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Ukuthatha ithambeka likaloliwe iSui-Chongqing njengento yophando, ukumelana nomhlaba, i-electrochemistry yomhlaba (i-corrosion potential, i-redox potential, i-potential gradient kunye ne-pH), ii-anion zomhlaba (iityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke, i-Cl-, i-SO42- kunye) kunye neSondlo somhlaba. (Umxholo womswakama, izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen iyonke, i-alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, i-phosphorus ekhoyo, i-potassium ekhoyo) Phantsi kwethambeka ezahlukeneyo, umgangatho wokubola uvavanywa ngokwezalathisi zomntu ngamnye kunye nezalathisi ezipheleleyo zomhlaba wokwenziwa. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, amanzi anempembelelo enkulu ekuboleni kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka, kulandele umxholo we-anion. Ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo inempembelelo ephakathi ekuboleni kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka, kwaye umsinga olahlekileyo unempembelelo ephakathi ekuboleni kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka. Umgangatho wokubola kweesampuli zomhlaba uvavanywe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukubola kwithambeka eliphezulu bekuphakathi, kwaye ukubola kwithambeka eliphakathi nelisezantsi bekunamandla. Izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zinxulumene kakhulu ne-potential gradient. I-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-potassium ekhoyo kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo zinxulumene kakhulu nee-anion. Ukusasazwa kwezondlo zomhlaba kunxulumene ngokungathanga ngqo nethambeka. uhlobo.
Xa kwakhiwa oololiwe, iindlela ezinkulu kunye nezibonelelo zokugcina amanzi, iindawo ezivulekileyo ezintabeni aziphepheki. Ngenxa yeentaba ezikumzantsi-ntshona, ukwakhiwa koololiwe baseTshayina kufuna ukumbiwa kakhulu kwentaba. Kutshabalalisa umhlaba wokuqala kunye nezityalo, kudala amathambeka amatye abonakalayo. Le meko ikhokelela ekuweni komhlaba kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela kusongelwa ukhuseleko lokuthuthwa koololiwe. Ukudilika komhlaba kubi kwiindlela zendlela, ngakumbi emva kwenyikima yaseWenchuan kaMeyi 12, 2008. Ukudilika komhlaba kube yintlekele enkulu yenyikima esasazeke ngokubanzi. Kuvavanyo luka-2008 lweekhilomitha ezingama-4,243 zeendlela eziphambili kwiPhondo laseSichuan, bekukho iintlekele ezinkulu zenyikima eziyi-1,736 kwiindawo zeendlela nakwiindonga zokugcina amathambeka, nto leyo ethetha i-39.76% yobude bonke bovavanyo. Ilahleko ezithe ngqo kwezoqoqosho ezivela kumonakalo wendlela zidlule kwi-58 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan 2,3. Imizekelo yehlabathi ibonisa ukuba iingozi ze-geo emva kwenyikima zinokuhlala ubuncinane iminyaka eli-10 (inyikima yaseTaiwan) kwaye zide zibe yiminyaka engama-40-50 (inyikima yaseKanto eJapan) 4,5. I-Gradient yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ingozi yenyikima 6,7. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukugcina amathambeka endlela kunye nokuqinisa uzinzo lwayo. Izityalo zidlala indima engenakutshintshwa ekukhuseleni amathambeka kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo yendalo 8. Xa kuthelekiswa namathambeka aqhelekileyo omhlaba, amathambeka amatye awanayo ingqokelela yezinto zesondlo ezifana nezinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kunye ne-potassium, kwaye azinayo indawo yomhlaba efunekayo ekukhuleni kwezityalo. Ngenxa yezinto ezifana namathambeka amakhulu kunye nokukhukuliseka kwemvula, umhlaba wethambeka ulahleka lula. Indawo yethambeka inzima, ayinazo iimeko ezifunekayo zokukhula kwezityalo, kwaye umhlaba wethambeka awunazo izinziso ezixhasayo9. Ukutshiza ngethambeka ngezinto ezisisiseko zokugubungela umhlaba ukukhusela ithambeka yiteknoloji yokubuyisela indalo yethambeka esetyenziswa kakhulu kwilizwe lam. Umhlaba wokwenziwa osetyenziselwa ukutshiza wenziwe ngamatye atyumkileyo, umhlaba wefama, ingca, isichumisi esidityanisiweyo, iarhente yokugcina amanzi kunye neglu (izincamathelisi ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka isamente yasePortland, iglu ye-organic kunye ne-asphalt emulsifier) ​​​​ngomlinganiselo othile. Inkqubo yobugcisa yile: kuqala ubeke ucingo olunemiqolo phezu kwelitye, uze ulungise ucingo olunemiqolo ngeerivets kunye neebholiti zeankile, kwaye ekugqibeleni utshize umhlaba wokwenziwa onembewu kwithambeka nge-sprayer ekhethekileyo. I-mesh yesinyithi enomfanekiso wedayimani eyi-14# egalelwe ngokupheleleyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, enomgangatho we-mesh we-5cm×5cm kunye nobubanzi be-2mm. I-mesh yesinyithi ivumela i-matrix yomhlaba ukuba yenze i-slab eqinileyo ye-monolithic kumphezulu welitye. I-mesh yesinyithi iya kubola emhlabeni, kuba umhlaba ngokwawo yi-electrolyte, kwaye inqanaba lokubola lixhomekeke kwiimpawu zomhlaba. Uvavanyo lwezinto zokubola komhlaba lubaluleke kakhulu ekuvavanyeni i-mesh yesinyithi ebangelwa ngumhlaba. ukukhukuliseka komhlaba kunye nokususa iingozi zokudilika komhlaba.
