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ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke alahao kaʻaahi ʻo Sui-Chongqing ma ke ʻano he mea noiʻi, ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lepo, ka electrochemistry lepo (ka hiki ke pala, ka hiki ke redox, ka gradient hiki a me ka pH), nā anions lepo (nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, Cl-, SO42- a me) a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka lepo. (ʻIke wai, mea olaola, nitrogen holoʻokoʻa, nitrogen hydrolyzed alkali, phosphorus loaʻa, potassium loaʻa) Ma lalo o nā pali like ʻole, ua loiloi ʻia ka papa pala e like me nā ʻōkuhi pākahi a me nā ʻōkuhi piha o ka lepo artificial. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka wai ka mea nui loa i ka pala o ka ʻupena pale pali, a ukali ʻia e ka ʻike anion. Loaʻa i ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hopena kūpono i ka pala o ka ʻupena pale pali, a he hopena kūpono ke au hele hewa i ka pala o ka ʻupena pale pali. Ua loiloi piha ʻia ke kekelē pala o nā laʻana lepo, a ua kūpono ka pala ma ka pali luna, a ua ikaika ka pala ma nā pali waena a me lalo. Ua pili pono nā mea olaola i ka lepo me ka gradient hiki. Ua pili pono ka nitrogen loaʻa, ka potassium loaʻa a me ka phosphorus loaʻa me nā anions. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā meaʻai lepo e pili pono ana i ke ʻano pali.
I ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahao, nā alaloa nui a me nā hale mālama wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā wehe mauna. Ma muli o nā mauna ma ke komohana hema, koi nui ka hana ʻana o ke alahao o Kina i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka mauna. Hoʻopau ia i ka lepo mua a me nā mea kanu, e hana ana i nā pali pōhaku i hōʻike ʻia. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia kūlana i nā ʻāina hū a me ka ʻino o ka lepo, a laila e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka palekana o ka halihali kaʻaahi. He mea ʻino nā ʻāina hū no ke kaʻa alanui, ʻoiai ma hope o ka ōlaʻi Wenchuan i Mei 12, 2008. Ua lilo nā ʻāina hū i mea pōʻino ōlaʻi nui a koʻikoʻi. Ma ka loiloi ʻana o 4,243 kilomita o nā alanui koʻikoʻi ma ka moku ʻo Sichuan i ka makahiki 2008, aia he 1,736 mau pōʻino ōlaʻi koʻikoʻi ma nā alanui a me nā pā paʻa pali, e helu ana i 39.76% o ka lōʻihi o ka loiloi. ʻOi aku ka pohō waiwai pololei mai ka pōʻino alanui ma mua o 58 biliona yuan 2,3. Hōʻike nā hiʻohiʻona honua e hiki i nā geohazards ma hope o ka ōlaʻi ke mau no ka liʻiliʻi he 10 mau makahiki (ōlaʻi Taiwan) a hiki i ka 40-50 mau makahiki (ōlaʻi Kanto ma Iapana)4,5. ʻO ke gradient ke kumu nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka pōʻino ōlaʻi6,7. No laila, pono e mālama i ka pali alanui a hoʻoikaika i kona kūpaʻa. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā mea kanu i ka pale ʻana i ka pali a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina ecological8. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pali lepo maʻamau, ʻaʻohe hōʻiliʻili o nā meaʻai e like me nā mea olaola, nitrogen, phosphorus, a me ka potassium i nā pali pōhaku, a ʻaʻohe o lākou kaiapuni lepo e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Ma muli o nā kumu e like me ka pali nui a me ka ua, nalowale maʻalahi ka lepo pali. ʻO ke kaiapuni pali ʻOʻoleʻa, nele i nā kūlana e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, a nele ka lepo o ka pali i ke kūpaʻa kākoʻo.9. ʻO ka pīpī ʻana o ka pali me nā mea kumu e uhi i ka lepo e pale i ka pali he ʻenehana hoʻihoʻi kaiaola o ka pali i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma koʻu ʻāina. ʻO ka lepo artificial i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pīpī ʻana ua haku ʻia me ka pōhaku i kuʻi ʻia, ka lepo mahiʻai, ka mauʻu, ka mea hoʻouluulu hui, ka mea mālama wai a me ka mea hoʻopili (ʻo nā mea hoʻopili i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia me ka sima Portland, ka glue organik a me ka emulsifier asphalt) ma kahi ʻāpana. ʻO ke kaʻina hana loea: e kau mua i ka uea ʻoi ma luna o ka pōhaku, a laila e hoʻopaʻa i ka uea ʻoi me nā rivets a me nā bolts heleuma, a laila e pīpī i ka lepo artificial i loaʻa nā hua ma ka pali me kahi sprayer kūikawā. ʻO ka mesh metala ʻano daimana 14 # i hoʻopaʻa piha ʻia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia, me kahi maʻamau mesh o 5cm × 5cm a me ke anawaena o 2mm. ʻAe ka mesh metala i ka matrix lepo e hana i kahi papa monolithic paʻa ma ka ʻili pōhaku. E pala ka mesh metala i loko o ka lepo, no ka mea, ʻo ka lepo ponoʻī he electrolyte, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka palaho e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka lepo. He mea nui ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea palaho lepo no ka loiloi ʻana i ka erosion mesh metala i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka lepo. a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pōʻino o ka ʻāina hū.
