalo, yonke imihlaba kuphononongo yayiyeyendalo kwaye ihambe neenkqubo ezaneleyo zokubunjwa komhlaba.Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngxelo ngokhukuliseko lomhlaba owenziweyo wamathambeka amatye kaloliwe.
Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amajelo eendaba e-corrosion, umhlaba owenziweyo uneempawu zokungavumelekanga, i-heterogeneity, i-seasonality kunye ne-regionaty. umxholo wetyuwa onyibilikayo, i-anion kunye ne-ion yensimbi, i-pH, i-microbes yomhlaba30,31,32.
Kwiminyaka engama-30 yokusebenza, umbuzo wendlela yokugcina umhlaba owenziwe ngokusisigxina kumathambeka amatye kube yingxaki33.Izihlahla okanye imithi ayinakukhula kwezinye iithambeka emva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokhathalelo lwezandla ngenxa yokukhukuliseka komhlaba.Ubumdaka obuphezu komnatha wesinyithi buhlanjwe kwezinye iindawo.Ngenxa yokubola ngentla apha, umhlaba waqhekeka kwaye ezinye isinyithi zaphulukana nazo zonke isinyithi. 1) .Okwangoku, uphando kwi-corrosion ye-slope kaloliwe igxile ikakhulu kwi-corrosion ye-grid substation grounding grid, i-corrosion yangoku elahlekileyo eyenziwa ngumzila kaloliwe okhanyayo, kunye ne-corrosion yeebhulorho zikaloliwe34,35, iingoma kunye nezinye izixhobo zemoto36.Akukho ngxelo ye-corrosion ye-corrosion ye-electronic metal kunye ne-electronic paper corrosion. iipropati zemihlaba eyenziweyo kwithambeka elikumazantsi-ntshona e-Suiyu Railway, ejonge ukuqikelela ukubola kwesinyithi ngokuvavanya iipropati zomhlaba kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko sethiyori nesebenzayo sokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yendalo yomhlaba kunye nokubuyiselwa okwenziweyo.I-Slope eyenziweyo.
Indawo yovavanyo ikwindawo enenduli yaseSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) kufutshane neSikhululo sikaLoliwe saseSuining.Ummandla umi kumbindi weSichuan Basin, kunye neentaba eziphantsi neenduli, kunye nesakhiwo esilula sokwakheka komhlaba kunye nomhlaba othe tyaba. overburden ubukhulu becala isanti purple and mudstone.Ingqibelelo ihlwempuzekileyo, kwaye iliwa liyisakhiwo esibloko.Indawo yokufunda inemozulu yemozulu efumileyo yemonsoon eneempawu zonyaka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo elishushu, ekwindla elifutshane nasekupheleni kwebusika.Imvula ininzi, ukukhanya kunye nemithombo yobushushu ininzi, ixesha le-frost-free lide lide, i-avareji yeentsuku ze-285 yi-avareji, i-avareji yeentsuku ze-285 zonyaka I-17.4 ° C, iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo lenyanga eshushu kakhulu (ngo-Agasti) yi-27.2 ° C, kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu ngu-39.3 ° C. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu nguJanuwari (iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo ngu-6.5 ° C), ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu ngu-3.8 ° C, kunye nemvula ephakathi konyaka yi-920 mm, ngokuyininzi igxininise entwasahlobo, imvula ebusika ngo-Agasti kunye nekwindla. Umlinganiselo wemvula kwixesha ngalinye lonyaka yi-19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% kunye ne-4-5% ngokulandelelanayo.
Indawo yophando yindawo ethambekileyo malunga ne-45 ° kwithambeka le-Yu-Sui Railway eyakhiwe ngo-2003. Ngo-Epreli 2012, ijonge emazantsi ngaphakathi kwe-1 km yeSikhululo sikaLoliwe saseSuining. I-slope yendalo yayisetyenziswa njengolawulo.Ukubuyiselwa kwe-ecological kwi-slope kuthatha iteknoloji yokutshiza umhlaba wangaphandle we-topdressing ukuze ubuyiselwe ukubuyisela i-ecological.Ngokobude becala likaloliwe, i-slope inokwahlulwa ibe yi-upslope, i-mid-slope kunye ne-downslope (umzobo 2). ukuze siphephe ungcoliseko lweemveliso zomhlwa umhlaba metal mesh, sisebenzisa kuphela umhlakulo wensimbi engenastainless ukuthatha umphezulu womhlaba 0-8cm.Iziphindaphindo ezine zamiselwa kwindawo yethambeka ngalinye, kunye ne-15-20 isampula yesampulu engacwangciswanga nge-replicate.I-replicate nganye ngumxube we-15-20 ye-randopedts ye-samp-5. Iigram.Buyisa iisampulu kwilabhoratri kwiingxowa ze-ziplock ze-polyethylene ukuze zilungiswe.Umhlaba womiswe ngomoya ngokwemvelo, kwaye igrabile kunye nezilwanyana kunye neentsalela zezityalo ziyachongwa, zityunyuzwe ngentonga ye-agate, kwaye zihluzwe nge-20-mesh, i-100-mesh ye-nayiloni yesisefu ngaphandle kwamasuntswana arhabaxa.
