Maemong a fapaneng a meralo, lienjineri li ka hloka ho lekola matla a manonyeletso a entsoeng ke li-welds le li-fasteners tsa mochini.Kajeno, li-fasteners tsa mochini hangata ke liboutu, empa meralo ea khale e kanna ea ba le li-rivets.
Sena se ka etsahala nakong ea ntlafatso, nchafatso, kapa ntlafatso ea morero.Moralo o mocha o ka hloka hore ho be le bolting le ho tjheseletsa ho sebetsa mmoho lenonyello moo thepa e tla kopanngwa e kopanngwang pele ebe e tshehetswa ho fana ka matla a felletseng lenonyeletsong.
Leha ho le joalo, ho fumana kakaretso ea boima ba lenonyeletso ha ho bonolo joalo ka ho kopanya kakaretso ea likarolo tse ling (li-welds, liboutu le li-rivets).Maikutlo a joalo a ka baka liphello tse bohloko.
Mahokelo a bolted a hlalositsoe ho American Institute of Steel Structures (AISC) Structural Joint Specification, e sebelisang liboutu tsa ASTM A325 kapa A490 joalo ka senotlolo se tiileng, sa preload kapa senotlolo sa ho thella.
Tiisa likhokahano tse tiisitsoeng ka sekontiri se ts'oarellang kapa sekoahelo sa linotlolo u sebelisa sekontiri se tloaelehileng se mahlakoreng a mabeli ho netefatsa hore likarolo li hokahane ka thata.Khokahanong e hatelletsoeng pele, liboutu li kenngoa e le hore li be tlas'a meroalo e boima, 'me lipoleiti li tlas'a meroalo e hatellang.
1. Fetola nate.Mokhoa oa ho fetola linate o kenyelletsa ho tiisa bolt ebe o fetola linate chelete e eketsehileng, e itšetlehileng ka bophara le bolelele ba bolt.
2. Lekanya senotlolo.Mokhoa o lekantsoeng oa wrench o lekanya torque e amanang le tsitsipano ea bolt.
3. Bolt ea tokiso ea tsitsipano ea mofuta oa torsion.Liboutu tsa tsitsipano tse sothang li na le lithupa tse nyane qetellong ea boutu mabapa le hlooho.Ha torque e hlokahalang e fihletsoe, stud ha e hlahisoe.
4. Lethathamo le otlolohileng la ho hula.Lipontšo tsa tsitsipano e tobileng ke li-washer tse khethehileng tse nang le li-tab.Palo ea khatello holim'a lug e bontša boemo ba tsitsipano e sebelisoang ho bolt.
Ho ea ka mantsoe a batho feela, liboutu li sebetsa joalo ka lithakhisa ka manonyeletso a tiileng le a tiileng pele, joalo ka phini ea koporo e tšoereng pampiri e nang le libomo.Manonyeletso a bohlokoa a thellang a sebetsa ka likhohlano: ho jara pele ho etsa hore ho be le matla a tlase, 'me khohlano lipakeng tsa libaka tse hokahaneng li sebetsa 'moho ho thibela ho thelleha ha lenonyeletso.Ho tšoana le setlamo se kopanyang lipampiri tse ngata hammoho, eseng hobane masoba a phunyeletsoa pampiring, empa hobane sekopanyi se kopanya lipampiri 'me khohlano e tšoara qubu hammoho.
Liboutu tsa ASTM A325 li na le matla a fokolang a 150 ho isa ho 120 kg ka lisenthimithara tse lisekoere (KSI), ho latela bophara ba bolt, ha liboutu tsa A490 li tlameha ho ba le matla a 150 ho isa ho 170-KSI.Manonyeletso a Rivet a sebetsa joalo ka manonyeletso a thata, empa ntlheng ena, lithakhisa ke li-rivets tseo hangata li leng halofo ea matla joalo ka bolt ea A325.
E 'ngoe ea lintho tse peli e ka etsahala ha lenonyeletso le tlanngoeng ka mochini le kengoa ke matla a ho kuta (ha ntho e' ngoe e tloaetse ho thella holim'a e 'ngoe ka lebaka la matla a sebelisitsoeng).Li-bolts kapa li-rivets li ka ba mahlakoreng a likoti, li etsa hore liboutu kapa li-rivets li kuta ka nako e le 'ngoe.Monyetla oa bobeli ke hore likhohlano tse bakoang ke matla a ho tiisa a li-fasteners tse entsoeng eka li ka mamella meroalo ea ho kuta.Ha ho na ho thella ho lebelletsoeng khokahanong ena, empa hoa khoneha.
Khokahano e tiileng ea amoheleha lits'ebetsong tse ngata, kaha ho thella ho fokolang ho ke ke ha ama hampe litšobotsi tsa khokahano.Ka mohlala, nahana ka silo e etselitsoeng ho boloka thepa ea granular.Ho ka 'na ha e-ba le ho thella ho fokolang ha u kenya lekhetlo la pele.Hang ha ho thella ho etsahala, ho ke ke ha etsahala hape, hobane meroalo eohle e latelang ke ea mofuta o tšoanang.
