Mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekuvaka, mainjiniya angada kuongorora kusimba kwemajoini akagadzirwa ne welds uye mechanical fasteners. Nhasi, mechanical fasteners inowanzova mabhaudhi, asi magadzirirwo ekare anogona kunge aine rivets.
Izvi zvinogona kuitika panguva yekuvandudza, kugadzirisa, kana kuvandudza purojekiti. Dhizaini itsva ingada kuti mabhoti ne welding zvishande pamwe chete mujoini apo zvinhu zvinofanirwa kubatanidzwa zvinotanga zvabatanidzwa pamwe chete uye zvozobatanidzwa kuti joini irambe yakasimba zvizere.
Zvisinei, kuziva huwandu hwese hwemutoro wejoini hakusi nyore sekubatanidza huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana (welds, bolts, uye rivets). Kufungidzira kwakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa.
Mabhaudhi akabatana anotsanangurwa muAmerican Institute of Steel Structures (AISC) Structural Joint Specification, iyo inoshandisa ASTM A325 kana A490 mabhaudhi se tight mount, preload, kana sliding key.
Simbisa zvinobatanidzwa zvakasimba uchishandisa chipanera chekubaya kana muchina wekukiya uchishandisa chipanera chine mativi maviri kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvacho zvakabatana zvakasimba. Pakubatanidza kwacho kwakasimbiswa, mabhoti anoiswa kuitira kuti apinzwe mutoro wakakura wekumanikidza, uye maplate acho anomanikidzwa.
1. Tendeudza nati. Nzira yekutendeudza nati inosanganisira kusimbisa bhaudhi wobva watendeudza nati imwe huwandu, zvinoenderana nedhayamita nehurefu hwebhaudhi.
2. Gadzirisa kiyi. Nzira yekuchinjisa chipanera inoyera torque inobatanidzwa nekumanikidzwa kwebhoti.
3. Bolt yekuchinja tension yerudzi rweTorsion. Mabolt etension anotenderedzwa ane ma stud madiki kumagumo kwebholt yakatarisana nemusoro. Kana torque inodiwa yasvika, stud inosunungurwa.
4. Chiratidzo chekudhonza chakatwasuka. Zviratidzo zvekudhonza zvakananga mawashers akakosha ane matabhu. Huwandu hwekudzvanywa parug hunoratidza mwero wekumanikidzwa kwakaiswa pabhoti.
Mukutaura kwevanhuwo zvavo, mabhoti anoshanda semapini ari mumajoini akamanikana uye asati asungwa, zvakafanana nepini yesimbi inosunga murwi wepepa rakaboorwa pamwe chete. Majoini anotsvedza anoshanda nekukweshana: preload inogadzira simba rekudzika, uye kukweshana pakati penzvimbo dzinosangana kunoshanda pamwe chete kudzivirira kutsvedza kwejoini. Zvakafanana nebinder inobatanidza murwi wemapepa pamwe chete, kwete nekuti maburi anoboorwa mupepa, asi nekuti binder inodzvanya mapepa pamwe chete uye kukweshana kunobatanidza murwi pamwe chete.
Mabhaudhi eASTM A325 ane simba rekudhonza risingasviki 150 kusvika 120 kg pa square inch (KSI), zvichienderana nedhayamita yebhaudhi, nepo mabhaudhi eA490 anofanirwa kunge aine simba rekudhonza re150 kusvika 170-KSI. Majoini erivet anoita semajoini akamanikana, asi muchiitiko ichi, mapini mariveti anowanzova nehafu yakasimba sebhaudhi reA325.
Chimwe chezvinhu zviviri chinogona kuitika kana jira rakasungirirwa nemaoko rikabatwa nemasimba ekuchekwa (kana chimwe chinhu chichitsvedza pamusoro pechimwe nekuda kwesimba rinoshandiswa). Mabhoti kana mariveti anogona kunge ari pamativi emaburi, zvichiita kuti mabhoti kana mariveti achekwe panguva imwe chete. Chinhu chechipiri chinogona kuitika ndechekuti kukweshana kunokonzerwa nesimba rekusunga rezvisungo zvinofanirwa kumanikidzwa kunogona kumira mutoro wekuchekwa. Hapana kutsvedza kunotarisirwa pakubatana uku, asi zvinogoneka.
Kubatana kwakasimba kunogamuchirwa kune akawanda mashandisirwo, sezvo kutsvedza kudiki kusingakanganisi hunhu hwekubatana. Semuenzaniso, funga nezve silo yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza zvinhu zvakapwanyika. Panogona kunge paine kutsvedza kudiki pakurodha kekutanga. Kana kutsvedza kwaitika, hazvizoitiki zvakare, nekuti mitoro yese inotevera yakafanana.
