A cikin yanayi daban-daban na tsari, injiniyoyi na iya buƙatar kimanta ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda keɓaɓɓun walda da na'urorin injiniyoyi suka yi.A yau, kayan ɗamara na inji yawanci ƙulle ne, amma ƙirar tsofaffi na iya samun rivets.
Wannan na iya faruwa yayin haɓakawa, sabuntawa, ko haɓakawa ga aiki.Wani sabon ƙira na iya buƙatar ƙullawa da walda don yin aiki tare a cikin haɗin gwiwa inda kayan da za a haɗa su da farko an haɗa su tare sannan kuma a haɗa su don samar da cikakken ƙarfi ga haɗin gwiwa.
Koyaya, ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi na haɗin gwiwa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kamar ƙara adadin abubuwan haɗin kai (welds, bolts, da rivets).Irin wannan zato zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
An bayyana haɗin haɗin gwiwa a Cibiyar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙa na Amirka (AISC), wanda ke amfani da ASTM A325 ko A490 bolts a matsayin tsattsauran dutse, preload, ko maɓallin zamewa.
Ƙarfafa haɗin kai tare da maƙarƙashiya mai tasiri ko maɓalli ta amfani da maƙarƙashiya mai gefe biyu na al'ada don tabbatar da cewa yadudduka suna cikin kusanci.A cikin haɗin da aka riga aka shigar, ana shigar da kusoshi ta yadda za su kasance da nauyin nauyin nauyi mai mahimmanci, kuma faranti suna da nauyin nauyi.
1. Juya goro.Hanyar jujjuya goro ya haɗa da ƙara ƙullun sannan a ƙara adadin goro, wanda ya danganta da diamita da tsayin kusoshi.
2. Daidaita maɓallin.Hanyar maƙarƙashiya da aka daidaita tana auna ƙarfin ƙarfin da ke da alaƙa da tashin hankali.
3. Torsion nau'in tashin hankali daidaita kusoshi.Ƙunƙarar tashin hankali masu karkatar da su suna da ƙananan sanduna a ƙarshen kullin kusa da kai.Lokacin da karfin jujjuyawar da ake buƙata ya kai, an cire ingarma.
4. Fihirisar ja madaidaiciya.Alamun tashin hankali kai tsaye masu wanki ne na musamman tare da shafuka.Yawan matsawa a kan lugga yana nuna matakin tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kullun.
A cikin sharuddan layman, bolts suna aiki kamar fil a cikin matsuguni masu tsauri kuma masu tsauri, kama da fil ɗin tagulla mai ɗimbin tarin takarda tare.Mahimman hanyoyin zamewa suna aiki ta gogayya: preload yana haifar da ƙarfi, kuma juzu'i tsakanin wuraren tuntuɓar suna aiki tare don tsayayya da zamewar haɗin gwiwa.Kamar abin ɗaure ne da ke haɗa tarin takardu, ba wai don ana huda takarda ba, sai don abin daure ya danne takardun tare da jujjuyawar ta riƙe tulin tare.
ASTM A325 bolts suna da ƙaramin ƙarfi na 150 zuwa 120 kg kowace murabba'in inch (KSI), dangane da diamita na kusoshi, yayin da bolts A490 dole ne su sami ƙarfin juzu'i na 150 zuwa 170-KSI.Rivet haɗin gwiwa sun fi kama da haɗin gwiwa, amma a wannan yanayin, fil ɗin rivets ne waɗanda yawanci kusan rabin ƙarfi kamar kullin A325.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa biyu na iya faruwa lokacin da haɗin gwiwa da aka ɗaure da injin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙarfin juzu'i (lokacin da wani abu ya yi ƙoƙarin zamewa akan wani saboda ƙarfin aiki).Bolts ko rivets na iya kasancewa a gefen ramukan, haifar da kusoshi ko rivets don yanke a lokaci guda.Yiwuwar ta biyu ita ce gogaggun da ke haifar da damƙar daɗaɗɗen na'urorin da aka ƙirƙira na iya jure nauyin nauyi.Ba a tsammanin zamewa ga wannan haɗin, amma yana yiwuwa.
An yarda da haɗin kai don aikace-aikace da yawa, saboda ɗan zamewa ba zai iya yin illa ga halayen haɗin ba.Misali, la'akari da silo da aka ƙera don adana kayan granular.Ana iya samun ɗan zamewa yayin lodawa da farko.Da zarar zamewa ta faru, ba za ta sake faruwa ba, domin duk nauyin da ke biyo baya yanayin iri ɗaya ne.