Phetoho ea mojaro e sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse ling, joalo ka ha likarolo tse bilikang li le tlas'a maemo a matla le a hatellang.Mohlala o mong ke ntho e kobehang e tlas'a meroalo e khelohang ka botlalo.Ha ho na le phetoho e kholo tseleng ea mojaro, ho ka hlokahala khokahano e kentsoeng esale pele ho felisa cyclic slip.Ho thella hona qetellong ho lebisa ho thelleheng ho eketsehileng mekoting e telele.
Manonyeletso a mang a ba le lipotoloho tse ngata tsa mojaro tse ka lebisang mokhathala.Tsena li kenyelletsa mechine ea khatiso, litšehetso tsa crane le likhokahano tsa marokho.Ho hlokahala likhokahano tsa bohlokoa tsa ho thella ha khokahano e le tlas'a meroalo ea mokhathala ka lehlakoreng le ka morao.Bakeng sa mefuta ena ea maemo, ke habohlokoa haholo hore lenonyeletso le se ke la thella, kahoo ho hlokahala manonyeletso a bohlokoa haholo.
Lihokelo tse teng tsa bolt li ka raloa le ho etsoa ho latela maemo ana.Likamano tsa li-rivet li nkoa li le thata.
Linonyello tse cheselitsoeng li thata.Linonyello tsa solder lia qhekella.Ho fapana le manonyeletso a thata, a ka thellang tlas'a mojaro, li-welds ha lia tlameha ho otlolla le ho aba mojaro o sebelisitsoeng haholo.Maemong a mangata, li-welded le li-fasteners tsa mofuta o nang le mochini ha li holofatse ka tsela e ts'oanang.
Ha li-weld li sebelisoa ka li-fasteners tsa mechine, mojaro o fetisetsoa ka karolo e thata haholoanyane, kahoo weld e ka jara hoo e batlang e le mojaro oohle, ka ho fokolang haholo ho arolelanoa le bolt.Ke ka lebaka leo tlhokomelo e lokelang ho nkoa ha ho tjheseletsa, ho bolting le ho riveting.Litlhaloso.AWS D1 e rarolla bothata ba ho kopanya li-fasteners le li-welds.Tlhaloso 1: 2000 bakeng sa tjheseletsa ea sebopeho - tšepe.Serapa sa 2.6.3 se bolela hore bakeng sa li-rivets kapa liboutu tse sebelisoang ka har'a li-joints tsa mofuta oa bearing (e leng moo bolt kapa rivet e sebetsang e le phini), li-fasteners tsa mechine ha lia lokela ho nkoa li arolelana mojaro le weld.Haeba ho sebelisoa welding, li tlameha ho fanoa ho jara mojaro o felletseng lenonyeletsong.Leha ho le joalo, likhokahano tse cheselitsoeng ho element e le 'ngoe le tse riveted kapa tse bolted ho element e ngoe lia lumelloa.
Ha u sebelisa li-fasteners tsa mechine ea ho jara le ho eketsa li-welds, matla a ho jara moroalo oa bolt a hlokomolohuoa haholo.Ho ea ka tokisetso ena, weld e tlameha ho etsoa ho fetisetsa meroalo eohle.
Sena se hlile se tšoana le AISC LRFD-1999, poleloana J1.9.Leha ho le joalo, tekanyetso ea Canada CAN/CSA-S16.1-M94 e boetse e lumella tšebeliso e ikemetseng ha matla a mochini o tiisang kapa bolt a phahame ho feta a ho cheselletsa.
Tabeng ena, mekhoa e meraro e tsitsitse: menyetla ea ho fastening ea mechine ea mofuta oa ho jara le menyetla ea li-welds ha e kopane.
Karolo ea 2.6.3 ea AWS D1.1 e boetse e bua ka maemo ao li-bolt le li-welld li ka kopanngoang ka karolo e nang le likarolo tse peli, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 1. Li-welds ka ho le letšehali, li koaletsoe ka ho le letona.Matla a felletseng a li-welds le liboutu a ka nahanoa mona.Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khokahano eohle e sebetsa e ikemetseng.Kahoo, khoutu ena ke mokhelo ho molao-motheo o hlahang karolong ea pele ea 2.6.3.
Melao e sa tsoa tšohloa e sebetsa mehahong e mecha.Bakeng sa meaho e teng, temana ea 8.3.7 D1.1 e bolela hore ha lipalo tsa moralo li bontša hore rivet kapa bolt e tla imeloa ke mojaro o mocha, ke mojaro o teng feela o lokelang ho abeloa ho eona.
Melao e tšoanang e hloka hore haeba rivet kapa bolt e imetsoe feela ke meroalo e tsitsitseng kapa e tlas'a meroalo ea cyclic (mokhathala), tšepe e lekaneng ea motheo le li-welds li tlameha ho eketsoa ho tšehetsa mojaro oohle.