Kudzoserwa kwemutoro kunoshandiswa mune mamwe maapplication, akadai sepaya zvinhu zvinotenderera zvinoiswa mumitoro inotsinhirana uye inodzvanywa. Mumwe muenzaniso chinhu chinokotama chinoiswa mumitoro inodzoserwa shure zvizere. Kana paine shanduko huru munzira yemutoro, kubatana kwakatoiswa kare kunogona kudiwa kubvisa kutsvedza kwecyclic. Kutsvedza uku kunozopedzisira kwaita kuti kutsvedza kwakawanda mumaburi marefu.
Mamwe majoini anosangana nematanho akawanda ekutakura zvinhu izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuneta. Izvi zvinosanganisira madhindindi, ma crane supports uye ma connections mumabhiriji. Ma connections akakosha anotsvedza anodiwa kana connection yacho yave ne load yekuneta munzira yakasiyana. Pamhando idzi dzezvirwere, zvakakosha kuti joini isatsvedze, saka majoini akakosha anotsvedza anodiwa.
Mabhaudhi aripo anogona kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa zvichienderana nechero yezvinodiwa izvi. Mabhaudhi ekubatanidza anoonekwa seakasimba.
Majoini akasungirirwa akaomarara. Majoini akasungirirwa akaomarara. Kusiyana nemajoini akasungirirwa zvakasimba, anogona kutsvedza pasi pemutoro, majoini haafanire kutambanudza nekugovera mutoro wakaiswa zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, zvisungo zvemakanika zvemhando yewelded uye bearing hazvikanganisike nenzira imwecheteyo.
Kana ma welds achishandiswa nezvisungo zvemakanika, mutoro unopfuudzwa nepachikamu chakaoma, saka weld inogona kutakura mutoro wese, pasina zvakawanda zvinogoverwa nebhoti. Ndosaka kungwarira kunofanira kutorwa pakusanganisa, kusungira bhoti uye kutsiva. Magadzirirwo. AWS D1 inogadzirisa dambudziko rekusanganisa zvisungo zvemakanika uye kutsiva. Magadzirirwo 1:2000 ekugadzira welding - simbi. Ndima 2.6.3 inotaura kuti kune ma rivets kana mabhoti anoshandiswa mumajoini emhando yebearing (kureva apo bhoti kana rivet inoshanda sepini), zvisungo zvemakanika hazvifanirwe kufungwa kuti zvinogovana mutoro ne weld. Kana welding ichishandiswa, inofanira kupihwa kuti itakura mutoro wese mujoinhi. Zvisinei, kubatana kwakabatana kune chimwe chinhu uye kusungirirwa kana kusungirirwa kune chimwe chinhu kunobvumirwa.
Pakushandisa zvisungo zvemakanika zvemhando yebearing-type uye kuwedzera welds, kugona kwebhaudhi kutakura mutoro hakunyanyi kutariswa. Zvichienderana nemutemo uyu, weld inofanira kugadzirwa kuti ifambise mitoro yese.
Izvi zvakafanana neAISC LRFD-1999, chikamu J1.9. Zvisinei, chiyero cheCanada CAN/CSA-S16.1-M94 chinobvumirawo kushandiswa kwega kana simba rechisungo chemuchina kana bhoti rakakwirira kupfuura rekuwelda.
Panyaya iyi, zvinhu zvitatu zvinoenderana: mikana yekubatanidza michina yemhando yekutakura uye mikana yewelds haiwedzere.
Chikamu 2.6.3 cheAWS D1.1 chinotaurawo nezvemamiriro ezvinhu apo mabhaudhi nemabhaudhi zvinogona kubatanidzwa mujoini ine zvikamu zviviri, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 1. Mabhaudhi kuruboshwe, akasungirirwa kurudyi. Simba rese remabhaudhi nemabhaudhi rinogona kufungwa nezvaro pano. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chekubatana kwese chinoshanda chakazvimiririra. Saka, iyi kodhi inosiyana nepfungwa iri muchikamu chekutanga che2.6.3.
Mitemo ichangobva kukurukurwa inoshanda kuzvivakwa zvitsva. Kune zvivakwa zviripo, chikamu 8.3.7 D1.1 chinotaura kuti kana kuverenga kwezvivakwa kuchiratidza kuti rivet kana bolt zvichazadzwa nemutoro mutsva, mutoro westatic uripo chete ndiwo unofanira kupihwa.
Mitemo imwecheteyo inoda kuti kana rivet kana bolt zvikangozara nezvinhu zvisingachinji kana kuti zvichikanganiswa nezvinhu zvinotenderera (kuneta), simbi yakakwana uye welds dzinofanira kuwedzerwa kuti dzitsigire mutoro wese.