Ana amfani da jujjuyawar lodi a wasu aikace-aikace, kamar lokacin da abubuwa masu jujjuya suna jujjuya su zuwa ga jujjuyawar juzu'i da matsi.Wani misali kuma shine nau'in lanƙwasa wanda aka yiwa cikakken jujjuya lodi.Lokacin da aka sami gagarumin canji a wajen lodi, ana iya buƙatar haɗin da aka riga aka ɗora don kawar da zamewar keke.Wannan zamewar ƙarshe yana haifar da ƙarin zamewa a cikin ramukan elongated.
Wasu gidajen abinci suna fuskantar hawan hawan hawa da yawa wanda zai iya haifar da gajiya.Waɗannan sun haɗa da latsawa, goyan bayan crane da haɗin gwiwa a cikin gadoji.Ana buƙatar haɗi mai mahimmanci na zamewa lokacin da haɗin ke fuskantar nauyin gajiyawa a baya.Don waɗannan nau'ikan yanayi, yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ba zai zamewa ba, don haka ana buƙatar haɗin kai mai mahimmanci.
Ana iya ƙirƙira da kera haɗin haɗin da ke da su zuwa kowane ɗayan waɗannan ma'auni.Ana ɗaukar haɗin kai tsaye.
welded gidajen abinci ne m.Solder haɗin gwiwa yana da wahala.Ba kamar maƙallan da aka kulle ba, waɗanda za su iya zamewa ƙarƙashin kaya, ba dole ba ne walda ya shimfiɗa kuma ya rarraba nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa babba.A mafi yawan lokuta, welded da nau'in nau'in kayan ɗamara na inji ba sa lalacewa ta hanya ɗaya.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da walda tare da na'urorin inji, ana canja wurin kaya ta wurin mafi wuya, don haka weld zai iya ɗaukar kusan dukkanin nauyin, tare da dan kadan raba tare da kullun.Don haka dole ne a kula yayin walda, bolting da riveting.Ƙayyadaddun bayanai.AWS D1 yana magance matsalar haɗa kayan aikin injina da walda.Musammantawa 1: 2000 don tsarin walda - karfe.Sakin layi na 2.6.3 ya bayyana cewa ga rivets ko kusoshi da ake amfani da su a cikin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa (watau inda ƙugiya ko rivet ke aiki azaman fil), bai kamata a yi la'akari da kayan aikin injin don raba kaya tare da walda ba.Idan ana amfani da walda, dole ne a samar da su don ɗaukar cikakken kaya a cikin haɗin gwiwa.Koyaya, ana ba da izinin haɗin haɗin da aka haɗa zuwa kashi ɗaya kuma ƙulla ko kulle zuwa wani kashi.
Lokacin amfani da na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi-nau'in inji da ƙara walda, ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na kullin yana da yawa sakaci.Bisa ga wannan tanadi, dole ne a tsara walda don canja wurin duk kaya.
Wannan ainihin daidai yake da AISC LRFD-1999, juzu'in J1.9.Koyaya, ma'auni na Kanada CAN/CSA-S16.1-M94 kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da kai kaɗai lokacin da ƙarfin injina ko aron ƙarfe ya fi na walda.
A cikin wannan al'amari, ma'auni guda uku sun daidaita: yuwuwar ƙulla kayan aikin injina na nau'in ɗaukar hoto da yuwuwar walda ba sa ƙarawa.
Sashe na 2.6.3 na AWS D1.1 kuma yayi magana game da yanayi inda za'a iya haɗa bolts da welds a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai sassa biyu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 1. Welds a hagu, bolted a dama.Ana iya la'akari da jimlar ƙarfin walda da kusoshi a nan.Kowane bangare na duk haɗin yana aiki da kansa.Don haka, wannan lambar keɓantawa ga ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe a ɓangaren farko na 2.6.3.
Dokokin da aka tattauna yanzu sun shafi sababbin gine-gine.Domin tsarin da ake da shi, sashe na 8.3.7 D1.1 ya bayyana cewa lokacin da ƙididdige ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa za a yi lodin rivet ko bolt da wani sabon jimillar kaya, sai kawai a sanya maɗaurin da ke akwai.
Haka dokokin suna buƙatar idan ƙugiya ko ƙugiya kawai aka yi lodi da kayan aiki na tsaye ko kuma an yi lodin cyclic (gajiya), dole ne a ƙara isassun ƙarfe na tushe da walda don ɗaukar nauyin duka.