Manaʻo ʻia he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā aʻa o nā mea kanu i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pali a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka ʻino.10,11,12,13,14.No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pali e kūʻē i nā ʻāina pāpaʻu, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu no ka mea hiki i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ke hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo e pale aku i nā ʻāina pāpaʻu.15,16,17.ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā lāʻau, e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāina pāpaʻu.18.ʻO kahi ʻano pale paʻa i hana ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana aʻa kū pololei a me ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea kanu e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mau puʻu hoʻoikaika i ka lepo.Hoʻokele ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻolālā aʻa e nā genes, a he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ke kaiapuni lepo i kēia mau kaʻina hana.ʻOkoʻa ka palaho i nā metala me ke kaiapuni lepo.20.Hiki ke ʻano o ka palaho o nā metala i ka lepo mai ka hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki ʻana a hiki i ka hopena liʻiliʻi.21.He ʻokoʻa loa ka lepo hana mai ka "lepo" maoli.ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā lepo kūlohelohe ka hopena o nā pilina ma waena o ke kaiapuni waho a me nā meaola like ʻole ma luna o nā ʻumi miliona miliona o nā makahiki.22,23,24.Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau i kahi ʻōnaehana aʻa paʻa a me ka ʻōnaehana ola, inā paha e hiki i ka ʻupena metala i hui pū ʻia me ka pali pōhaku a me ka lepo hana ke hana palekana e pili pono ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai kūlohelohe, ka palekana o ke ola a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke kaiapuni kaiaola.
Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka palaho o nā metala ke alakaʻi i nā pohō nui. Wahi a kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia ma Kina i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980 ma nā mīkini kemika a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā pohō i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka palaho metala he 4% o ka huina o ka waiwai hana. No laila, he mea nui loa ia e aʻo i ke ʻano palaho a lawe i nā hana pale no ke kūkulu waiwai. He ʻōnaehana paʻakikī ka lepo o nā kinoea, nā wai, nā mea paʻa a me nā microorganism. Hiki i nā metabolites microbial ke palaho i nā mea, a hiki i nā kahe ke hana i ka palaho. No laila, he mea nui e pale i ka palaho o nā metala i kanu ʻia i loko o ka lepo. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i ka palaho metala i kanu ʻia e kālele nui ana i (1) nā mea e pili ana i ka palaho metala i kanu ʻia25; (2) nā ʻano pale metala26,27; (3) nā ʻano hoʻoholo no ke kiʻekiʻe o ka palaho metala28; Palaho ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā lepo āpau i loko o ke aʻo ʻana he kūlohelohe a ua lawa nā kaʻina hana lepo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe hōʻike e pili ana i ka palaho lepo artificial o nā pali pōhaku kaʻaahi.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ka lepo artificial nā ʻano o ka illiquidity, heterogeneity, seasonality a me regionality. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pala hao i loko o nā lepo artificial e nā pilina electrochemical ma waena o nā metala a me nā lepo artificial. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kūlohelohe, pili pū ka wikiwiki o ka pala hao i ke kaiapuni a puni. Hoʻopilikia ka nui o nā mea i ka pala hao ma ke ʻano pākahi a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana, e like me ka nui o ka makū, ka nui o ka oxygen, ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka anion a me ka nui o ka ion metala, pH, nā microbes lepo 30,31,32.
I loko o 30 mau makahiki o ka hana, ʻo ka nīnau pehea e mālama mau ai i nā lepo hana ma nā pali pōhaku he pilikia ia33. ʻAʻole hiki i nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau ke ulu ma kekahi mau pali ma hope o 10 mau makahiki o ka mālama lima ʻana ma muli o ka ʻinoʻino o ka lepo. Ua holoi ʻia ka lepo ma luna o ka ʻili o ka ʻupena metala ma kekahi mau wahi. Ma muli o ka pala, ua haki kekahi mau ʻupena metala a nalowale nā ​​​​​​ʻupena āpau ma luna a ma lalo o lākou (Kiʻi 1). I kēia manawa, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i ka pala o ke alahao kaʻaahi e kālele nui ana i ka pala o ka pūnaewele hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kahua kaʻaahi, ka pala o ke au i hana ʻia e ke alahao māmā, a me ka pala o nā alahaka kaʻaahi34,35, nā ala a me nā lako kaʻa ʻē aʻe36. ʻAʻohe hōʻike o ka pala o ka ʻupena metala pale o ke alahao. Ke aʻo nei kēia pepa i nā waiwai kino, kemika a me ka electrochemical o nā lepo hana ma ke kahakai pōhaku hema o ke Alanui Suiyu, e manaʻo ana e wānana i ka pala o ka metala ma ka loiloi ʻana i nā waiwai lepo a hāʻawi i ke kumu kumumanaʻo a me ka hana no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana lepo a me ka hoʻihoʻi hana. Hana hana.
