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Kutenga malo otsetsereka a njanji ya Sui-Chongqing monga chinthu chofufuzira, resistivity nthaka, electrochemistry (kuthekera kwa dzimbiri, kuthekera kwa redox, gradient ndi pH), anions nthaka (mchere wosungunuka, Cl-, SO42- ndi) ndi Chakudya cha nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kumawunikidwa molingana ndi zizindikiritso za dothi lopanga. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina, madzi ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa dzimbiri la ukonde woteteza malo otsetsereka, kenako ndi anion content. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsanzo za nthaka kunawunikidwa mozama, ndipo dzimbiri pa malo otsetsereka kumtunda kunali kochepa, ndipo dzimbiri lapakati ndi m'munsi linali lamphamvu kwambiri. mtundu wotsetsereka.
Pomanga njanji, misewu yayikulu ndi malo osungira madzi, kutseguka kwamapiri nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosalephereka.Chifukwa cha mapiri a kum'mwera chakumadzulo, kumanga njanji ya China kumafuna kufufuza kwakukulu kwa phirili. Zimawononga nthaka yoyambirira ndi zomera, kumapanga mapiri otsetsereka a miyala. 12, 2008 chivomezi cha Wenchuan.Kusefuka kwa nthaka kwasanduka chivomezi chofala komanso choopsa kwambiri1. Pakuwunika kwa 2008 kwa makilomita a 4,243 amisewu yayikulu m'chigawo cha Sichuan, panali masoka a chivomezi cha 1,736 m'misewu ndi makoma otsetsereka, omwe amawerengera 39.76% ya kutalika konse kwa kuwunika. geohazards akhoza kukhala kwa zaka zosachepera 10 (chivomezi cha ku Taiwan) ndipo ngakhale zaka 40-50 (chivomezi cha Kanto ku Japan)4,5.Gradient ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza chivomerezi cha chivomezi6,7.Choncho, m'pofunika kusunga malo otsetsereka ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwake.Zomera zimagwira ntchito yosasinthika komanso yosasunthika mu nthaka yotsetsereka8. otsetsereka, otsetsereka miyala alibe kudzikundikira zinthu zomanga thupi monga organic zinthu, nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi potaziyamu, ndipo alibe nthaka malo oyenera zomera kukula.Chifukwa cha zinthu monga otsetsereka lalikulu ndi kukokoloka kwa mvula, otsetsereka nthaka kusochera mosavuta.Malo otsetsereka ndi ovuta, kusowa kwa nthaka yotsetsereka, kusowa kwa nthaka yotsetsereka. kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi zinthu m'munsi kuphimba nthaka kuteteza otsetsereka ndi kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito otsetsereka zachilengedwe kubwezeretsa luso m'dziko langa.Nthaka yokumba ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa wapangidwa mwala wophwanyidwa, nthaka ya m'minda, udzu, pawiri fetereza, madzi-kusunga wothandizila ndi zomatira (zomatira nthawi zambiri monga Portland simenti, organic zomatira ndi organic zomatira ndi organic zomatira). choyamba kuyala waya waminga pa thanthwe, ndiye kukonza waya waminga ndi rivets ndi mabawuti nangula, ndipo potsiriza uzani dothi yokumba munali mbewu pa malo otsetsereka ndi wapadera sprayer.The 14 # diamondi woboola pakati zitsulo mauna kuti malata mokwanira ntchito, ndi mauna muyezo wa 5cm × 5cm ndi m'mimba mwake wa zitsulo matrix 2mm zitsulo. thanthwe.Una wachitsulo udzawononga nthaka, chifukwa nthaka yokha ndi electrolyte, ndipo kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kumadalira maonekedwe a nthaka.Kuwunika kwa zinthu zowonongeka kwa nthaka n'kofunika kwambiri poyesa kukokoloka kwa zitsulo zopangidwa ndi nthaka ndi kuthetsa zoopsa za nthaka.