Ukumelana nomhlaba kwalinganiswa ngu-VICTOR4106 umvavanyi wokumelana nomgangatho oveliswe yiShengli Instrument Company; ukuxhathisa umhlaba kwalinganiswa entsimini; ukufuma komhlaba kulinganiswe ngendlela yokomisa.Isixhobo se-DMP-2 esiphathwayo sedijithali semv/pH sibonisa igalelo eliphezulu lokuthintela umlinganiselo wokutya komhlaba.I-gradient enokwenzeka kunye ne-redox enokubakho igqitywe yi-DMP-2 portable digital mv/pH, ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo emhlabeni yagqityezelwa yindlela yokomisa intsalela, i-chloride ye-chloride igqitywe ngendlela ye-ion ye-chloride kumhlaba we-AgNOMo3. Umxholo wesulfate ugqitywe ngendlela engangqalanga ye-EDTA yeTitration, indlela ephindwe kabini yokubonisa i-titration yokumisela umhlaba we-carbonate kunye ne-bicarbonate, i-potassium dichromate oxidation yokufudumeza indlela yokujonga izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, indlela yokusasazwa kwesisombululo sealkaline ukugqiba umhlaba we-alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion ye-Mo-Sb ye-colorimetric yomhlaba kunye ne-ophosphorous ekhoyo yomhlaba indlela ye-5 efumanekayo yomhlaba. Isisombululo se-mol/L se-NaHCO3 njenge-extractant), kunye nesiqulatho se-potassium iyonke emhlabeni yamiselwa yi-sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Idatha yovavanyo yayiqale i-systematized.SPSS Statistics 20 yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza intsingiselo, ukuphambuka okusemgangathweni, indlela enye ye-ANOVA, kunye nohlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa kwabantu.
Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa iimpawu ze-electromechanical, anions kunye nezondlo zomhlaba ezinamathambeka ahlukeneyo.I-corrosion potential, i-resistivity yomhlaba kunye ne-mpuma-ntshona ye-gradient ye-slopes ehlukeneyo yayibalulekile (P <0.05) .I-redox enokwenzeka yokuhla, i-mid-slope kunye ne-slope yendalo yayibalulekile (P <0.05 ukuba i-radient, i-randient, i-randient, i-randient, i-randient). Ithambeka elinokubakho emantla-emazantsi, liphezulu>ithambeka eliphakathi.Ixabiso le-pH lomhlaba lalikulandelelwano lwethambeka>lokunyuka>umbindi wethambeka>ithambeka lendalo.Ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo, ithambeka lendalo laliphezulu kakhulu kunethambeka likaloliwe (P <0.005) . mg/kg, kwaye iyonke ityuwa enyibilikayo inempembelelo ephakathi ekudlekeni kwesinyithi.Umthamo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka lendalo kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka lokuhla (P <0.05).Umthamo wenitrogen uwonke wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka eliphakathi kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka elinyukayo; umxholo wenitrogen okhoyo wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka elisezantsi naphakathi, kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka lendalo; isiqulatho senitrogen esipheleleyo kuloliwe onyukayo kunye nokwehla kwethambeka bekusezantsi, kodwa umxholo wenitrogen okhoyo ubuphezulu.Oku kubonisa ukuba isantya sokunyuka nokuhla kwenitrogen yenitrogen yendalo iyakhawuleza.Umthamo we potassium okhoyo uyafana nephosphorus ekhoyo.