Aia ke kahua hoʻāʻo ma kahi puʻu o Sichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) kokoke i ke kahua kaʻaahi ʻo Suining. Aia ka ʻāina ma waenakonu o ke kahawai ʻo Sichuan, me nā mauna haʻahaʻa a me nā puʻu, me ke ʻano geological maʻalahi a me ka ʻāina pālahalaha. ʻO ka ʻinoʻino, ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai e hana i nā ʻāina puʻu i ʻinoʻino ʻia. ʻO ke kumu pōhaku he pōhaku lepo nui, a ʻo ka overburden he one poni a me ka pōhaku lepo. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa, a he ʻano poloka ka pōhaku. Loaʻa i ka wahi noiʻi kahi aniau monsoon subtropical humid me nā ʻano kau o ka pūnāwai mua, ke kauwela wela, ka hāʻule pōkole a me ka hoʻoilo hope. Nui ka ua, nui nā kumuwaiwai mālamalama a me ka wela, lōʻihi ka wā ʻole o ka hau (285 mau lā ma ka awelika), he akahai ke aniau, ʻo ka awelika o ka mahana makahiki he 17.4°C, ʻo ka awelika o ka mahana wela loa (ʻAukake) he 27.2°C, a ʻo ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa he 39.3°C. ʻO Ianuali ka mahina anuanu loa (ʻo ka awelika o ka mahana he 6.5°C), ʻo ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa -3.8°C, a ʻo ka awelika o ka ua makahiki he 920 mm, i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia i Iulai a me ʻAukake. ʻOkoʻa loa ka ua i ka pūnāwai, ke kauwela, ka hāʻule a me ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka hapa o ka ua i kēlā me kēia kau o ka makahiki he 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% a me 4-5%.
He piʻo ma kahi o 45° ke kahua noiʻi ma ka piʻo o ke Alanui Kaʻaahi ʻo Yu-Sui i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 2003. I ʻApelila 2012, ua kū pono ia i ka hema i loko o 1 km o ke kahua kaʻaahi ʻo Suining. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pali kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he kaohi. Hoʻohana ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni o ka pali i ka ʻenehana pīpī lepo topdressing haole no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni. Wahi a ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pali ʻaoʻao o ke kaʻaahi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pali i ka pali kiʻekiʻe, ka pali waena a me ka pali iho (Kiʻi 2). ʻOiai ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka lepo artificial pali ʻokiʻoki ma kahi o 10cm, i mea e pale aku ai i ka haumia o nā huahana pala o ka ʻupena metala lepo, hoʻohana wale mākou i kahi ʻōpeʻa kila kila e lawe i ka ʻili lepo 0-8cm. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻehā mau replicates no kēlā me kēia kūlana pali, me 15-20 mau kiko laʻana maʻamau no kēlā me kēia replicate. ʻO kēlā me kēia replicate he hui ʻana o 15-20 i hoʻoholo maʻamau ʻia mai nā kiko laʻana laina S-ʻano. ʻO kona kaumaha hou ma kahi o 500 grams. E hoʻihoʻi i nā laʻana i ka hale hana i loko o nā ʻeke polyethylene ziplock no ka hana ʻana. Hoʻomaloʻo maoli ʻia ka lepo i ka ea, a ua koho ʻia nā ʻiliʻili a me nā koena holoholona a me nā mea kanu, kuʻi ʻia me kahi lāʻau agate, a kānana ʻia me kahi kānana nylon 20-mesh, 100-mesh koe wale nō nā ʻāpana coarse.