Amakhulupirira kuti mizu ya zomera imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poletsa kutsetsereka kwa tsetse ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka10,11,12,13,14. Kuti malo otsetsereka akhazikike kuti asagwe ndi kutsetsereka kwa nthaka, zomera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa mizu ya zomera imatha kukonza dothi kuti lisagumuke15,16,17. Mitengo yamitengo imateteza mitengo yosasunthika, makamaka mitengo yamtengo wapatali, imathandizira poteteza mitengo. The of the vertical and lateral mizu ya zomera zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati milu yolimbitsa m'nthaka.Kukula kwa mapangidwe a mizu kumayendetsedwa ndi majini, ndipo chilengedwe cha nthaka chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazochitikazi.Kuwonongeka kwazitsulo kumasiyana ndi chilengedwe cha nthaka20.Mlingo wa kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo m'nthaka ukhoza kukhala wochokera ku kusungunuka kofulumira kufika pa nthaka yeniyeni21 yovomerezeka kwambiri. mapangidwe a nthaka zachilengedwe ndi chifukwa cha kuyanjana pakati pa chilengedwe chakunja ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana pa makumi mamiliyoni zaka22,23,24.Pamaso matabwa zomera kupanga khola mizu ndi zachilengedwe, kaya mauna zitsulo pamodzi ndi thanthwe otsetsereka ndi yokumba nthaka akhoza kugwira ntchito bwinobwino ndi zogwirizana mwachindunji ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha chuma zachilengedwe, chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Komabe, dzimbiri zitsulo kungachititse kuti losses.Malingana ndi kafukufuku amene anachitidwa ku China kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 pa makina mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena, zomvetsa chifukwa zitsulo dzimbiri ankawerengera 4% ya okwana linanena bungwe value.Therefore, ndi zofunika kwambiri kuphunzira limagwirira dzimbiri ndi kutenga njira zodzitetezera, dongosolo lamadzimadzi ndi zolimba zomanga zamadzimadzi, zolimba zolimba ndi dothi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tingayambitsenso dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti tipewe dzimbiri zazitsulo zokwiriridwa m'nthaka.Pakali pano, kafukufuku wokhudza kuwonongeka kwazitsulo zokwiriridwa makamaka amayang'ana (1) zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuwonongeka kwachitsulo chokwiriridwa25; (2) njira zotetezera zitsulo26,27; (3) njira chiweruzo pa mlingo wa zitsulo dzimbiri28; Kuwonongeka muzofalitsa zosiyanasiyana.Komabe, dothi lonse mu phunziroli linali lachilengedwe ndipo linali litapanga njira zokwanira zopangira nthaka.
Poyerekeza ndi zofalitsa zina zowononga, nthaka yokumba imakhala ndi makhalidwe a illiquidity, heterogeneity, seasonality and regionality.Metal corrosion mu dothi lopangapanga amayamba chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa electrochemical pakati pa zitsulo ndi dothi lopanga.Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zobadwa nazo, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zowonongeka kumadaliranso chilengedwe. sungunuka mchere zili, anion ndi zitsulo ion zili pH, nthaka tizilombo 30,31,32.
M'zaka 30 zakuchita, funso la momwe mungasungire kwamuyaya dothi lopanga pamiyala lakhala vuto33. Zitsamba kapena mitengo sichikhoza kukula pamapiri ena pambuyo pa zaka 10 za chisamaliro chamanja chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Dothi lomwe linali pamwamba pa zitsulo zachitsulo linakokoloka m'malo ena. 1) .Pakali pano, kafukufuku wa njanji otsetsereka dzimbiri makamaka imayang'ana pa dzimbiri la njanji substation grounding gululi, kusochera dzimbiri panopa kwaiye kuwala njanji, ndi dzimbiri kwa milatho njanji34,35, njanji ndi zida zina galimoto36.Panalibe malipoti za dzimbiri mafunde zitsulo zitsulo ndi electrochemical njanji chitetezo pepala. katundu wa dothi yokumba pa kum'mwera chakumadzulo thanthwe otsetsereka a Suiyu Railway, kulinga kuneneratu dzimbiri zitsulo poona katundu nthaka ndi kupereka ongoyerekeza ndi zothandiza maziko nthaka kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe ndi yokumba kubwezeretsa.Slope yokumba.