Iingcambu zezityalo zikholelwa ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni amathambeka kunye nokulawula ukukhukuliseka komhlaba10,11,12,13,14. Ukuze kuzinziswe amathambeka nxamnye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba okunganzulu, izityalo zingasetyenziswa kuba iingcambu zezityalo zinokulungisa umhlaba ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka komhlaba15,16,17. Izityalo ezinemithi, ingakumbi imithi, zinceda ekuthinteleni ukukhukuliseka komhlaba okunganzulu18. Isakhiwo esiqinileyo esikhuselayo esenziwe ziinkqubo zeengcambu ezithe nkqo nezisecaleni zezityalo ezisebenza njengeenqwaba eziqinisayo emhlabeni. Uphuhliso lweepateni zoyilo lweengcambu luqhutywa ziijini, kwaye imeko-bume yomhlaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezi nkqubo. Ukukhukuliseka kweesinyithi kuyahluka ngokwemeko-bume yomhlaba20. Inqanaba lokukhukuliseka kweesinyithi emhlabeni linokususela ekunyibilikeni ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwimpembelelo encinci21. Umhlaba wokwenziwa wahlukile kakhulu "kumhlaba" wokwenyani. Ukwakheka komhlaba wendalo sisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwendalo yangaphandle kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kwiminyaka emininzi22,23,24. Ngaphambi kokuba izityalo ezinemithi zenze inkqubo yeengcambu ezinzileyo kunye ne-ecosystem, nokuba i-mesh yesinyithi edityaniswe nethambeka lelitye kunye nomhlaba wokwenziwa ingasebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nophuhliso loqoqosho lwendalo, ukhuseleko lobomi kunye nokuphuculwa kokusingqongileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukugqwala kweentsimbi kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu. Ngokwesaveyi eyenziwe eTshayina ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 malunga noomatshini beekhemikhali kunye namanye amashishini, ilahleko ezibangelwa kukugqwala kweentsimbi zazibalelwa kwi-4% yexabiso lilonke lemveliso. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda indlela yokugqwala kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela ukwakhiwa koqoqosho. Umhlaba yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yeegesi, ulwelo, izinto eziqinileyo kunye neentsholongwane. Ii-metabolites ze-microbial zinokugqwala izinto, kwaye imisinga elahlekileyo nayo inokubangela ukugqwala. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukugqwala kweentsimbi ezingcwatywe emhlabeni. Okwangoku, uphando malunga nokugqwala kweentsimbi ezingcwatywe lugxile kakhulu kwi (1) izinto ezichaphazela ukugqwala kweentsimbi ezingcwatywe25; (2) iindlela zokukhusela isinyithi26,27; (3) iindlela zokugweba ubungakanani bokugqwala kweentsimbi28; Ukugqwala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, yonke inhlabathi kolu phononongo yayiyindalo kwaye yayidlule kwiinkqubo ezaneleyo zokwakheka komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngxelo malunga nokugqwala komhlaba okwenziweyo kwiindawo ezithe tyaba zesitimela.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezibangela ukubola, umhlaba wokwenziwa uneempawu zokunganyibiliki, ukungafani, ixesha lonyaka kunye nommandla. Ukubola kwesinyithi kumhlaba wokwenziwa kubangelwa kukudibana kwe-electrochemical phakathi kweesinyithi nomhlaba wokwenziwa. Ukongeza kwizinto ezizalwa nazo, izinga lokubola kwesinyithi likwaxhomekeke kwimeko-bume engqongileyo. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zichaphazela ukubola kwesinyithi ngokwahlukeneyo okanye ngokudibeneyo, njengomxholo womswakama, umxholo weoksijini, umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo iyonke, umxholo we-anion kunye ne-ion yesinyithi, i-pH, ii-microbes zomhlaba ezingama-30,31,32.
Kwiminyaka engama-30 yokusebenza, umbuzo wokuba ungagcinwa njani ngokusisigxina umhlaba owenziweyo kwiindawo ezinamatye ube yingxaki33. Izihlahla okanye imithi ayinakukhula kwiindawo ezithile emva kweminyaka eli-10 yokhathalelo lwezandla ngenxa yokukhukuliseka komhlaba. Uthuli olukumphezulu we-mesh yesinyithi lwakhukuliseka kwezinye iindawo. Ngenxa yokukhukuliseka, ezinye ii-mesh zesinyithi zaqhekeka zaza zalahlekelwa ngumhlaba wonke ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwazo (Umfanekiso 1). Okwangoku, uphando malunga nokukhukuliseka kwe-slope kaloliwe lugxile kakhulu ekukhukulisekeni kwegridi yokumisa umhlaba yesitishi sikaloliwe, ukukhukuliseka kwangoku okubangelwa yi-light rail, kunye nokukhukuliseka kweebhulorho zikaloliwe34,35, imizila kunye nezinye izixhobo zezithuthi36. Akukho ngxelo zokukhukuliseka kwe-mesh yesinyithi yokukhusela i-slope kaloliwe. Eli phepha lifunda ngeempawu zomzimba, zeekhemikhali kunye neekhemikhali zomhlaba owenziweyo kwi-slope yasemazantsi-ntshona ye-Suiyu Railway, ijolise ekuqikeleleni ukukhukuliseka kwesinyithi ngokuvavanya iipropati zomhlaba kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko sethiyori kunye nesenzo sokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yomhlaba kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto ezenziweyo. I-slope eyenziweyo.