Ua ana ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo e ka mea hoʻāʻo kū'ē honua VICTOR4106 i hana ʻia e Shengli Instrument Company; ua ana ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo ma ke kula; Ua ana ʻia ka makū o ka lepo ma o ke ʻano maloʻo. Loaʻa i ka mea hana DMP-2 portable digital mv/pH ka impedance hoʻokomo kiʻekiʻe no ke ana ʻana i ka hiki ke pala o ka lepo. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka gradient potential a me ka redox potential e DMP-2 portable digital mv/pH, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo e ke ʻano maloʻo koena, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike ion chloride i loko o ka lepo e ke ʻano titration AgNO3 (ʻano Mohr), ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike sulfate lepo e ke ʻano Titration EDTA indirect, ke ʻano titration hōʻailona pālua e hoʻoholo ai i ka carbonate lepo a me ka bicarbonate, ke ʻano hoʻomehana oxidation potassium dichromate e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea organik lepo, ke ʻano diffusion solution alkaline e hoʻoholo ai i ka hydrolysis alkaline lepo nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric method Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka phosphorus holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka lepo a me ka ʻike phosphorus i loaʻa i loko o ka lepo e ke ʻano Olsen (0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 solution ma ke ʻano he extractant), a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike potassium holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka lepo e ka sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SPSS Statistics 20 e hana i ka mean, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, a me ka loiloi pilina kanaka.
Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i nā waiwai electromechanical, nā anions a me nā meaʻai o ka lepo me nā pali like ʻole. ʻO ka hiki ke pala, ke kūʻē ʻana o ka lepo a me ka gradient hikina-komohana o nā pali like ʻole he mea nui (P < 0.05). ʻO nā hiki redox o ka iho ʻana, ka pali waena a me ka pali kūlohelohe he mea nui (P < 0.05). ʻO ka gradient hiki ke kū pololei i ke alahao, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka gradient hiki ʻākau-hema, ʻo ia ka upslope>downslope>middle slope. ʻO ka waiwai pH lepo ma ke ʻano o ka downslope>uphill>middle slope>natural slope. ʻO ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pali kūlohelohe ma mua o ka pali kaʻaahi (P < 0.05). ʻO ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka lepo pali kaʻaahi papa ʻekolu ma luna o 500 mg/kg, a he hopena kūpono ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pala metala. ʻO ka nui o ka mea ola honua o ka lepo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka pali kūlohelohe a ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa loa ma ka pali iho (P < 0.05). ʻO ka nui o ka nitrogen ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka pali waena a ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa loa ma ka pali piʻi; ʻO ka nui o ka naikokene i loaʻa ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka iho a me ka iho waena, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa loa ma ka iho kūlohelohe; ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka naikokene o ka upslope a me ka iho ʻana o ke kaʻaahi, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka naikokene i loaʻa. Hōʻike kēia i ka wikiwiki o ka mineralization naikokene organik i luna a iho i lalo. Ua like ka nui o ka potassium i loaʻa me ka phosphorus i loaʻa.
ʻO ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo he ʻōkuhi e hōʻike ana i ka conductivity uila a me kahi palena kumu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pala o ka lepo. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo e pili ana i ka nui o ka makū, ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pH, ke ʻano o ka lepo, ka mahana, ka nui o nā mea olaola, ka mahana o ka lepo, a me ka paʻa. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka pala o nā lepo me ka haʻahaʻa o ka pale ʻana, a ʻo ka hope. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kū'ē ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka pala o ka lepo he ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i nā pae loiloi papa pala no kēlā me kēia ʻōkuhi hoʻokahi 37,38.
Wahi a nā hopena hoʻāʻo a me nā kūlana ma koʻu ʻāina (Papa 1), inā loiloi wale ʻia ka ʻino o ka lepo e ke kūʻē ʻana o ka lepo, he ʻino loa ka lepo ma ka pali piʻi; he ʻino iki ka lepo ma ka pali iho; haʻahaʻa ka ʻino o ka lepo ma ka pali waena a me ka pali kūlohelohe a nāwaliwali.
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo o ka pali piʻi ma mua o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka pali, kahi paha i hana ʻia e ka ua. Kahe ka lepo luna ma ka pali piʻi i ka pali waena me ka wai, i kokoke ai ka ʻupena pale pali metala piʻi i ka lepo luna. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā ʻupena metala a kau ʻia i ka lewa (Kiʻi 1). Ua ana ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo ma kahi; he 3m ka mamao o ka puʻu; ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka hoʻokele ʻana o ka puʻu ma lalo o 15cm. Hiki i ka ʻupena metala ʻōlohelohe a me ka ʻōpala ʻili ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena ana. No laila, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ke loiloi i ka palaho lepo ma o ka helu kū'ē lepo wale nō. I ka loiloi piha ʻana o ka palaho, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo o ka pali piʻi.
Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa pili, ʻo ka ea haʻahaʻa mau loa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sichuan ke kumu o ka ʻūpā hao i hōʻike ʻia i ka lewa e ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o ka ʻūpā hao i kanu ʻia i loko o ka lepo39. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻūpā uea i ka lewa hiki ke hopena i ka emi ʻana o ke ola lawelawe, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka lepo piʻi. Hiki i ka nalowale o ka lepo ke paʻakikī i nā mea kanu, ʻoiai nā mea kanu lāʻau, ke ulu. Ma muli o ka nele o nā mea kanu lāʻau, he paʻakikī ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana aʻa i luna e hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka lepo a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka humus i loko o ka lepo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wale i ka wai, akā hāʻawi pū i kahi kūlana maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka nalowale o ka lepo. No laila, i ka wā mua o ke kūkulu ʻana, pono e lūlū ʻia nā hua lāʻau hou aʻe ma ka pali, a pono e hoʻohui mau ʻia ka mea paʻa wai a uhi ʻia me ka ʻili no ka pale ʻana, i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻino o ka lepo piʻi e ka wai ua.