Malo oyeserawa ali m'dera lamapiri la Sichuan (30 ° 32'N, 105 ° 32'E) pafupi ndi Suining Railway Station. Malowa ali pakatikati pa Sichuan Basin, ndi mapiri otsika ndi mapiri, ndi malo osavuta a geological ndi malo athyathyathya. overburden makamaka chibakuwa mchenga ndi mudstone.The umphumphu ndi osauka, ndipo thanthwe ndi blocky structure.The phunziroli ali ndi subtropical chinyezi monsoon nyengo ndi makhalidwe a nyengo oyambirira kasupe, otentha chilimwe, yochepa autumn ndi mochedwa winter.The mvula yambiri, kuwala ndi kutentha chuma ndi zambiri, chisanu-free nyengo ndi nthawi yaitali, nyengo pafupifupi 285 masiku, nyengo pafupifupi 285 masiku pafupifupi (285). 17.4 ° C, kutentha kwapakati pa mwezi wotentha kwambiri (August) ndi 27.2 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri ndi 39.3 ° C. Mwezi wozizira kwambiri ndi Januwale (kutentha kwapakati ndi 6.5 ° C), kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi -3.8 ° C, ndipo mvula yapakati pachaka ndi 920 mm, makamaka makamaka m'chilimwe, mvula yachilimwe, mvula ya July ndi August. Gawo la mvula mu nyengo iliyonse ya chaka ndi 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% ndi 4-5% motsatira.
Malo ofufuzira ndi otsetsereka pafupifupi 45 ° pamtunda wa Yu-Sui Railway yomangidwa mu 2003. Mu April 2012, inayang'ana kum'mwera mkati mwa 1 km kuchokera ku Suining Railway Station. Malo otsetsereka achilengedwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwongolera.Kubwezeretsa kwachilengedwe kwa malo otsetsereka kumatenga ukadaulo wopopera mbewu wakunja wopopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa chilengedwe. Malinga ndi kutalika kwa mtunda wa mbali ya njanji, malo otsetsereka amatha kugawidwa kukhala otsetsereka, pakati pa otsetsereka ndi otsika (mkuyu 2). kuti tipewe kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zowonongeka za dothi lazitsulo zazitsulo, timangogwiritsa ntchito fosholo yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti titenge nthaka pamwamba pa 0-8cm.Zolemba zinayi zinayikidwa pa malo otsetsereka, ndi 15-20 zitsanzo zowonongeka mwachisawawa pa replicate.Chilichonse chofanana ndi chisakanizo cha 15-20 chopangidwa mwachisawawa cha 5-shamp-shamp; Bweretsani zitsanzo ku labotale mu matumba a polyethylene ziplock kuti akonze.Nthaka mwachilengedwe imawumitsidwa ndi mpweya, ndipo miyala ndi zotsalira za nyama ndi zomera zimachotsedwa, kuphwanyidwa ndi ndodo ya agate, ndikusefa ndi sieve ya 20-mesh, 100-mesh nayiloni kupatula tinthu tating'ono.