I-Soil resistivity isalathiso esibonisa ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye ne-parameter esisiseko yokugweba i-corrosion.Izinto ezichaphazela ukuxhathisa komhlaba ziquka ukufuma, umxholo wetyuwa onyibilikayo opheleleyo, i-pH, ukuthungwa komhlaba, ubushushu, umxholo wezinto eziphilayo, ubushushu bomhlaba, kunye nokuqina.Ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, imihlaba ene-resistiveivity ephantsi iyona corrosion, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo. Iikhrayitheriya zovavanyo lwebakala lokutya kwisalathiso ngasinye37,38.
Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemigangatho yelizwe lam (Itheyibhile 1), ukuba ukubola komhlaba kuvavanywa kuphela ngokumelana nomhlaba, umhlaba okwindawo ethambekileyo udleka kakhulu; umhlaba okwithambeka elisezantsi udlakadlaka ngokuphakathi; ukudleka komhlaba kumbindi wethambeka kunye nethambeka lendalo lisezantsi xa lithelekiswa nelinen.
I-resistivity yomhlaba we-slope enyukayo iphantsi kakhulu kunezinye iindawo ze-slope, ezinokuthi zibangelwa ukhukuliseko lwemvula.Umhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-upslope uqukuqela ukuya kwi-slope ephakathi kunye namanzi, ukuze i-upslope metal ukukhusela umnatha we-slope isondele kumhlaba ongaphezulu.Eminye i-meshes yesinyithi ibonakaliswe kwi-meshes ye-meshes yayichanekile kunye ne-air suspended (Soguil suspended) indawo izithuba zeemfumba zaziyi-3m; Ubunzulu bokuqhuba imfumba bungaphantsi kwe-15cm.I-mesh yentsimbi engenanto kunye ne-peeling rust inokuphazamisa iziphumo zokulinganisa.Ngoko ke, akuthembeki ukuvavanya ukubola komhlaba kuphela nge-index resistivity index.Kuvavanyo olubanzi lwe-corrosion, ukuxhathisa umhlaba we-upslope akuqwalaselwa.
Ngenxa yokufuma okuphakamileyo, umoya ofumileyo ongapheliyo kummandla weSichuan ubangela ukuba umnatha wesinyithi ovezwe emoyeni udle kakhulu kunomnatha wesinyithi ongcwatywe emhlabeni. Kwangaxeshanye, ukukhula kwezityalo kunokuphucula umgangatho womhlaba kwaye kwandise isiqulatho se-humus emhlabeni, engagcini nje kuphela ukugcina amanzi, kodwa ikwabonelela ngemekobume elungileyo yokukhula nokuzala kwezilwanyana nezityalo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ilahleko yomhlaba. Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokuqala lolwakhiwo, imbewu eninzi yomthi kufuneka ihlwayelwe kwindawo enyukayo, kwaye igqunywe ngokucokisekileyo, nokugcinwa kwamanzi ngokuqhubekayo, kuncitshiswe ukugcinwa kwamanzi ngokuqhubekayo. ukukhukuliseka komhlaba okwindawo ephezulu ngamanzi emvula.
I-corrosion potential is an important factor echaphazela i-corrosion ye-slope protection net on the three-level slope, kwaye inempembelelo enkulu kwi-slope enyukayo (Itheyibhile 2) kunye nomhlaba xa izithuthi zisebenzisa inkqubo yezothutho zikawonke-wonke.Ngophuhliso lwenkqubo yothutho, inkqubo yezothutho kaloliwe yelizwe lam iphumelele umbane omkhulu, kunye nokugqwala kwesinyithi esingcwatywayo okubangelwa ukuvuza okuthe ngqo okuphuma koololiwe bombane abanakungahoywa.Okwangoku, ukuthambeka okunokubakho komhlaba kunokusetyenziswa ukufumanisa ukuba umhlaba uqulathe uphazamiseko oluphantsi komhlaba. mv/m, umsinga olahlekileyo uphantsi; xa i-gradient enokwenzeka ikuluhlu lwe-0.5 mv / m ukuya kwi-5.0 mv / m, i-current stray current iphakathi; xa i-gradient enokubakho ingaphezu kwe-5.0 mv/m, inqanaba langoku elilahlekileyo liphezulu.Uluhlu oludadayo lwe-gradient enokubakho (EW) ye-mid-slope, up-slope and down-slope iboniswe kuMzobo 3.Ngokubhekiselele kuluhlu oludadayo, kukho imisinga ephakathi elahlekileyo kumbindi-ntshona wempuma-ntshona, kumntla-ntshona wempuma-ntshona kunye nomntla westrayiya. yangoku yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukubola kweemeshes zetsimbi kwi-mid-slope kunye ne-down-slope, ngakumbi kwi-mid-slope.