ʻO ka hiki ke palaho kahi mea nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka palaho o ka ʻupena pale pali ma ka pali ʻekolu pae, a ʻo ia ka hopena nui loa ma ka pali piʻi (Papa 2). Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻaʻole loli nui ka hiki ke palaho i kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kahi loli i ʻike ʻia e nā au hele hewa. Pili nā au hele hewa i nā au 40, 41, 42 e kahe ana i loko o ke alanui a me ka lepo waena ke hoʻohana nā kaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana halihali lehulehu. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana halihali, ua hoʻokō ka ʻōnaehana halihali kaʻaahi o koʻu ʻāina i ka electrification nui, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka palaho o nā metala i kanu ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka leaka pololei o ke au mai nā alahao uila. I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka gradient hiki ke lepo e hoʻoholo ai inā loaʻa i ka lepo nā haunaele o ke au hele hewa. Ke emi ka gradient hiki o ka lepo ʻili ma mua o 0.5 mv/m, haʻahaʻa ke au hele hewa; ke emi ka gradient hiki ma ka pae o 0.5 mv/m a i 5.0 mv/m, he kūpono ke au hele hewa; Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kahe o ka mana ma mua o 5.0 mv/m, kiʻekiʻe ke au kahe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka laulā lana o ke kahe o ka mana (EW) o ka pali waena, ka pali luna a me ka pali iho ma ke Kiʻi 3. Ma ke ʻano o ka laulā lana, aia nā au kahe maʻamau ma nā ʻaoʻao hikina-komohana a me ke kūkulu ʻākau-hema o ka pali waena. No laila, he mea nui ke au kahe e pili ana i ka pala o nā ʻupena metala ma ka pali waena a me ka pali iho, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka pali waena.
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lepo (Eh) ma luna o 400 mV e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ma luna o 0-200 mV ka hiki ke hoʻemi waena, a ma lalo o 0 mV ka hiki ke hoʻemi nui. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lepo, ʻo ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lepo o nā microorganisms i nā metala44. Hiki ke wānana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microbial lepo mai ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lepo. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka lepo o nā pali ʻekolu ma mua o 500 mv, a ua liʻiliʻi loa ka pae hoʻololi. Hōʻike ia he maikaʻi ke kūlana ea lepo o ka ʻāina pali, ʻaʻole ia e kūpono i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā microorganisms anaerobic i loko o ka lepo.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he maopopo ka hopena o ka pH lepo i ka ʻino o ka lepo. Me ka loli ʻana o ka waiwai pH, ua pilikia nui ka nui o ka pala o nā mea metala. Pili loa ka pH lepo i ka ʻāina a me nā microorganism i loko o ka lepo45,46,47. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o ka pH lepo i ka pala o nā mea metala i loko o ka lepo alkaline iki. He alkaline nā lepo o nā pali kaʻaahi ʻekolu, no laila ua nāwaliwali ka hopena o ka pH i ka pala o ka ʻupena metala.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3, hōʻike ka loiloi pilina ua pili pono ka redox potential a me ke kūlana pali (R2 = 0.858), ua pili pono ka corrosion potential a me ka potential gradient (SN) (R2 = 0.755), a ua pili pono ka redox potential a me ka potential gradient (SN) (R2 = 0.755). Aia kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka hiki a me ka pH (R2 = -0.724). Ua pili pono ke kūlana o ka pali me ka hiki redox. Hōʻike kēia he ʻokoʻa nā microorganisms lepo i ka hiki redox48, 49, 50. Ua pili pono ka hiki redox me ka pH51,52. Ua hōʻike kēia pilina ʻaʻole i loli mau nā waiwai pH a me Eh i ka manawa o ke kaʻina hana redox lepo, akā he pilina linear maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki i ka hiki corrosion metal ke hōʻike i ka hiki ke loaʻa a nalowale nā ​​​​electrons. ʻOiai ua pili pono ka hiki corrosion me ka gradient potential (SN), hiki ke hana ʻia ka gradient potential e ka nalowale maʻalahi o nā electrons e ka metala.