Kabo ea mojaro pakeng tsa li-fasteners tsa mechine le li-welds lia amoheleha haeba mohaho o jarisitsoe esale pele, ka mantsoe a mang, haeba ho thella ho etsahetse pakeng tsa likarolo tse hokahaneng.Empa ke meroalo e tsitsitseng feela e ka behoang holim'a li-fasteners tsa mechine.Meroalo e phelang e ka lebisang ho thellang ho hoholo e tlameha ho sireletsoa ka tšebeliso ea li-welds tse khonang ho mamella mojaro oohle.
Li-welds li tlameha ho sebelisoa ho mamella ts'ebetso eohle e kentsoeng kapa e matla.Ha li-fasteners tsa mochini li se li tletse, ho arolelana mojaro ha ho lumelloe.Tlas'a cyclic loading, ho arolelana mojaro ha ho lumelloe, kaha mojaro o ka lebisa ho thellang ka ho sa feleng le ho imeloa ha weld.
papiso.Ak'u nahane ka lenonyeletso la lirope le neng le tiisitsoe qalong (sheba setšoantšo sa 2).Sebopeho se eketsa matla a eketsehileng, 'me likhokahano le lihokelo li tlameha ho eketsoa ho fana ka matla a mabeli.Ka feiga.3 e bontša moralo oa motheo oa ho matlafatsa likarolo.Khokahano e lokela ho etsoa joang?
Kaha tšepe e ncha e ne e lokela ho kopanngoa le tšepe ea khale ka li-welds tsa fillet, moenjiniere o ile a etsa qeto ea ho eketsa litšepe tse ling sebakeng seo.Kaha li-bolts li ne li ntse li le teng, khopolo ea pele e ne e le ho eketsa li-welds tse hlokahalang feela ho fetisetsa matla a eketsehileng ho tšepe e ncha, ho lebella hore 50% ea mojaro o tsamaee ka li-bolts le 50% ea mojaro ho feta li-welds tse ncha.E amoheleha?
Ha re qala ka ho nka hore ha ho na meroalo e tsitsitseng e sebelisoang hona joale ho hokahanya.Tabeng ena, serapa sa 2.6.3 sa AWS D1.1 se ea sebetsa.
Kopanong ea mofuta ona oa ho jara, weld le bolt li ke ke tsa nkoa li arolelana mojaro, ka hona, boholo bo boletsoeng bo tlameha ho ba boholo bo lekaneng ho ts'ehetsa mojaro o tsitsitseng le o matla.Bokhoni ba ho jara ba li-bolts mohlala ona bo ke ke ba nkoa, hobane ntle le mojaro o tsitsitseng, khokahanyo e tla ba boemong bo fokolang.Weld (e etselitsoeng ho jara halofo ea mojaro) e qala ho phatloha ha mojaro o felletseng o sebelisoa.Joale bolt, e boetse e etselitsoe ho fetisetsa halofo ea mojaro, e leka ho fetisetsa mojaro le ho senya.
Ho feta moo, nahana hore static load e sebelisoa.Ho phaella moo, ho nahanoa hore khokahanyo e teng e lekane ho jara mojaro o teng oa ka ho sa feleng.Tabeng ena, temana ea 8.3.7 D1.1 e ea sebetsa.Li-welds tse ncha li hloka feela ho mamella meroalo e ntseng e eketseha e sa fetoheng le e akaretsang.Meroalo e teng e shoeleng e ka abeloa li-fasteners tse teng tsa mochini.
Tlas'a mojaro o sa feleng, khokahano ha e fokotsehe.Ho e-na le hoo, liboutu li se li ntse li jara mojaro oa tsona.Ho bile le ho thella ho hong khokahanong.Ka hona, li-welds li ka sebelisoa 'me li ka fetisa meroalo e matla.
Karabo ea potso e reng "Na see sea amoheleha?"ho itšetlehile ka maemo a mojaro.Tabeng ea pele, ha ho se na moroalo o tsitsitseng, karabo e tla ba mpe.Tlas'a maemo a tobileng a boemo ba bobeli, karabo ke e.
Feela hobane mojaro o tsitsitseng o sebelisoa, ha se kamehla ho ka khonehang ho fihlela qeto.Boemo ba meroalo e tsitsitseng, ho lekana ha likhokahano tsa mochini tse teng, le mofuta oa meroalo ea ho qetela-ebang ke static kapa cyclic-e ka fetola karabo.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Saint Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Mookameli oa Setsi sa Welding Technology, Lincoln Electric Company, www.lincolnelectric.com.Motlakase oa Lincoln o etsa lisebelisoa tsa ho tjheseletsa le lisebelisoa tsa ho tjheseletsa lefatšeng ka bophara.Baenjineri le litsebi tsa Welding Technology Center li thusa bareki ho rarolla mathata a tjheseletsa.
American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126-5671, fono 305-443-9353, fax 305-443-7559, websaeteng www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbour Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, phone 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, website www.astm.org.
American Steel Structures Association, One E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, fono 312-670-2400, fax 312-670-5403, websaeteng www.aisc.org.
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