Kulimbana kwa nthaka kunayesedwa ndi VICTOR4106 grounding resistance tester yopangidwa ndi Shengli Instrument Company; resistivity nthaka anayesedwa m'munda; Chinyezi cha dothi chinayesedwa ndi njira yowumitsa.Chida cha DMP-2 chonyamula digito mv/pH chimakhala ndi vuto lolowera kwambiri poyezera kuwonongeka kwa nthaka.Kuthekera kwa gradient ndi kuthekera kwa redox kunatsimikiziridwa ndi DMP-2 portable digital mv/pH, mchere wonse wosungunuka m'nthaka unatsimikiziridwa ndi njira yowumitsa zotsalira, chloride tiyi ion nthaka njira AgNOMo3 nthaka. sulphate okhutira anatsimikiza ndi indirect EDTA Titration njira, kawiri chizindikiro titration njira kudziwa nthaka carbonate ndi bicarbonate, potaziyamu dichromate oxidation Kutentha njira kudziwa nthaka organic kanthu, zamchere njira diffusion njira kudziwa nthaka zamchere hydrolysis nayitrogeni, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric nthaka njira Ol0 phosphorous m'nthaka anali kupezeka mu nthaka njira ya phosphorous. mol/L NaHCO3 yankho ngati extractant), ndipo kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu m'nthaka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Deta yoyesera idakonzedwa poyamba.SPSS Statistics 20 idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tanthauzo, kupatuka kokhazikika, njira imodzi ya ANOVA, ndi kusanthula kwa kulumikizana kwa anthu.
Table 1 ikupereka ma electromechanical properties, anions ndi zakudya za dothi zomwe zimakhala ndi malo otsetsereka osiyanasiyana.Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri, resistivity nthaka ndi kum'maŵa-kumadzulo kuthekera gradient ya otsetsereka osiyana zonse zinali zofunika (P <0.05) .The redox kuthekera kwa kutsika, pakati pa otsetsereka ndi zachilengedwe otsetsereka anali ofunika (P <0.05 kuti ndi rapeent, The rapeient ndi rapeient). kumpoto-kum'mwera kuthekera gradient, ndi upslope>kutsika>pakati otsetsereka.Dothi pH mtengo anali mu dongosolo la kutsika>kumtunda>pakati otsetsereka>chilengedwe otsetsereka.Total sungunuka mchere, chilengedwe otsetsereka anali kwambiri kuposa njanji otsetsereka (P <0.005) . mg/kg, ndipo mchere wonse wosungunuka umakhala ndi mphamvu yapakatikati pa dzimbiri lachitsulo.Zomwe zili m'nthaka za organic zinali zapamwamba kwambiri pamalo otsetsereka achilengedwe komanso zotsika kwambiri pakutsetsereka kotsetsereka (P <0.05) .Nayitrogeni yonseyo inali yokwera kwambiri pakati pa otsetsereka komanso otsika kwambiri pamtunda wotsetsereka; Nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo inali yokwera kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka ndi apakati, komanso otsika kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka achilengedwe; chiwerengero chonse cha nayitrogeni cha njanji chokwera ndi chotsika chinali chochepa, koma nitrogen yopezeka inali yochuluka.Izi zikusonyeza kuti kukwera ndi kutsika kwa mchere wa organic nitrogen mineralization ndi mofulumira.Potaziyamu yomwe ilipo ndi yofanana ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo.
Dothi resistivity ndi index kusonyeza madutsidwe magetsi ndi chizindikiro chofunika kuweruza nthaka corrosion.Zomwe zimakhudza resistivity nthaka monga chinyezi, okwana sungunuka mchere mchere, pH, kapangidwe nthaka, kutentha, organic zinthu, kutentha nthaka, ndi tightness.Nthawi zambiri, dothi ndi otsika resistivity ndi dzimbiri, ndipo mosemphanitsa. corrosivity grade kuwunika kwa index iliyonse37,38.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso ndi miyezo m'dziko langa (Table 1), ngati dothi likuwonongeka kokha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa nthaka, nthaka yomwe ili pamtunda wotsetsereka imakhala yowononga kwambiri; dothi lotsetsereka limakhala lowononga pang'ono; dothi lomwe lili pamtunda wapakati ndi malo otsetsereka achilengedwe ndi lochepa kwambiri lofooka.