Rarraba kaya tsakanin na'urori na inji da walda yana karɓa idan an riga an ɗora tsarin, a wasu kalmomi, idan zamewa ya faru tsakanin abubuwan da aka haɗa.Amma kawai a tsaye lodi za a iya sanyawa a kan maɗauran injina.Dole ne a kiyaye nauyin nauyi mai rai wanda zai haifar da zamewa mafi girma ta hanyar amfani da walda masu iya jure duk nauyin.
Dole ne a yi amfani da walda don jure duk abin da aka yi amfani da shi ko mai ƙarfi.Lokacin da kayan aikin injina sun riga sun yi lodi, ba a yarda da raba kaya ba.Karkashin lodin keken keke, ba a ba da izinin raba kaya ba, tunda nauyin na iya haifar da zamewa ta dindindin da kuma wuce gona da iri na walda.
misali.Yi la'akari da haɗin gwiwa na cinya wanda tun asali ya kulle (duba Hoto 2).Tsarin yana ƙara ƙarin ƙarfi, kuma dole ne a haɗa haɗin haɗi da masu haɗawa don samar da ƙarfin ninki biyu.A kan fig.3 yana nuna ainihin shirin ƙarfafa abubuwan.Yaya ya kamata a haɗa haɗin?
Tun da sabon karfen dole ne a haɗa shi da tsohon karfe ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa fillet, injiniyan ya yanke shawarar ƙara wasu welds na fillet a haɗin gwiwa.Tun da har yanzu bolts sun kasance a wurin, ainihin ra'ayin shine don ƙara kawai waldi da ake buƙata don canja wurin ƙarin iko zuwa sabon karfe, yana tsammanin kashi 50% na nauyin da za a bi ta cikin kullun da kashi 50% na nauyin da za a bi ta sabon waldi.Abin yarda ne?
Bari mu fara ɗauka cewa a halin yanzu ba a yi amfani da madaidaicin lodi akan haɗin yanar gizo ba.A wannan yanayin, sakin layi na 2.6.3 na AWS D1.1 ya shafi.
A cikin wannan nau'in haɗin gwiwa, ba za a iya la'akari da walda da kusoshi don raba kaya ba, don haka ƙayyadadden girman walda dole ne ya zama babban isa don tallafawa duk tsayin daka kuma mai ƙarfi.Ba za a iya yin la'akari da ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin bolts a cikin wannan misali ba, saboda ba tare da kaya mai mahimmanci ba, haɗin zai kasance a cikin yanayin rashin ƙarfi.Weld (wanda aka ƙera don ɗaukar rabin nauyin) da farko yana fashewa lokacin da aka yi amfani da cikakken kaya.Sa'an nan kuma kullin, wanda aka tsara don canja wurin rabin nauyin, yayi ƙoƙarin canja wurin kaya kuma ya karya.
Ci gaba da ɗauka cewa an yi amfani da kaya mai tsayi.Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗauka cewa haɗin da ke akwai ya isa ya ɗauki nauyin dindindin na yanzu.A wannan yanayin, sakin layi na 8.3.7 D1.1 ya shafi.Sabbin welds kawai suna buƙatar jure ƙãra a tsaye da manyan lodin rayuwa.Za a iya sanya matattun lodin da ya wanzu zuwa na'urorin injin da ke akwai.
Ƙarƙashin kaya akai-akai, haɗin ba ya raguwa.Maimakon haka, ƙullun sun riga sun ɗauki nauyinsu.An sami ɗan zamewa a haɗin.Don haka, ana iya amfani da walda kuma za su iya jigilar kaya masu ƙarfi.
Amsar tambayar "Shin an yarda da wannan?"ya dogara da yanayin kaya.A cikin shari'ar farko, idan babu wani abu mai mahimmanci, amsar za ta kasance mara kyau.Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan yanayi na biyu, amsar ita ce e.
Domin kawai an yi amfani da kaya na tsaye, ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa a yanke hukunci ba.Matsayin madaidaicin lodi, isassun hanyoyin haɗin injinan da ake da su, da kuma yanayin lodin ƙarshe-ko a tsaye ko a zagaye-na iya canza amsar.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Saint Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Welding Technology Center Manager, Lincoln Electric Company, www.lincolnelectric.com.Lincoln Electric yana kera kayan walda da abubuwan amfani da walda a duk duniya.Injiniyoyin Cibiyar Fasahar Welding Injiniyoyin da masu fasaha suna taimaka wa abokan ciniki magance matsalolin walda.
American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126-5671, waya 305-443-9353, fax 305-443-7559, website www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, waya 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, gidan yanar gizo www.astm.org.
Ƙungiyar Ƙarfe na Amirka, Ɗayan E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, waya 312-670-2400, fax 312-670-5403, gidan yanar gizon www.aisc.org.
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