Indawo yovavanyo ikwindawo eneentaba yaseSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) kufutshane neSitishi sikaloliwe saseSuining. Le ndawo ikumbindi weSichuan Basin, ineentaba ezisezantsi kunye neenduli, kunye nesakhiwo esilula sejoloji kunye nomhlaba othe tyaba. Ukukhukuliseka, ukusika kunye nokuqokelelwa kwamanzi kudala iindawo ezineentaba ezikhukulekileyo. Ilitye elingaphantsi komhlaba liyilitye lekalika, kwaye umthwalo ongaphezulu ungaphezulu yintlabathi emfusa kunye namatye odaka. Umgangatho awulunganga, kwaye ilitye lisakhiwo esinamabhloko. Indawo yophando inemozulu yemvula eshushu engaphantsi kwetropiki eneempawu zonyaka zokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo elishushu, ikwindla elifutshane kunye nobusika obuphelileyo. Imvula ininzi, ukukhanya kunye nezixhobo zobushushu zininzi, ixesha elingenaqabaka lide (iintsuku ezingama-285 ngokomyinge), imozulu ithambile, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bonyaka yi-17.4°C, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo benyanga eshushu (Agasti) yi-27.2°C, kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu obugqithisileyo yi-39.3°C. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu nguJanuwari (ubushushu obuqhelekileyo yi-6.5°C), obugqithisileyo Ubuncinci bobushushu yi--3.8°C, kwaye umndilili wemvula yonyaka yi-920 mm, ikakhulu ngoJulayi nango-Agasti. Imvula entwasahlobo, ehlotyeni, ekwindla nasebusika yahluka kakhulu. Umlinganiselo wemvula kwixesha ngalinye lonyaka yi-19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% kunye ne-4-5% ngokulandelelana.
Indawo yophando yithambeka elingama-45° kwithambeka loLoliwe iYu-Sui elakhiwe ngo-2003. Ngo-Epreli ka-2012, ijonge emazantsi ngaphakathi kwe-1 km ukusuka kwiSitishi sikaLoliwe saseSuining. Ithambeka lendalo lasetyenziswa njengolawulo. Ukubuyiselwa kwethambeka ngokwendalo kusebenzisa iteknoloji yokutshiza umhlaba ngaphandle ukuze kulungiswe indalo. Ngokwendlela ukuphakama kwethambeka elisecaleni lesitimela, ithambeka lingahlulwa libe yithambeka elinyukayo, eliphakathi kunye nelisezantsi (Umzobo 2). Ekubeni ubukhulu bomthambeka osikiweyo bumalunga ne-10cm, ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko lweemveliso zokugqwala kwe-mesh yesinyithi yomhlaba, sisebenzisa ifosholo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kuphela ukuthatha umphezulu womhlaba ube yi-0-8cm. Kwabekwa iikopi ezine kwindawo nganye yethambeka, kunye namanqaku okuthatha iisampulu angacwangciswanga ayi-15-20 kwikopi nganye. Ikopi nganye ngumxube we-15-20 omiselwe ngokungacwangciswanga ukusuka kwiindawo zokuthatha iisampulu zomgca omile okwe-S. Ubunzima bayo obutsha bumalunga ne-500 grams. Buyisela iisampulu kwilabhoratri kwiingxowa ze-polyethylene ziplock ukuze zicutshungulwe. Umhlaba womiswa ngokwemvelo emoyeni, kwaye iintsalela zegrabile kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ziyakhethwa, zityunyuzwe ngentonga ye-agate, kwaye zihluzwe ngesihluzo se-nylon esine-20-mesh, esine-100-mesh ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza arhabaxa.
Ukumelana nomhlaba kulinganiswe ngumvavanyi wokuxhathisa umhlaba weVICTOR4106 owenziwe yiShengli Instrument Company; ukumelana nomhlaba kulinganiswe entsimini; Ukufuma komhlaba kulinganiswe ngendlela yokomisa. Isixhobo se-DMP-2 ephathekayo se-digital mv/pH sine-input impedance ephezulu yokulinganisa amandla okugqwala komhlaba. I-gradient enokubakho kunye nekhono le-redox zichongiwe yi-DMP-2 ephathekayo ye-digital mv/pH, ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo emhlabeni ichongiwe ngendlela yokomisa intsalela, umxholo we-chloride ion emhlabeni uchongiwe ngendlela ye-AgNO3 titration (indlela ye-Mohr), umxholo we-soil sulfate uchongiwe ngendlela engangqalanga ye-EDTA Titration, indlela ye-double indicator titration yokumisela i-soil carbonate kunye ne-bicarbonate, indlela yokufudumeza i-potassium dichromate oxidation yokumisela izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, indlela ye-alkaline solution diffusion yokumisela i-soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, indlela ye-H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric method I-phosphorus iyonke emhlabeni kunye nomxholo we-phosphorus okhoyo emhlabeni zichongiwe ngendlela ye-Olsen (isisombululo se-0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 njenge-extractant), kwaye umxholo we-potassium iyonke emhlabeni uchongiwe yi-sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Idatha yovavanyo yaqala yacwangciswa. I-SPSS Statistics 20 yasetyenziswa ukwenza i-mean, i-standard deviation, i-one-way ANOVA, kunye nohlalutyo lolwalamano lomntu.
Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa iipropati ze-electromechanical, ii-anions kunye nezondlo zomhlaba onezithambeka ezahlukeneyo. Amandla okugqwala, ukumelana nomhlaba kunye ne-gradient yamandla asempuma-ntshona ye-slopes ezahlukeneyo zonke zazibalulekile (P < 0.05). Amandla e-redox e-downhill, i-mid-slope kunye ne-natural slope ayebalulekile (P < 0.05). I-potential gradient ethe nkqo kwi-rail, oko kukuthi, i-northern-south potential gradient, yi-upsslope>downslope>middle slope. Ixabiso le-pH yomhlaba lalikwi-downslope>ukunyuka>i-middle slope>natural slope. Ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo, i-natural slope yayiphezulu kakhulu kune-railway slope (P < 0.05). Umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo iyonke yomhlaba we-third-grade slope ungaphezulu kwe-500 mg/kg, kwaye ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo inefuthe eliphakathi kwi-metal corrosion. Umxholo we-organic matter womhlaba wawuphezulu kwi-natural slope kwaye uphantsi kwi-downhill slope (P < 0.05). Umxholo we-nitrogen iyonke wawuphezulu kwi-middle slope kwaye uphantsi kwi-uphill slope; Umxholo we-nitrogen okhoyo wawuphezulu kakhulu kwindawo ephantsi nephakathi, kwaye wawuphantsi kakhulu kwindawo yendalo; umxholo we-nitrogen iyonke kwindawo ephakamileyo nesezantsi yesitimela wawuphantsi, kodwa umxholo we-nitrogen okhoyo wawuphezulu. Oku kubonisa ukuba izinga lokunyuka nokwehla kwe-nitrogen yendalo liyakhawuleza. Umxholo we-potassium okhoyo uyafana nowe-phosphorus okhoyo.
Ukumelana nomhlaba sisalathisi esibonisa umbane oqhubayo kunye neparameter esisiseko yokugweba ukugqwala komhlaba. Izinto ezichaphazela ukumelana nomhlaba ziquka umxholo wokufuma, umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo iyonke, i-pH, ubume bomhlaba, ubushushu, umxholo wezinto eziphilayo, ubushushu bomhlaba, kunye nokuqina. Ngokubanzi, imihlaba enokumelana okuphantsi irhabaxa ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Ukusebenzisa ukumelana nokugweba ukugqwala komhlaba yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa iikhrayitheriya zovavanyo lwenqanaba lokugqwala kwisalathisi ngasinye 37,38.
Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemigangatho kwilizwe lam (Itheyibhile 1), ukuba ukubola komhlaba kuvavanywa kuphela ngokuxhathisa komhlaba, umhlaba okwithambeka elinyukayo ubola kakhulu; umhlaba okwithambeka elihlayo ubola kancinci; ukubola komhlaba kwithambeka eliphakathi kunye nethambeka lendalo kuphantsi kakhulu.
Ukumelana komhlaba kwithambeka elinyukayo kuphantsi kakhulu kunezinye iindawo zethambeka, okunokubangelwa kukukhukuliseka kwemvula. Umhlaba ongaphezulu kwithambeka elinyukayo ugeleza uye kwithambeka eliphakathi namanzi, ukuze umnatha wokukhusela ithambeka lesinyithi elinyukayo usondele kumhlaba ongaphezulu. Eminye yemingxuma yesinyithi yavezwa yaze yaxhonywa emoyeni (Umfanekiso 1). Ukumelana komhlaba kwalinganiswa kwindawo; isithuba seenqwaba sasiyi-3m; ubunzulu bokuqhuba iinqwaba babungaphantsi kwe-15cm. Imingxuma yesinyithi engenanto kunye nokugqwala okuxobukayo kunokuphazamisa iziphumo zokulinganisa. Ke ngoko, akuthembekanga ukuvavanya ukugqwala komhlaba kuphela ngesalathisi sokuxhathisa umhlaba. Kuvavanyo olupheleleyo lokugqwala, ukumelana komhlaba kwithambeka elinyukayo akuqwalaselwa.
Ngenxa yokufuma okuphezulu, umoya ofumileyo ohlala uhleli kwindawo yaseSichuan ubangela ukuba i-mesh yesinyithi evezwe emoyeni ibole kakhulu kune-mesh yesinyithi egqunywe emhlabeni.39 Ukuvezwa kwe-wire mesh emoyeni kunokubangela ubomi obuphantsi benkonzo, okunokuphazamisa umhlaba onyukayo. Ukulahleka komhlaba kunokwenza kube nzima ukuba izityalo, ingakumbi izityalo ezinemithi, zikhule. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezityalo ezinemithi, kunzima ukwenza inkqubo yeengcambu enyukayo ukuze kuqiniswe umhlaba. Kwangaxeshanye, ukukhula kwezityalo kunokuphucula umgangatho womhlaba kwaye kwandise umxholo we-humus emhlabeni, ongenakugcina amanzi kuphela, kodwa nokubonelela ngendawo elungileyo yokukhula nokuzala kwezilwanyana nezityalo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukulahleka komhlaba. Ke ngoko, kwinqanaba lokuqala lokwakhiwa, imbewu eninzi enemithi kufuneka ityalwe kwindawo ephezulu, kwaye iarhente yokugcina amanzi kufuneka yongezwe rhoqo kwaye igqunywe ngefilimu ukukhusela, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhukuliseka komhlaba onyukayo ngamanzi emvula.