The resistivity dothi la otsetsereka otsetsereka kwambiri m'munsi kuposa mbali zina za otsetsereka, amene mwina chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa mvula.Dothi pamwamba pa otsetsereka amayenda otsetsereka pakati ndi madzi, kotero kuti upslope zitsulo otsetsereka ukonde chitetezo ndi pafupi ndi pamwamba.Zina mwa ma meshes zitsulo ankapimidwa mu mlengalenga kukana anali suspended mu mpweya suspended (fizi suspended). malo; kutalikirana kwa milu kunali 3m; Kuzama kwa mulu woyendetsa galimoto kunali pansi pa 15cm. Mesh yachitsulo yopanda kanthu ndi dzimbiri zowonongeka zimatha kusokoneza zotsatira za kuyeza.Choncho, sizodalirika kuyesa kuwononga nthaka pokhapokha ndi ndondomeko ya resistivity index.
Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri, mpweya wosatha wa chinyezi m'dera la Sichuan umapangitsa kuti mauna achitsulo omwe amawonekera kumlengalenga awonongeke kwambiri kuposa mauna achitsulo omwe amakwiriridwa m'nthaka39. Kuwonekera kwa mawaya kumpweya kungayambitse kuchepa kwa moyo wautumiki, womwe ungathe kusokoneza nthaka yokwera. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukula kwa zomera kungathandizenso kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino komanso kuonjezera zomwe zili munthaka, zomwe sizingasungire madzi okha, komanso zimapereka malo abwino oti nyama ndi zomera zikule bwino, motero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. kukokoloka kwa nthaka yotsetsereka ndi madzi amvula.
Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ukonde wotetezera malo otsetsereka pamtunda wa magawo atatu, ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri malo otsetsereka (Table 2) Ndi chitukuko cha kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka anthu. mv/m, madzi osokera ndi otsika; pamene gradient yotheka ili mumtundu wa 0.5 mv/m mpaka 5.0 mv/m, kuyendayenda kumakhala kochepera; pamene gradient yomwe ingathe kukhala yaikulu kuposa 5.0 mv / m, mlingo wamakono wosokera ndi wapamwamba.Mtundu woyandama wa gradient (EW) wapakati-otsetsereka, wokwera-wotsetsereka ndi wotsika-wotsetsereka ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3. Ponena za zoyandama, pali mafunde osokera pang'onopang'ono chakum'mawa-kumadzulo, kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo. chapano ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ma meshes achitsulo pakati pa otsetsereka ndi kutsika, makamaka pakati pa otsetsereka.
Nthawi zambiri, kuthekera kwa nthaka redox (Eh) pamwamba pa 400 mV kumasonyeza mphamvu oxidizing, pamwamba 0-200 mV ndi sing'anga kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndipo pansi pa 0 mV ndi yaikulu kuchepetsa mphamvu. Kutsika nthaka redox kuthekera, ndi kuchulukira dzimbiri mphamvu ya nthaka tizilombo to metals44.Ndizotheka kulosera mchitidwe wa corxro dothi anapeza nthaka redox. kuthekera kwa malo otsetsereka atatu kunali kokulirapo kuposa 500 mv, ndipo kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kunali kochepa kwambiri.Zikuwonetsa kuti mpweya wabwino wa nthaka wa malo otsetsereka ndi wabwino, zomwe sizingapangire dzimbiri kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'nthaka.
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu apeza kuti zotsatira za pH ya nthaka pakukokoloka kwa nthaka ndizodziwikiratu.Ndi kusinthasintha kwa pH mtengo, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthu zachitsulo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri.Dothi pH limagwirizana kwambiri ndi dera komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka45,46,47.Nthawi zambiri, zotsatira za pH pa kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo zazitsulo m'nthaka yamtundu wa alkaline si zoonekeratu. zamchere, kotero zotsatira za pH pa dzimbiri la zitsulo mauna ndi ofooka.
Monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera ku Table 3, kusanthula kwa mgwirizano kumasonyeza kuti kuthekera kwa redox ndi malo otsetsereka ndi ogwirizana kwambiri (R2 = 0.858), kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi kuthekera kwa gradient (SN) ndizogwirizana kwambiri (R2 = 0.755), ndi kuthekera kwa redox ndi kuthekera kwabwino (SN0). Panali kugwirizana kwakukulu kolakwika pakati pa zomwe zingatheke ndi pH (R2 = -0.724) Malo otsetsereka anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa redox.Izi zikusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwa microenvironment ya malo otsetsereka osiyana, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwirizana kwambiri ndi redox potential48, 49, 50. kuti pH ndi Eh makhalidwe sanali kusintha synchronously pa nthaka redox ndondomeko, koma anali ndi linear ubale zoipa.Metal dzimbiri angathe kuimira mphamvu wachibale kupeza ndi kutaya ma elekitironi.
Mchere wambiri wosungunuka wa dothi umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. Nthawi zambiri, kumtunda kwa mchere wa nthaka, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya nthaka, motero kumawonjezera kukana kwa nthaka. Mphamvu ya electrode muzitsulo ndi kusungunuka kwa okosijeni m'nthaka53.
Ambiri a ayoni sungunuka mchere-dissociated m'nthaka sachita nawo mwachindunji zochita electrochemical, koma bwanji dzimbiri zitsulo kudzera resistivity.The apamwamba nthaka mchere, mphamvu madutsidwe nthaka ndi amphamvu kukokoloka kwa nthaka.The nthaka mchere zili otsetsereka zachilengedwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa otsetsereka njanji, amene angakhale chifukwa cha slopeciation, amene ali wolemera mu nthaka congo ndi kuteteza madzi.Chifukwa china chingakhale chakuti malo otsetsereka achilengedwe adakumana ndi mapangidwe a nthaka okhwima (nthaka ya kholo lopangidwa ndi rock weathering), koma nthaka yotsetsereka ya njanji imapangidwa ndi zidutswa za miyala yophwanyidwa monga matrix a "dothi lopangira", ndipo silinayambe ndondomeko yokwanira yopangira nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, ma ayoni amchere m'nthaka yakuya yamalo otsetsereka adadzuka kudzera m'miyendo ya capillary panthawi ya evaporation ndikuunjikana m'nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ayoni amchere pamtunda wamtunda.
Ma ion abwino (monga K +, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc.) alibe mphamvu pang'ono pa nthaka, pamene anions amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu electrochemical process of corrosion ndipo amakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwachitsulo. Kuchuluka kwa Cl− kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yamphamvu kwambiri.SO42- sikuti imangokulitsa dzimbiri, komanso imayambitsa dzimbiri muzinthu zina za konkriti54. Imawononganso chitsulo.Pamndandanda wa zoyeserera za nthaka ya asidi, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kunapezeka kuti ndi kolingana ndi acidity ya nthaka55.Chloride ndi sulcte sulcte ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za mchere The cavitation of metals.Studies asonyeza kuti dzimbiri kuwonda kwa carbon steel mu dothi zamchere pafupifupi mofanana ndi kuwonjezera chloride ndi sulphate ions56,57.Lee et al. anapeza kuti SO42- akhoza kulepheretsa dzimbiri, koma kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha maenje dzimbiri amene anapanga kale58.
Malingana ndi muyeso wa dothi la corrosiveness ndi zotsatira za mayeso, ma chloride ion ali m'nthaka iliyonse yotsetsereka anali pamwamba pa 100 mg/kg, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti dothi likuwononga kwambiri. otsetsereka apakati ndi otsika kuposa 200mg/kg, ndi dzimbiri nthaka ndi ofooka.Pamene sing'anga nthaka ali mkulu ndende, izo nawo anachita ndi kutulutsa dzimbiri sikelo pamwamba pa chitsulo electrode, potero kuchepetsa dzimbiri reaction.Pamene ndende akuwonjezeka, sikelo akhoza kusweka mwadzidzidzi, potero kwambiri kufulumizitsa mlingo wa dzimbiri; pamene ndende ikupitirizabe kuwonjezereka, chiwombankhanga chimakwirira pamwamba pa electrode yachitsulo, ndipo chiwongoladzanja chimasonyezanso kuchedwa kwapang'onopang'ono59. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa nthaka kunali kochepa ndipo kotero sikunakhudze pang'ono kuwononga.