ʻO ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka lepo e pili pono ana i ka palaho o ka lepo. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai o ka lepo, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo. I loko o nā electrolytes lepo, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​​​anions a me nā pae like ʻole, akā ʻo nā mana o ka palaho he carbonates, chlorides a me sulfates. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo e hoʻopilikia pololei ʻole i ka palaho ma o ka mana o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hopena o ka hiki ke electrode i loko o nā metala a me ka solubility oxygen o ka lepo53.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā iona i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo ʻaʻole lākou e komo pololei i nā hopena electrochemical, akā hoʻopilikia i ka pala metala ma o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai o ka lepo, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka conductivity o ka lepo a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻino o ka lepo. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakai o ka lepo o nā pali kūlohelohe ma mua o nā pali kaʻaahi, ma muli paha o ka nui o nā mea kanu o nā pali kūlohelohe, kahi mea e kūpono ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka lepo a me ka wai. ʻO kekahi kumu paha, ua ʻike ka pali kūlohelohe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo makua (mea makua lepo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻino ʻana o ka pōhaku), akā ua haku ʻia ka lepo o ke pali kaʻaahi me nā ʻāpana pōhaku i kuʻi ʻia e like me ka matrix o ka "lepo hana", a ʻaʻole i lawa ka hana hoʻokumu lepo. ʻAʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā minelala. Eia kekahi, ua piʻi aʻe nā iona paʻakai i loko o ka lepo hohonu o nā pali kūlohelohe ma o ka hana capillary i ka wā o ka mahu ʻana o ka ʻili a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka lepo ʻili, e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā iona paʻakai i loko o ka lepo ʻili. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka lepo o ke pali kaʻaahi he emi ma mua o 20 cm, e hopena ana i ka hiki ʻole o ka topsoil ke hoʻohui i ka paʻakai mai ka lepo hohonu.
ʻAʻole nui ka hopena o nā ion maikaʻi (e like me K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, a pēlā aku) i ka palaho lepo, ʻoiai ʻo nā anion ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana electrochemical o ka palaho a he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka palaho metala. Hiki iā Cl− ke hoʻolalelale i ka palaho o ka anode a ʻo ia ka anion palaho loa; ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike Cl−, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka palaho lepo. ʻAʻole wale ʻo SO42− e hoʻolaha i ka palaho o ke kila, akā ke kumu hoʻi i ka palaho i kekahi mau mea sima54. Hoʻopōʻino pū i ka hao. Ma kahi moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua lepo waikawa, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka palaho e like me ka acidity lepo55. ʻO Chloride a me sulfate nā mea nui o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hiki ke hoʻolalelale pololei i ka cavitation o nā metala. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo ka pohō kaumaha palaho o ke kila kalapona i nā lepo alkaline ua aneane like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ion chloride a me sulfate56,57. Ua ʻike ʻo Lee et al. hiki iā SO42- ke pale aku i ka palaho, akā e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lua palaho i hana mua ʻia58.
Wahi a ke kūlana loiloi ʻino lepo a me nā hopena hoʻāʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ion chloride i loko o kēlā me kēia hāpana lepo pali ma mua o 100 mg/kg, e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka lepo. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ion sulfate o nā pali piʻi a me nā pali iho ma mua o 200 mg/kg a ma lalo o 500 mg/kg, a ua pala iki ka lepo. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka ion sulfate ma ka pali waena ma mua o 200mg/kg, a nāwaliwali ka pala o ka lepo. Ke loaʻa i ka mea kanu kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka lepo, e komo ia i ka hopena a hana i ka unahi pala ma ka ʻili o ka electrode metala, a laila e hoʻolohi ana i ka hopena pala. Ke piʻi ka nui o ka nui, hiki ke haki koke ka unahi, a laila e wikiwiki nui ai ka nui o ka pala; i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka nui o ka nui, uhi ka unahi pala i ka ʻili o ka electrode metala, a hōʻike hou ka nui o ka pala i kahi ʻano lohi 59. Ua ʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ua haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka lepo a no laila he hopena liʻiliʻi i ka pala.
Wahi a ka Papa 4, ua hōʻike ka pilina ma waena o nā anions pali a me ka lepo he pilina maikaʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ions pali a me nā chloride (R2=0.836), a me kahi pilina maikaʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka pali a me nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (R2=0.742).
Hōʻike kēia he hiki i ka wai kahe o ka ʻili a me ka ʻino o ka lepo ke kuleana no nā loli o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo. Aia kahi pilina maikaʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā ion chloride, ʻo ia paha no ka mea ʻo nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka waihona o nā ion chloride, a ʻo ka nui o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o nā ion chloride i loko o nā hopena lepo. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike e hiki i ka ʻokoʻa o ka pali ke kumu o ka palaho nui o ka ʻāpana mesh metala.