Ngokubanzi, amandla e-redox yomhlaba (Eh) ngaphezulu kwe-400 mV abonisa isakhono se-oxidizing, ngaphezulu kwe-0-200 mV siphakathi sokunciphisa isakhono, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-0 mV sisikhulu sokunciphisa isakhono. Okukhona usezantsi amandla e-redox yomhlaba, kokukhona ukudleka okukhulu kwe-microorganisms zomhlaba ukuya kwi-metals44.Kuyenzeka ukuqikelela intsingiselo ye-corxrosion ye-redox yomhlaba ifunyenwe kwi-microbial redox. amandla amathambeka amathathu ayengaphezulu kwe-500 mv, kwaye umgangatho wokutya ubumncinci kakhulu.Ibonisa ukuba imeko yokungena komoya womhlaba kumhlaba othambekileyo ilungile, nto leyo engabangeli ukudleka kwee microorganisms ze anaerobic emhlabeni.
Izifundo zangaphambili ziye zafumanisa ukuba impembelelo ye-pH yomhlaba ekukhukulisekeni komhlaba ibonakala.Ngokuguquguquka kwexabiso le-pH, izinga lokubola kwezinto zetsimbi lichaphazeleka kakhulu.I-pH yomhlaba inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nommandla kunye ne-microorganisms kumhlaba45,46,47. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umphumo we-pH yomhlaba kwi-corrosion yezixhobo zetsimbi kumhlaba ocacileyo we-alkaline yomhlaba wonke awukho umhlaba ocacileyo we-alkaline. i-alkaline, ngoko umphumo we-pH kwi-corrosion ye-mesh mesh ibuthathaka.
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 3, uhlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa lubonisa ukuba i-redox enokwenzeka kunye ne-slope position ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo (R2 = 0.858), i-corrosion potential and potential gradient (SN) ihambelana ngokuphawulekayo (R2 = 0.755), kunye ne-redox enokwenzeka kunye ne-gradient enokwenzeka (SN0) ngokuphawulekayo (R20 = SN0). Kwakukho ulungelelwaniso olubi kakhulu phakathi kwe-pH enokwenzeka kunye ne-pH (R2 = -0.724) .Indawo ye-slope ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-redox enokwenzeka.Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwi-microenvironment yeendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-slope, kunye ne-microorganisms zomhlaba zihambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-redox potential48,49,50. ukuba amaxabiso e-pH kunye ne-Eh awazange atshintshe rhoqo ngexesha lenkqubo ye-redox yomhlaba, kodwa wayenobudlelwane obungalunganga bomgca.I-Metal corrosion potentials inokumela isakhono esinxulumene nokuzuza kunye nokulahlekelwa kwee-electron.
Isiqulatho somhlaba setyuwa enyibilikayo sisonke sinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokutyiwa komhlaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, okukhona ityuwa yomhlaba iphezulu, kokukhona kusezantsi ukuxhathisa komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukuxhathisa komhlaba. Kwi-electrolyte yomhlaba, kungekuphela nje i-anions kunye noluhlu olwahlukeneyo, kodwa neempembelelo zomhlwa ikakhulu ziicarbonates, chlorides kunye nesulfate. isiphumo se-electrode enokubakho kwisinyithi kunye ne-solubility ye-oksijini yomhlaba53.
Uninzi ion enyityibilikayo ityuwa-dissociated ion emhlabeni musa inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo reactions electrochemical, kodwa kuchaphazela ukubola kwesinyithi ngokusebenzisa resistivity umhlaba.Iphezulu ityuwa yomhlaba, kokukhona ukuqina komhlaba conductivity kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba.Umxholo wetyuwa yomhlaba wemithambeka yendalo uphezulu kakhulu kunalowo wethambeka likaloliwe, enokuthi ibe ngenxa yento yokuba i-veslopecive yendalo ityebileyo. kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi.Esinye isizathu sinokuthi ithambeka lendalo lifumene ukubunjwa komhlaba ovuthiweyo (izinto zomzali womhlaba ezenziwe yi-rock weathering), kodwa umhlaba we-slope wesitimela uhlanganiswe ngamaqhekeza amatye atyumkileyo njenge-matrix "yomhlaba wokufakelwa", kwaye awuzange uqhube inkqubo eyaneleyo yokubunjwa komhlaba. Izimbiwa azikhululwa.Ukongezelela, i-ion yetyuwa kumhlaba onzulu wemithambeka yendalo yavuka ngesenzo se-capillary ngexesha lokunyuka komphezulu kwaye zaqokelelana kumhlaba ongaphezulu, okubangele ukwanda komxholo we-ion yetyuwa kumhlaba ongaphezulu.