Malinga ndi Table 4, mgwirizano pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi anions nthaka anasonyeza kuti panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi ayoni a chloride (R2 = 0.836), komanso mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa otsetsereka ndi mchere wosungunuka (R2 = 0.742).
Izi zikusonyeza kuti madzi osefukira ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka kungakhale chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mchere wosungunuka m'nthaka. Panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ions, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa chakuti mchere wosungunuka ndi madzi a chloride ions, ndipo zomwe zili mu mchere wosungunuka zimatsimikizira zomwe zili mu mankhwala a chloride angayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu mu nthaka. dzimbiri wa zitsulo mauna gawo.
Organic nkhani, okwana nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni kupezeka, phosphorous kupezeka ndi potaziyamu kupezeka ndi zofunika zakudya za nthaka, zimene zimakhudza nthaka khalidwe ndi mayamwidwe zakudya ndi mizu.Zopatsa nthaka ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri zimakhudza tizilombo m'nthaka, choncho ndi bwino kuphunzira ngati pali kugwirizana pakati pa nthaka zakudya ndi zitsulo dzimbiri dzimbiri. wakhala akukumana ndi zaka 9 zokha za organic matter.Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa nthaka yopangira, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa bwino za zakudya zomwe zili m'nthaka yokumba.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka ndizokwera kwambiri m'nthaka yotsetsereka pambuyo pa njira yonse yopangira nthaka.Zomwe zili ndi nthaka yotsika kwambiri zinali zotsika kwambiri.Chifukwa cha chikoka cha nyengo yanyengo komanso kuthamanga kwamadzi, michere ya nthaka idzaunjikana pakati pa otsetsereka ndi otsetsereka, ndikupanga wosanjikiza wandiweyani wa humus. kuonongeka ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti zomera zapakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi zotsika komanso zosiyana siyana zinali zapamwamba, koma homogeneity inali yochepa, zomwe zingayambitse kugawa kosagwirizana kwa zakudya zapamtunda.Nthawi yambiri ya humus imakhala ndi madzi ndipo zamoyo za nthaka zimagwira ntchito.Zonsezi zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zamoyo m'nthaka.
The alkali-hydrolyzed nayitrogeni zili mmwamba-otsetsereka, pakati-otsetsereka ndi pansi-otsetsereka njanji anali apamwamba kuposa achilengedwe otsetsereka, kusonyeza kuti organic nayitrogeni mineralization mlingo wa otsetsereka njanji anali kwambiri kuposa achilengedwe otsetsereka.The zing'onozing'ono particles, ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri ndi wosakhazikika kuti dothi ndi microorganism mosavuta ndi decoctions dothi, ndi decognisation ndi microorganism. aggregates, ndi lalikulu dziwe la mineralized organic nitrogen60,61.Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku 62, zomwe zili m'nthaka ya njanji zotsetsereka zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za malo otsetsereka a njanji. nthaka.Kuwonongeka kwa phosphorous yomwe ilipo komanso potaziyamu yomwe imapezeka chifukwa cha madzi otsetsereka padziko lapansi ndi 77.27% mpaka 99.79% ya kutaya konse kwa malo otsetsereka a njanji.Kuthamanga kwapamtunda kungakhale dalaivala wamkulu wa kutaya kwa michere komwe kulipo m'nthaka yotsetsereka63,64,65.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 4, panali mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo (R2 = 0.948), ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo inali yofanana (R2 = 0.898) .
Gradient ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza zinthu zamtundu wa organic ndi kuchulukitsa kwa nayitrogeni66, komanso kucheperako, kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa michere. zopindulitsa pakukonzekera kwa phosphorous yomwe ilipo ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo m'nthaka.Chotero, panali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo, ndi malo otsetsereka ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo.