Amandla okugqwala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukugqwala kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka kwithambeka elinamanqanaba amathathu, kwaye inempembelelo enkulu kwithambeka elinyukayo (Itheyibhile 2). Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, amandla okugqwala akatshintshi kakhulu kwindawo ethile. Utshintsho olubonakalayo lunokubangelwa yimisinga elahlekileyo. Imisinga elahlekileyo ibhekisa kwimisinga 40, 41, 42 evuzayo kwi-roadbed nakwi-ground medium xa izithuthi zisebenzisa inkqubo yothutho kawonke-wonke. Ngophuhliso lwenkqubo yothutho, inkqubo yothutho kaloliwe yelizwe lam ifikelele kumbane omkhulu, kwaye ukugqwala kweentsimbi ezingcwatyiweyo okubangelwa kukuvuza kwamandla avela kwiindlela zoololiwe ezisebenzisa umbane akunakutyeshelwa. Okwangoku, i-gradient yamandla omhlaba ingasetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba umhlaba uneephazamiso zamandla ezingcwatyiweyo. Xa i-gradient yamandla omhlaba ongaphezulu ingaphantsi kwe-0.5 mv/m, i-cray current iphantsi; xa i-gradient yamandla iphakathi kwe-0.5 mv/m ukuya kwi-5.0 mv/m, i-cray current iphakathi; xa i-potential gradient ingaphezulu kwe-5.0 mv/m, inqanaba lamandla ombane alahlekileyo liphezulu. Uluhlu lokudada lwe-potential gradient (EW) ye-mid-slope, i-up-slope kunye ne-down-slope luboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Ngokuphathelele uluhlu lokudada, kukho i-stray currents ephakathi kwicala lasempuma-ntshona kunye nelasentla-ntshona le-mid-slope. Ke ngoko, i-stray current yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukugqwala kwe-meshes zesinyithi kwi-mid-slope kunye ne-down-slope, ingakumbi kwi-mid-slope.
Ngokubanzi, amandla okuguqula umhlaba abe yi-redox (Eh) angaphezulu kwe-400 mV abonisa amandla okuguqula umhlaba abe yi-oxidizing, ngaphezulu kwe-0-200 mV kukwazi ukunciphisa okuphakathi, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-0 mV kukho amandla okunciphisa amakhulu. Okukhona amandla okuguqula umhlaba abe yi-redox aphantsi, kokukhona amandla okuguqula umhlaba abe yi-metals aphezulu. Kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela umkhwa wokubola kwe-microbial yomhlaba ukusuka kwi-redox potential. Olu phononongo lufumanise ukuba amandla okuguqula umhlaba abe yi-redox kwiithambeka ezintathu ayengaphezulu kwe-500 mV, kwaye inqanaba lokubola lalincinci kakhulu. Ibonisa ukuba imeko yomoya womhlaba wethambeka ilungile, into engayivumeliyo i-anaerobic microorganisms emhlabeni ukuba ibole.
Izifundo zangaphambili zifumanise ukuba impembelelo ye-pH yomhlaba ekukhukulisekeni komhlaba icacile. Ngokutshintshatshintsha kwexabiso le-pH, izinga lokugqwala kwezinto zesinyithi liyachaphazeleka kakhulu. I-pH yomhlaba inxulumene kakhulu nendawo kunye neentsholongwane ezisemhlabeni45,46,47. Ngokubanzi, impembelelo ye-pH yomhlaba ekukhukulisekeni kwezinto zesinyithi kumhlaba one-alkaline encinci ayibonakali. Umhlaba weethambeka ezintathu zesitimela zonke ziyi-alkaline, ngoko ke impembelelo ye-pH ekukhukulisekeni kwe-mesh yesinyithi ibuthathaka.
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 3, uhlalutyo lolwalamano lubonisa ukuba amandla e-redox kunye nendawo yokuthambeka zinxulumene kakhulu (R2 = 0.858), amandla okugqwala kunye ne-potential gradient (SN) zinxulumene kakhulu (R2 = 0.755), kwaye amandla e-redox kunye ne-potential gradient (SN) zinxulumene kakhulu (R2 = 0.755). Bekukho ulwalamano olubi olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-potential kunye ne-pH (R2 = -0.724). Indawo ye-slope inxulumene kakuhle kakhulu ne-redox potential. Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho umahluko kwindawo encinci yeendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-slope, kwaye iintsholongwane zomhlaba zinxulumene kakhulu ne-redox potential48, 49, 50. I-redox potential inxulumene kakubi kakhulu ne-pH51,52. Olu lwalamano lubonise ukuba amaxabiso e-pH kunye ne-Eh ayengatshintshi rhoqo ngexesha lenkqubo ye-redox yomhlaba, kodwa ayenolwalamano olune-linear olubi. I-Metal corrosion potential ingamela amandla okufumana nokulahlekelwa zii-electron. Nangona i-corrosion potential yayinxulumene kakuhle kakhulu ne-potential gradient (SN), i-potential gradient inokubangelwa kukulahleka lula kwee-electron yintsimbi.
Umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo emhlabeni unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokubola komhlaba. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ityuwa yomhlaba iphezulu, kokukhona ukuchasana komhlaba kuncipha, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukuchasana komhlaba. Kwi-electrolytes zomhlaba, ayizizo kuphela ii-anions kunye nobubanzi obahlukeneyo, kodwa kunye nefuthe lokubola ikakhulu zii-carbonates, ii-chloride kunye nee-sulfates. Ukongeza, umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo emhlabeni uchaphazela ngokungathanga ngqo ukubola ngempembelelo yezinye izinto, ezifana nefuthe le-electrode potential kwisinyithi kunye nokunyibilika kwe-oxygen yomhlaba53.
Uninzi lwee-ions ezinyibilikayo zetyuwa emhlabeni azibandakanyeki ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpendulo ze-electrochemical, kodwa zichaphazela ukubola kwesinyithi ngokuxhathisa komhlaba. Okukhona ityuwa yomhlaba iphezulu, kokukhona ukuhanjiswa komhlaba kuqina kwaye kokukhona ukukhukuliseka komhlaba kunamandla. Umthamo wetyuwa yomhlaba kwiithambeka zendalo uphezulu kakhulu kunoweethambeka zesitimela, okunokubangelwa kukuba iithambeka zendalo zityebile kwizityalo, nto leyo enceda ukugcinwa komhlaba namanzi. Esinye isizathu sinokuba kukuba ithambeka lendalo liye lafumana ukwakheka komhlaba ovuthiweyo (izinto ezizalela umhlaba ezenziwe kukuguguleka kwamatye), kodwa umhlaba wethambeka lesitimela wenziwe ngamaqhekeza amatye atyumkileyo njenge-matrix "yomhlaba wokwenziwa", kwaye awukayifumani inkqubo eyaneleyo yokwakheka komhlaba. Iiminerali azikhutshwanga. Ukongeza, ii-ions zetyuwa kumhlaba onzulu weethambeka zendalo zinyuke ngesenzo se-capillary ngexesha lokuphuma komphezulu kwaye zaqokelelana kumhlaba ongaphezulu, nto leyo ebangele ukwanda komxholo wee-ions zetyuwa kumhlaba ongaphezulu. Ubukhulu bomhlaba wethambeka lesitimela bungaphantsi kwama-20 cm, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umhlaba ongaphezulu ungakwazi ukongeza ityuwa evela kumhlaba onzulu.
Ii-ions ezintle (ezifana ne-K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, njl.njl.) azinampembelelo ingako ekuboleni komhlaba, ngelixa ii-anions zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-electrochemical yokubola kwaye zinempembelelo enkulu ekuboleni kwesinyithi. I-Cl− inokukhawulezisa ukubola kwe-anode kwaye yeyona anion ibola kakhulu; okukhona umxholo we-Cl− uphezulu, kokukhona ukubola komhlaba kunamandla. I-SO42− ayikhuthazi kuphela ukubola kwesinyithi, kodwa ikwabangela ukubola kwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi54. Ikwadla isinyithi. Kuluhlu lweemvavanyo zomhlaba we-asidi, izinga lokubola lifunyenwe lilingana ne-asidi yomhlaba55. I-Chloride kunye ne-sulfate zezona zinto ziphambili zeetyuwa ezinyibilikayo, ezinokukhawulezisa ngokuthe ngqo ukugabha kweesinyithi. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukulahleka kobunzima bokubola kwesinyithi sekhabhoni kumhlaba we-alkaline phantse kuhambelana nokongezwa kwee-ions ze-chloride kunye ne-sulfate56,57. ULee et al. bafumanise ukuba i-SO42- inokuthintela ukubola, kodwa ikhuthaze uphuhliso lwemigodi yokubola esele yenziwe58.
Ngokwemigangatho yovavanyo lokubola komhlaba kunye neziphumo zovavanyo, umxholo we-chloride ion kwisampulu yomhlaba nganye yethambeka wawungaphezulu kwe-100 mg/kg, nto leyo ebonisa ukubola komhlaba okunamandla. Umxholo we-sulfate ion kwithambeka elinyukayo nelihlayo wawungaphezulu kwe-200 mg/kg kwaye ungaphantsi kwe-500 mg/kg, kwaye umhlaba wawunomhlwa ophakathi. Umxholo we-sulfate ion kwithambeka eliphakathi ungaphantsi kwe-200 mg/kg, kwaye ukubola komhlaba kubuthathaka. Xa indawo yomhlaba inengxinano ephezulu, iya kuthatha inxaxheba kwimpendulo kwaye ivelise isikali sokubola kumphezulu we-electrode yesinyithi, ngaloo ndlela icothisa isantya sokubola. Njengoko uxinano lusanda, isikali sinokuqhekeka ngequbuliso, ngaloo ndlela sikhawulezisa kakhulu izinga lokubola; njengoko uxinano luqhubeka lusanda, isikali sokubola sigubungela umphezulu we-electrode yesinyithi, kwaye izinga lokubola libonisa umkhwa wokucotha kwakhona59. Olu phononongo lufumanise ukuba ubungakanani emhlabeni buphantsi kwaye ngenxa yoko alunampembelelo ingako kwi-corrosion.
NgokweTheyibhile 4, ulwalamano phakathi kwee-slope kunye nee-anions zomhlaba lubonise ukuba kukho ulwalamano olubalulekileyo oluhle phakathi kwee-slope kunye nee-chloride ions (R2=0.836), kunye nolwalamano olubalulekileyo oluhle phakathi kwe-slope kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke (R2=0.742).