Iiyoni ezintle (ezifana ne-K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, njl.) zinefuthe elincinane kwi-corrosion yomhlaba, ngelixa i-anion idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-electrochemical ye-corrosion kwaye inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-corrosion yensimbi. Okukhona isiqulatho se-Cl− siphezulu, kokukhona ukonakala komhlaba womelele.I-SO42− ayikhuthazi nje kuphela ukubola kwentsimbi, kodwa ikwabangela ukubola kwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi54. Kwakhona yonakalisa intsimbi.Kuthotho lwemifuniselo yomhlaba eneasidi, izinga lokudleka lifunyaniswe lilingana nobumuncu bomhlaba55.Ikloride ekwaziyo ukuxutywa netyuwa engundoqo kunye nesalfu i-cavitation yesinyithi.Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo se-corrosion ye-carbon steel kwimihlaba ye-alkaline phantse ilingana nokongezwa kwe-chloride kunye ne-sulfate ions56,57.Lee et al. ifumanise ukuba i-SO42- inokuthintela umhlwa, kodwa ikhuthaze uphuhliso lwemingxuma esele yenzekile58.
Ngokomgangatho wovavanyo lokudleka komhlaba kunye neziphumo zovavanyo, isiqulatho se-ion yekloridi kwisampulu yomhlaba wethambeka ngalinye ubungaphezu kwe-100 mg/kg, nto leyo ebonisa ukudleka okuqinileyo komhlaba. Isiqulatho se-ion yesulfate yazo zombini iindawo ezithambekayo zokunyuka nokuhla zazingaphezulu kwe-200 mg/kg nangaphantsi kwe-500 mg/kg ye-modete ye-corrorate ye-corrorate ye-modete yomhlaba i-slope ephakathi ingaphantsi kwe-200mg / kg, kwaye ukubola komhlaba kubuthathaka.Xa i-medium medium iqulethe i-concentration ephezulu, iya kuthatha inxaxheba kwi-reaction kunye nokuvelisa i-corrosion scale kwi-surface ye-electrode yensimbi, ngaloo ndlela iyancipha i-reactivity ye-corrosion.Njengoko ukugxininiswa kukhula, isikali sinokuphuka ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela siphuthumise kakhulu izinga lokubola; njengoko ugxininiso luqhubeka lukhula, umlinganiselo we-corrosion ugubungela umphezulu we-electrode yensimbi, kwaye izinga lokubola libonisa ukucotha kwakhona kwakhona59. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba isixa esisemhlabeni sasiphantsi kwaye ngoko sasinempembelelo encinci kwi-corrosion.
NgokweThebhile 4, unxulumano phakathi kwethambeka kunye neeanion zomhlaba lubonise ukuba kukho unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-slope kunye ne-chloride ion (R2=0.836), kunye nonxulumano olubonakalayo oluhle phakathi kwethambeka kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke (R2=0.742).
Oku kucebisa ukuba ukubaleka komphezulu kunye nokhukuliseko lomhlaba lunokuba noxanduva lotshintsho kwiityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke emhlabeni.Kwabakho unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kweetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye nee-ion zekloridi, nto leyo enokuba ngenxa yokuba iityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke ziyichibi le-ion zekloridi, kwaye isiqulatho seetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke zimisela isiqulatho se-chloride enyibilikayo inokuthi ibangele i-chloride ions inokubangela umahluko omkhulu emhlabeni. ukubola kwenxalenye yemesh yesinyithi.
Izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen epheleleyo, i-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo zizinto ezisisiseko zomhlaba, ezichaphazela umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo yinkqubo yeengcambu.Izondlo zomhlaba ziyinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela i-microorganisms emhlabeni, ngoko kuyafaneleka ukufunda ukuba kukho ukuhambelana phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye nokubola kwesinyithi. unamava eminyaka eyi-9 kuphela yokuqokelelana kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngenxa yobungcali bomhlaba owenziweyo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda kakuhle izondlo ezisemhlabeni owenziweyo.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba umxholo wezinto eziphilayo ngowona uphezulu kumhlaba we-slope wendalo emva kwenkqubo yokwakheka komhlaba wonke.I-low-slope ye-organic matter content yayiyeyona iphantsi kakhulu.Ngenxa yempembelelo yemozulu kunye nokuhamba komhlaba, izondlo zomhlaba ziya kuqokelela kwi-slope ephakathi kunye ne-down-slope, zenza umaleko obunzima we-humus. ibolile yi microorganisms.Uphando lufumanise ukuba i-mid-slope kunye ne-down-slope coverage yezityalo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zaziphezulu, kodwa i-homogeneity yayiphantsi, nto leyo inokukhokelela ekwabiweni okungalinganiyo kwezondlo ezisemhlabeni.
Isiqulatho senitrogen yealkali-hydrolyzed of the up-slope, middle-slope and down-slope railways was high than the natural slope, ebonisa ukuba iorganic nitrogen mineralization rate of the slope sikaloliwe was very high than that of the natural slope.The small-slope and down-slope railways was above that of the slope yendalo, ebonisa ukuba iorganic nitrogen mineralization rate of the slope kaloliwe was very high than that of the natural slope.The small particles, kokukhona ingazinzi ngakumbi i-substitute it to the suborganic matter to the microorganism easy to the organisation of the microorganism i-aggregates, kwaye inkulu ichibi le-mineralized nitrogen organic nitrogen60,61.Ngokuvumelana neziphumo zophononongo lwe-62, umxholo we-particle aggregates encinci kumhlaba we-slopes kaloliwe wawuphezulu kakhulu kune-slopes yendalo.Ngoko ke, amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe ukwandisa umxholo we-fertilizer, i-organic matter kunye ne-nitrogen ye-nitrogen, kunye nokuphucula umhlaba we-nitrogen, kunye nokuphucula umhlaba. Umhlaba.Inkunkuma ye-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo ebangelwe kukuhamba komphezulu ibalelwa kwi-77.27% ukuya kwi-99.79% yelahleko iyonke yethambeka likaloliwe.Ukubaleka komhlaba kusenokuba ngoyena mqhubi welahleko yezondlo ekhoyo kwimihlaba ethambekileyo63,64,65.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 4, kwakukho ukulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo phakathi kwendawo ye-slope kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2 = 0.948), kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwendawo ye-slope kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo yayifana (R2 = 0.898) .Ibonisa ukuba indawo ye-slope ichaphazela umxholo we-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni.
I-Gradient yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela isiqulatho sezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunye nokutyetyiswa kwenitrogen66, kwaye i-gradient encinci, isantya esikhulu sokutyebisa.Ukutyebisa umhlaba wezondlo, ilahleko yezondlo yayibuthathaka, kunye nefuthe lendawo ye-slope kumxholo we-organic matter kunye ne-nitrogen epheleleyo yayingabonakali. luncedo ekulungiseni i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni.Ngoko ke, bekukho ukuhambelana okubalulekileyo phakathi kwendawo ye-slope kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo, kunye nendawo ye-slope kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo.
Ukuze kucaciswe ubudlelwane phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye nokubola komhlaba, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ulungelelwaniso.Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 5, amandla e-redox ahambelana kakhulu ne-nitrogen ekhoyo (R2 = -0.845) kwaye ihambelana kakhulu ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2 = 0.842) kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo. edla ngokuchatshazelwa ziimpawu ezithile zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zomhlaba, kwaye emva koko zichaphazela uthotho lweempawu zomhlaba.Ngoko ke, yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni isalathiso soguqulo lwezondlo zomhlaba67.Iimpawu ze-redox ezahlukeneyo zinokubangela iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto zesondlo.Ngoko ke, amandla e-redox anonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kunye nenitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo.
Ukongeza kwiipropati zesinyithi, amandla okubola anxulumene neempawu zomhlaba.Ikhono lokubola lalinxulunyaniswa kakubi ngokubalulekileyo kunye ne-organic matter, ebonisa ukuba i-organic matter ibe nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwizinto ezinokubakho. i-gradient (SN) kunye ne-sulfate ion..Kwakukho unxulumano olubi olubonakalayo phakathi kwe-pH yomhlaba kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo (R2 = -0.728).