ʻO nā mea olaola, ka naikokene holoʻokoʻa, ka naikokene i loaʻa, ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa nā meaʻai kumu o ka lepo, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka maikaʻi o ka lepo a me ka omo ʻana o nā meaʻai e ka ʻōnaehana aʻa. He mea nui nā meaʻai o ka lepo e hoʻopilikia ana i nā microorganism i loko o ka lepo, no laila he mea kūpono ke aʻo ʻana inā he pilina ma waena o nā meaʻai o ka lepo a me ka pala o ka metala. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ke Alanui Suiyu i ka makahiki 2003, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻike wale ka lepo artificial i 9 mau makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea olaola. Ma muli o ke ʻano kūikawā o ka lepo artificial, pono e loaʻa kahi ʻike maikaʻi o nā meaʻai i loko o ka lepo artificial.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka noiʻi ʻo ka nui o nā mea olaola ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ka lepo pali maoli ma hope o ke kaʻina hana lepo holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nui o nā mea olaola o ka lepo pali haʻahaʻa ka mea haʻahaʻa loa. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka wā a me ka holo ʻana o ka ʻili, e hōʻiliʻili nā meaʻai o ka lepo ma ka pali waena a me ka pali lalo, e hana ana i kahi papa mānoanoa o ka humus. Eia naʻe, ma muli o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ka paʻa ʻole o ka lepo pali haʻahaʻa, ua maʻalahi ka palaho ʻana o nā mea olaola e nā microorganism. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka noiʻi ua kiʻekiʻe ka uhi ʻana o nā mea kanu waena a me ka pali lalo a me ke ʻano like ʻole, akā ua haʻahaʻa ka homogeneity, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻolaha like ʻole o nā meaʻai o ka ʻili. Hoʻopaʻa kahi papa mānoanoa o ka humus i ka wai a hana nā meaola lepo. Hoʻolalelale kēia mau mea a pau i ka palaho ʻana o nā mea olaola i loko o ka lepo.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka naikokene alkali-hydrolyzed o nā alahao piʻi, waena, a me lalo ma mua o ka pali kūlohelohe, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mineralization nitrogen organik o ka pali alahao ma mua o ka pali kūlohelohe. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka paʻa ʻole o ke ʻano o ka lepo, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā microorganism e hoʻopau i nā mea organik i loko o nā aggregates, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waihona o ka nitrogen organik mineralized60,61. E like me nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana 62, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā aggregates ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i loko o ka lepo o nā pali alahao ma mua o nā pali kūlohelohe. No laila, pono e hana ʻia nā hana kūpono e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka mea hoʻouluulu, nā mea organik a me ka naikokene i loko o ka lepo o ka pali alahao, a e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o ka lepo. ʻO ka ʻōpala o ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai o luna he 77.27% a 99.79% o ka nalowale holoʻokoʻa o ka pali alahao. ʻO ka wai o luna paha ke kumu nui o ka nalowale o nā meaʻai i loaʻa i nā lepo pali63,64,65.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 4, aia kahi pilina maikaʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke kūlana o ka pali a me ka phosphorus i loaʻa (R2=0.948), a ua like ka pilina ma waena o ke kūlana o ka pali a me ka potassium i loaʻa (R2=0.898). Hōʻike ia e pili ana ke kūlana o ka pali i ka nui o ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa i ka lepo.
He mea nui ka gradient e hoʻopilikia ana i ka nui o nā mea olaola o ka lepo a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka naikokene66, a ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka gradient, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā meaʻai o ka lepo, ua hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia ka nalowale o nā meaʻai, a ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o ke kūlana o ka pali ma ka nui o nā mea olaola o ka lepo a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka naikokene holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā helu o nā mea kanu ma nā pali like ʻole nā ​​​​waikawa olaola like ʻole i hūnā ʻia e nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. He mea maikaʻi nā waikawa olaola i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa i ka lepo. No laila, aia kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke kūlana o ka pali a me ka phosphorus i loaʻa, a me ke kūlana o ka pali a me ka potassium i loaʻa.
I mea e wehewehe ai i ka pilina ma waena o nā meaʻai lepo a me ka pala o ka lepo, pono e kālailai i ka pilina. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 5, ua pili pono ka redox potential me ka nitrogen i loaʻa (R2 = -0.845) a ua pili pono me ka phosphorus i loaʻa (R2 = 0.842) a me ka potassium i loaʻa (R2 = 0.980). Hōʻike ka redox potential i ka maikaʻi o ka redox, ka mea i hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia e kekahi mau waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka lepo, a laila e hoʻopilikia i kahi moʻo o nā waiwai o ka lepo. No laila, he mea nui ia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka meaʻai lepo. Hiki i nā ʻano redox like ʻole ke hopena i nā kūlana like ʻole a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai. No laila, he pilina koʻikoʻi ka redox potential me ka nitrogen i loaʻa, ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa.