Oku kubonisa ukuba ukugeleza kwamanzi phezu komhlaba kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba kunokuba yimbangela yotshintsho kwiityuwa ezinyibilikayo ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni. Bekukho ulwalamano oluhle phakathi kweetyuwa ezinyibilikayo ngokupheleleyo kunye nee-ion ze-chloride, okusenokuba kungenxa yokuba iityuwa ezinyibilikayo ziyinxalenye yee-ion ze-chloride, kwaye umxholo weetyuwa ezinyibilikayo ngokupheleleyo umisela umxholo wee-ion ze-chloride kwizisombululo zomhlaba. Ke ngoko, sinokwazi ukuba umahluko kwithambeka unokubangela ukubola okukhulu kwenxalenye ye-mesh yesinyithi.
Izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen iyonke, i-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo zezona zondlo zisisiseko zomhlaba, ezichaphazela umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo yinkqubo yengcambu. Izondlo zomhlaba zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela iintsholongwane emhlabeni, ngoko ke kufanelekile ukufunda ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye nokubola kwesinyithi. I-Suiyu Railway yagqitywa ngo-2003, oko kuthetha ukuba umhlaba wokwenziwa uneminyaka eli-9 kuphela yokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yobuchule bomhlaba wokwenziwa, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nokuqonda kakuhle izondlo ezikumhlaba wokwenziwa.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba umxholo wezinto eziphilayo ngowona uphezulu kumhlaba wendalo othambekileyo emva kwenkqubo yonke yokwakheka komhlaba. Umxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba othambekileyo ngowona uphantsi. Ngenxa yempembelelo yemozulu kunye nokugeleza kwamanzi phezu komhlaba, izondlo zomhlaba ziya kuqokelelana kwithambekile ephakathi kunye nethambekile, zenze umaleko otyebileyo we-humus. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yamasuntswana amancinci kunye nokuzinza okungalunganga komhlaba othambekileyo, izinto eziphilayo zibola ngokulula ziintsholongwane. Uphando lufumanise ukuba ukugubungela kwezityalo eziphakathi kunye nethambekile ephantsi kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwakuphezulu, kodwa ukulingana kwakuphantsi, okunokukhokelela ekusasazweni okungalinganiyo kwezondlo zomhlaba. Umaleko otyebileyo we-humus ubamba amanzi kwaye izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba ziyasebenza. Konke oku kukhawulezisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Umxholo we-nitrogen ene-alkali-hydrolyzed kwimizila kaloliwe enyukayo, ethe tyaba eliphakathi nelisezantsi wawuphezulu kunowethambeka lendalo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba izinga le-nitrogen ye-organic mineralization yethambeka lendlela laliphezulu kakhulu kunelo lethambeka lendalo. Okukhona amasuntswana emancinci, kokukhona isakhiwo somhlaba singazinzi, kokukhona kulula ukuba iintsholongwane zibole izinto eziphilayo kwi-aggregates, kwaye kokukhona iqula le-nitrogen ye-organic ene-mineralized 60,61 lilikhulu. Ngokuhambelana neziphumo zophando lwe-62, umxholo we-aggregates ezincinci kumhlaba we-aggregates zendlela wawuphezulu kakhulu kunowe-aggregates zendalo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukwandisa umxholo wesichumiso, izinto eziphilayo kunye ne-nitrogen kumhlaba we-aggregate yendlela, kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo komhlaba. Inkunkuma ye-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo ebangelwa kukuhamba kwamanzi phezu komhlaba ibandakanya i-77.27% ukuya kwi-99.79% yokulahleka okupheleleyo kwethambeka lendlela. Ukuhamba kwamanzi phezu komhlaba kunokuba ngumqhubi oyintloko wokulahleka kwezondlo ezikhoyo kumhlaba we-aggregates63,64,65.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 4, bekukho ulwalamano oluhle phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2=0.948), kwaye ulwalamano phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo belufana (R2=0.898). Oku kubonisa ukuba indawo yokuthambeka ichaphazela umxholo we-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni.
I-Gradient yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunye nokutyetyiswa kwe-nitrogen66, kwaye okukhona i-gradient incinci, kokukhona isantya sokutyetyiswa siba sikhulu. Ukutyetyiswa kwezondlo zomhlaba, ukulahleka kwezondlo kwaba buthathaka, kwaye impembelelo yendawo yokuthambeka kumxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunye nokutyetyiswa kwe-nitrogen iyonke yayingacacanga. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye namanani ezityalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuthambeka zine-asidi ezahlukeneyo ze-organic ezikhutshwa ziingcambu zezityalo. Ii-asidi ze-organic ziluncedo ekuqiniseni i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, bekukho ulwalamano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwendawo yokuthambeka kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo, kunye nendawo yokuthambeka kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo.
Ukuze kucaciswe ubudlelwane phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye nokubola komhlaba, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ulwalamano. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 5, amandla e-redox adibene kakubi kakhulu ne-nitrogen ekhoyo (R2 = -0.845) kwaye adibene kakuhle kakhulu ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2 = 0.842) kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo (R2 = 0.980). Amandla e-redox abonakalisa umgangatho we-redox, odla ngokuchaphazeleka ziimpawu ezithile zomzimba nezekhemikhali zomhlaba, aze achaphazele uthotho lweepropati zomhlaba. Ke ngoko, yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni indlela yokuguqulwa kwezondlo zomhlaba67. Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ze-redox zinokubangela iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto zesondlo. Ke ngoko, amandla e-redox anolwalamano olubalulekileyo ne-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo.