Kugoverwa kwemutoro pakati pezvisungo zvemakanika nezvinosungirirwa kunogamuchirika kana chimiro chacho chakaiswa kare, nemamwe mazwi, kana kutsvedza kwakaitika pakati pezvinhu zvakabatana. Asi mitoro isingachinji chete ndiyo inogona kuiswa pazvisungo zvemakanika. Mitoro mhenyu inogona kutungamira mukutsvedza kukuru inofanira kudzivirirwa nekushandisa maweld anokwanisa kutsungirira mutoro wese.
Mawelds anofanira kushandiswa kutsungirira mutoro wese unoiswa kana unoshanduka. Kana zvisungo zvemakanika zvatove zvakawandisa, kugovana mutoro hakubvumirwi. Kana mutoro uchidzokororwa, kugovana mutoro hakubvumirwi, sezvo mutoro wacho uchigona kutungamira mukutsvedza zvachose uye kuwandisa kweweld.
mufananidzo. Funga nezve panosangana makumbo ayo pakutanga akanga akabatana zvakasimba (ona Mufananidzo 2). Chimiro chacho chinowedzera simba, uye zvinobatanidzwa nezvinobatanidza zvinofanira kuwedzerwa kuti zvipe simba rakapetwa kaviri. Pamufananidzo 3 panoratidza hurongwa hwekusimbisa zvinhu. Zvinobatanidzwa zvinofanira kuitwa sei?
Sezvo simbi itsva yaifanira kubatanidzwa nesimbi yekare ne fillet welds, mainjiniya akasarudza kuwedzera mamwe ma fillet welds pajointi. Sezvo ma bolts achiripo, pfungwa yekutanga yaive yekuwedzera ma welds aidiwa chete kuti simba rekuwedzera riendeswe kusimbi itsva, vachitarisira kuti 50% yemutoro ipfuure nema bolts uye 50% yemutoro ipfuure nema welds matsva. Zvinogamuchirwa here?
Ngatitangei tichiti hapana static loads dziri kushandiswa pari zvino pakubatanidza. Muchiitiko ichi, ndima 2.6.3 yeAWS D1.1 inoshanda.
Muchikamu ichi chebheyaringi, weld nebhoti hazvigone kufungidzirwa kuti zvinogovana mutoro, saka saizi yakatarwa yeweld inofanira kunge yakakura zvakakwana kuti itsigire mutoro wese usingachinji uye unoshanduka. Kugona kwebheyaringi kwebhoti mumuenzaniso uyu hakugone kufungwa nezvako, nekuti pasina mutoro usingachinji, kubatana kuchave kuri muchimiro chekurembera. Weld (yakagadzirirwa kutakura hafu yemutoro) inotanga kuputika kana mutoro wese waiswa. Zvadaro bhoti, rakagadzirirwawo kutamisa hafu yemutoro, rinoedza kutamisa mutoro uye rotyoka.
Uyezve ngatitii mutoro usingachinji waiswa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kubatana kuripo kwakakwana kutakura mutoro usingaperi uripo. Muchiitiko ichi, ndima 8.3.7 D1.1 inoshanda. Maweld matsva anongoda kutsungirira mutoro wakawedzera usingachinji uye wenguva dzose. Mitoro iripo inogona kupihwa kune zvinosungirirwa zvemakanika zviripo.
Kana paine mutoro unogara uchienderera mberi, kubatana hakudonhe. Pane kudaro, mabhaudhi atove nekutakura mutoro wawo. Pave paine kutsvedza mukubatana. Saka, ma weld anogona kushandiswa uye anogona kutumira mutoro unoshanduka.
Mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti "Izvi zvinogamuchirwa here?" zvinoenderana nemamiriro emutoro. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kana pasina mutoro usingachinji, mhinduro ichave isina kunaka. Pasi pemamiriro chaiwo echiitiko chechipiri, mhinduro ndihongu.
Kungoti mutoro usingachinji unoshandiswa, hazvigoneke nguva dzose kuwana mhedziso. Mwero wemitoro isingachinji, kukwana kwekubatana kwemakanika kuripo, uye hunhu hwemitoro yekupedzisira—ingave isingachinji kana kuti inotenderera—zvinogona kuchinja mhinduro.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Saint Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Maneja weWelding Technology Center, Lincoln Electric Company, www.lincolnelectric.com. Lincoln Electric inogadzira michina yekuwelda nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuwelda pasi rese. Mainjiniya nematekiniki veWelding Technology Center vanobatsira vatengi kugadzirisa matambudziko ekuwelda.
American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126-5671, nhare 305-443-9353, fax 305-443-7559, webhusaiti www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, fonera 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, webhusaiti www.astm.org.
Sangano reAmerican Steel Structures, One E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, nhare 312-670-2400, fax 312-670-5403, webhusaiti www.aisc.org.
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