Ma waho aʻe o nā waiwai metala, pili pū ka hiki ke pala i nā waiwai lepo. Ua pili pono ka hiki ke pala me nā mea olaola, e hōʻike ana he hopena koʻikoʻi ko ka mea olaola i ka hiki ke pala. Eia kekahi, ua pili pono pū ka mea olaola me ka gradient potential (SN) (R2=-0.713) a me ka ion sulfate (R2=-0.671), e hōʻike ana e pili pū ana ka ʻike o ka mea olaola i ka gradient potential (SN) a me ka ion sulfate. Aia kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka pH lepo a me ka potassium i loaʻa (R2 = -0.728).
Ua pili pono ʻole ka nitrogen i loaʻa me nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā iona chloride, a ua pili pono ka phosphorus i loaʻa a me ka potassium i loaʻa me nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā iona chloride. Ua hōʻike kēia ua hoʻopilikia nui ka nui o nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka nui o nā paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā iona chloride i ka lepo, a ʻaʻole kūpono nā anions i ka lepo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā meaʻai i loaʻa. Ua pili pono ka nitrogen āpau me ka ion sulfate, a ua pili pono me ka bicarbonate, e hōʻike ana he hopena ka nitrogen āpau i ka nui o ka sulfate a me ka bicarbonate. ʻAʻole nui ka makemake o nā mea kanu no nā iona sulfate a me nā iona bicarbonate, no laila ua manuahi ka hapa nui o lākou i ka lepo a i ʻole i omo ʻia e nā colloids lepo. Makemake nā iona Bicarbonate i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nitrogen i ka lepo, a hoʻemi nā iona sulfate i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nitrogen i ka lepo. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonui pono ʻana i ka nui o ka nitrogen a me ka humus i loaʻa i ka lepo he mea maikaʻi ia e hōʻemi i ka palaho lepo.
He ʻōnaehana ka lepo me ka haku mele a me nā waiwai paʻakikī. ʻO ka palaho lepo ka hopena o ka hana synergistic o nā kumu he nui. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi ʻano loiloi piha e loiloi i ka palaho lepo. Me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka "Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation" (GB50021-94) a me nā ʻano hoʻāʻo o China Soil Corrosion Test Network, hiki ke loiloi piha ʻia ka papa palaho lepo e like me nā kūlana aʻe: (1) ʻO ka loiloi he palaho nāwaliwali, inā he palaho nāwaliwali wale nō, ʻaʻohe palaho waena a i ʻole ka palaho ikaika; (2) inā ʻaʻohe palaho ikaika, ua loiloi ʻia he palaho waena; (3) inā he hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau wahi o ka palaho ikaika, ua loiloi ʻia he palaho ikaika; (4) inā he 3 a ʻoi aku paha nā wahi o ka palaho ikaika, ua loiloi ʻia he palaho ikaika no ka palaho koʻikoʻi.
Wahi a ke kū'ē ʻana o ka lepo, ka hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia, ka nui o ka wai, ka nui o ka paʻakai, ka waiwai pH, a me ka nui o ka Cl- a me SO42-, ua loiloi piha ʻia nā pae pala o nā hāpana lepo ma nā pali like ʻole. Hōʻike nā hopena noiʻi he pala loa ka lepo ma nā pali a pau.
ʻO ka hiki ke palaho kahi mea nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka palaho o ka ʻupena pale pali. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā hiki ke palaho o nā pali ʻekolu ma mua o -200 mv, ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa ka hopena nui loa i ka palaho o ka ʻupena metala piʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka gradient hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka nui o ke au hele hewa i ka lepo. ʻO ke au hele hewa kahi mea nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka palaho o ka ʻupena metala ma nā pali waena a me nā pali piʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā pali waena. ʻO ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo o nā pali luna, waena a me lalo ma luna o 500 mg/kg, a he kūpono ka hopena palaho ma ka ʻupena pale pali. ʻO ka nui o ka wai o ka lepo kahi mea nui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka palaho o nā ʻupena metala ma ka pali waena a me ka pali iho, a he hopena nui aʻe i ka palaho o nā ʻupena pale pali. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā meaʻai i ka lepo waena, e hōʻike ana he mau hana microbial pinepine a me ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea kanu.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻo ka hiki ke pala, ka gradient hiki, ka nui o ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka nui o ka wai nā mea nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka pala o ka lepo ma nā pali ʻekolu, a ua loiloi ʻia ka pala o ka lepo he ikaika. ʻO ka pala o ka pūnaewele pale pali ka mea koʻikoʻi loa ma ka pali waena, kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi kuhikuhi no ka hoʻolālā anti-corrosion o ka pūnaewele pale pali kaʻaahi. ʻO ka hoʻohui kūpono o ka naikokene a me ka mea hoʻouluulu organik e pono ai e hōʻemi i ka pala o ka lepo, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, a hoʻopaʻa hope i ka pali.
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