Ukongeza kwiipropati zesinyithi, amandla okugqwala nawo anxulumene neempawu zomhlaba. Amandla okugqwala aye anxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu nezinto eziphilayo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo zinefuthe elikhulu kwikhono lokugqwala. Ukongeza, izinto eziphilayo nazo zazinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu ne-potential gradient (SN) (R2=-0.713) kunye ne-sulfate ion (R2=-0.671), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba umxholo wezinto eziphilayo nawo uchaphazela i-potential gradient (SN) kunye ne-sulfate ion..Bekukho ulwalamano olubi olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-pH yomhlaba kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo (R2 = -0.728).
I-nitrogen ekhoyo yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye nee-ion ze-chloride, kwaye i-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo zazinxulunyaniswa kakuhle nee-ion ze-chloride ezinyibilikayo zizonke. Oku kubonise ukuba umxholo wezondlo okhoyo wawuchaphazela kakhulu ubungakanani beetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye nee-ion ze-chloride emhlabeni, kwaye ii-anions emhlabeni zazingenakunceda ekuqokeleleni nasekuboneleleni ngezondlo ezikhoyo. I-nitrogen iyonke yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu nee-ion ze-sulfate, kwaye yayinxulunyaniswa kakuhle kakhulu ne-bicarbonate, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-nitrogen iyonke yayinefuthe kumxholo we-sulfate kunye ne-bicarbonate. Izityalo azinamfuno ingako yee-ion ze-sulfate kunye nee-ion ze-bicarbonate, ngoko ke uninzi lwazo zikhululekile emhlabeni okanye zifunxwe zii-colloids zomhlaba. Ii-ion ze-bicarbonate zikhetha ukuqokelelwa kwe-nitrogen emhlabeni, kwaye ii-ion ze-sulfate zinciphisa ukufumaneka kwe-nitrogen emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, ukwandisa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-nitrogen kunye ne-humus ekhoyo emhlabeni kuluncedo ekunciphiseni ukubola komhlaba.
Umhlaba yinkqubo enokwakheka okuntsonkothileyo kunye neempawu. Ukubola komhlaba sisiphumo sesenzo sokusebenzisana sezinto ezininzi. Ke ngoko, indlela yokuvavanya ebanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvavanya ukubola komhlaba. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-"Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation" (GB50021-94) kunye neendlela zovavanyo ze-China Soil Corrosion Test Network, umgangatho wokubola komhlaba unokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo ngokwemigangatho elandelayo: (1) Uvavanyo lukubola okubuthathaka, ukuba kuphela ukubola okubuthathaka, akukho ukubola okuphakathi okanye ukubola okunamandla; (2) ukuba akukho ukubola okunamandla, kuvavanywa njengokubola okuphakathi; (3) ukuba kukho indawo enye okanye ezimbini zokubola okunamandla, kuvavanywa njengokubola okunamandla; (4) ukuba kukho iindawo ezi-3 nangaphezulu zokubola okunamandla, kuvavanywa njengokubola okunamandla kokubola okunamandla.
Ngokwe-resistivity yomhlaba, i-redox potential, umxholo wamanzi, umxholo wetyuwa, ixabiso le-pH, kunye nomxholo we-Cl- kunye ne-SO42, amanqanaba okugqwala kweesampuli zomhlaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezithambekileyo ahlolwe ngokupheleleyo. Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba umhlaba kuzo zonke iindawo ezithambekileyo ugqwala kakhulu.
Amandla okugqwala yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukugqwala kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka. Amandla okugqwala kwithambeka ezintathu zonke zingaphantsi kwe-200 mV, nto leyo enefuthe elikhulu ekugqwaleni kwenethi yesinyithi enyukayo. I-gradient enokubakho ingasetyenziselwa ukugweba ubungakanani bomsinga olahlekileyo emhlabeni. Umsinga olahlekileyo yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukugqwala kwenethi yesinyithi kwithambeka eziphakathi nakwiithambeka ezinyukayo, ingakumbi kwiithambeka eziphakathi. Umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo iyonke kumhlaba weethambeka eziphezulu, eziphakathi nezisezantsi wawungaphezulu kwe-500 mg/kg, kwaye isiphumo sokugqwala kwinethi yokukhusela ithambeka sasiphakathi. Umxholo wamanzi omhlaba yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukugqwala kwenethi yesinyithi kwithambeka eliphakathi nakwithambeka elisezantsi, kwaye unefuthe elikhulu ekugqwaleni kwenethi yokukhusela ithambeka. Izondlo zininzi kakhulu kumhlaba ophakathi kwithambeka, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho imisebenzi emininzi yentsholongwane kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla okugqwala, i-gradient enokubakho, umxholo wetyuwa enyibilikayo iyonke kunye nomxholo wamanzi zezona zinto ziphambili ezichaphazela ukugqwala komhlaba kwiindawo ezintathu ezithe tyaba, kwaye ukugqwala komhlaba kuvavanywa njengokuqina. Ukugqwala kothungelwano lokukhusela i-slope yeyona nto imbi kakhulu kwindawo ephakathi, nto leyo enika isalathiso soyilo lokulwa nokugqwala kothungelwano lokukhusela i-slope kaloliwe. Ukongezwa okufanelekileyo kwe-nitrogen ekhoyo kunye nesichumiso se-organic kuluncedo ekunciphiseni ukugqwala komhlaba, kuququzelele ukukhula kwezityalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuzinzise i-slope.
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