Pofuna kumveketsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa zakudya zam'nthaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, m'pofunika kusanthula mgwirizano.Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 5, kuthekera kwa redox kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri ndi nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo (R2 = -0.845) ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo (R2 = 0.842) ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo.9dox8 yowoneka bwino (R2 = 0.842). zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi ndi mankhwala a nthaka, ndiyeno zimakhudza mndandanda wazinthu za nthaka.Choncho, ndizofunikira kwambiri pozindikira momwe nthaka imasinthira kusintha kwa michere67.Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a redox angapangitse mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu za zakudya.
Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zachitsulo, mphamvu ya dzimbiri imakhudzananso ndi zinthu za nthaka. Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zamoyo, kusonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zinali ndi mphamvu yowononga mphamvu ya dzimbiri.Kuonjezera apo, zinthu za organic zinalinso zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa gradient (SN) (R2=-0.713) ndi sulfate ion yochititsa chidwi (R61 = 0). gradient (SN) ndi ion sulfate..Panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa nthaka pH ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo (R2 = -0.728).
Nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo inali yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ions, ndipo phosphorous yomwe ilipo ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ions. Zomera zimafunikira pang'ono ma ayoni a sulfate ndi ayoni a bicarbonate, motero ambiri aiwo amakhala opanda pake m'nthaka kapena amatengedwa ndi ma colloids a nthaka. kupezeka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka.Choncho, kuonjezera moyenerera za nayitrogeni ndi humus m'nthaka n'kothandiza kuchepetsa kuwononga nthaka.
Dothi ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi zovuta komanso katundu. Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi chifukwa cha synergistic zochita za zinthu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, njira yowunikira yowunikira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito "Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation" (GB50021-94) ndi njira zoyesera za China Soil Corrosion Test Network, kalasi ya dzimbiri imatha kuwunikiridwa mozama molingana ndi zomwe zili zofooka (1) kuyezetsa kofooka kokha: dzimbiri , palibe dzimbiri zolimbitsa kapena dzimbiri wamphamvu; (2) ngati palibe zowonongeka zamphamvu, zimayesedwa ngati zowonongeka; (3) ngati pali malo amodzi kapena awiri okhala ndi dzimbiri mwamphamvu, amayesedwa ngati dzimbiri lamphamvu; (4) ngati pali 3 kapena malo ochulukirapo amphamvu kwambiri, amayesedwa ngati chiwombankhanga champhamvu chambiri.
Malingana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa nthaka, mphamvu ya redox, madzi, mchere, pH mtengo, ndi Cl- ndi SO42- content, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsanzo za nthaka pamapiri osiyanasiyana kunayesedwa mozama.
Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ukonde woteteza malo otsetsereka. Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa malo otsetsereka atatu onse ndi otsika kuposa -200 mv, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chitsulo chokwera. Mchere wonse wosungunuka m'nthaka ya kumtunda, pakati ndi kumunsi kwa malo otsetsereka onsewo unali woposa 500 mg/kg, ndipo dzimbiri pa ukonde woteteza kutsetsereka kunali kochepa. Madzi a m'nthaka ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zotsika kwambiri pa tsinde lapakati ndi zitsulo zomwe zimawononga kwambiri. corrosion of slope protection meshes.Zopatsa thanzi zimakhala zambiri m'nthaka yotsetsereka, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala zochitika za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kukula kwa zomera mofulumira.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kutha kwa dzimbiri, kutsika kwamphamvu, mchere wosungunuka ndi madzi ndizomwe zimayambitsa dzimbiri m'nthaka pamapiri atatu, komanso kuwononga nthaka kumayesedwa ngati kolimba. nayitrogeni ndi feteleza wa organic ndi wothandiza kuchepetsa dzimbiri m'nthaka, kuthandizira kukula kwa zomera, ndipo potsirizira pake kukhazikika kotsetsereka.
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