I-nitrogen ekhoyo yayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu ngokungalunganga kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye ne-chloride ion, kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo yayinxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye ne-chloride ion. yayinxibelelene kakhulu kakubi ne-ion yesulfate, kwaye inxibelelene kakhulu kakuhle nebicarbonate, ebonisa ukuba initrogen iyonke yaba nefuthe kumxholo wesulfate kunye nebicarbonate.Izityalo zinemfuno encinci ye-ion yesulfate kunye ne-ion ye-bicarbonate, ngoko uninzi lwazo lukhululekile emhlabeni okanye lufunxwa yi-colloids yomhlaba. Ubukho benitrogen emhlabeni. Ngoko ke, ukonyusa ngokufanelekileyo isiqulatho senitrogen kunye ne-humus emhlabeni kuluncedo ekunciphiseni ukubola komhlaba.
Umhlaba yinkqubo enezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neempawu. Ukubola komhlaba sisiphumo sentshukumo ye-synergistic yezinto ezininzi. Ngoko ke, indlela yokuhlola ebanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvavanya ukudleka komhlaba.Ngokubhekiselele “kwiKhowudi yoPhando lobuNjineli beGeotechnical” (GB50021-94) kunye neendlela zovavanyo lweNethiwekhi yoVavanyo lweNgxowa-mali yaseChina, ibakala lokubola komhlaba linokuhlolwa ngokubanzi ukuba luvandlakanywa ngokwale migangatho ilandelayo: Uvavanyo olubuthathaka kuphela i-corrosion, akukho mhlwa ophakathi okanye i-corrosion enamandla; (2) ukuba akukho mhlwa owomeleleyo, uvandlakanywa njenge-corrosion ephakathi; (3) ukuba kukho indawo enye okanye ezimbini ezinomhlwa owomeleleyo, kuvavanywa ukuba kukho umhlwa owomeleleyo; (4) ukuba kukho iindawo ezi-3 okanye ngaphezulu zomhlwa owomeleleyo, uvandlakanywa njengobugxwayiba obuqinileyo bomhlwa onzima.
Ngokokunganyangeki komhlaba, amandla e-redox, isiqulatho samanzi, isiqulatho setyuwa, ixabiso le-pH, kunye nomxholo we-Cl- kunye ne-SO42, amanqanaba okumhlwa kweisampulu zomhlaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamathambeka aye avavanywa ngokubanzi.
Umhlwa onokubakho ngumba obalulekileyo ochaphazela umhlwa womnatha wokhuseleko lwethambeka.Umhlwa onokubakho kumathambeka amathathu onke angaphantsi kune -200 mv, enempembelelo enkulu ekudlekeni komnatha wesinyithi onyukayo.Ithambeka elinokubakho lingasetyenziselwa ukugweba ubukhulu bento elahlekileyo yangoku kumhlaba ombindini obalulekileyo ochaphazela umhlaba. Ityuwa enyibilikayo iyonke kwimihlaba ephezulu, ephakathi nasezantsi yethambeka ibingaphezu kwe-500 mg/kg, kwaye isiphumo sokudleka kumnatha wokukhusela ukuthambeka besiphakathi. Isiqulatho samanzi somhlaba ngumba obalulekileyo ochaphazela ukubola kunye nentlaka yesinyithi, impembelelo yentsimbi i-corrosion of slope protection meshes.Izondlo zixhaphake kakhulu kumhlaba we-slope ophakathi, okubonisa ukuba kukho imisebenzi ye-microbial rhoqo kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla omhlwa, i-gradient enokubakho, isiqulatho setyuwa esinyibilikayo sisonke kunye nomxholo wamanzi zezona zinto zichaphazela ukubola komhlaba kumathambeka amathathu, kwaye ukubola komhlaba kuvavanywa njengonamandla. Umhlwa wothungelwano lokhuseleko lwethambeka yeyona nto imbi kakhulu kwithambeka eliphakathi, elibonelela ngereferensi yoyilo lwe-anti-corrosion yoyilo lwe-railway yoyilo lwe-anti-corrosion. initrogen kunye nesichumiso esiphilayo siluncedo ekunciphiseni ukubola komhlaba, lula ukukhula kwezityalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni uzinzise ithambeka.
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