I ngā āhuatanga hanganga rerekē, me arotake pea e ngā kaihangarau te kaha o ngā hononga i hangaia e ngā whakarewa me ngā here ā-ringa. I ēnei rā, ko ngā here ā-ringa he pūtu, engari tera pea he rivet kei ngā hoahoa tawhito.
Ka taea tēnei te tupu i te wā e whakapai ake ana, e whakahou ana, e whakarei ake ana rānei i tētahi kaupapa. Tērā pea me whakapiripiri me te whakarewa i tētahi hoahoa hou kia mahi tahi ai i roto i tētahi hononga, ka whakapiripirihia tuatahitia ngā rauemi hei hono, kātahi ka whakapiripirihia kia tino kaha ai te hononga.
Heoi, ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakatau i te kaha kawenga katoa o tētahi hononga, pērā i te tāpiri i te tapeke o ngā wāhanga takitahi (ngā whakarewa, ngā pūtu, me ngā rivet). Tērā pea ka arahi tēnei whakaaro ki ngā hua kino.
Kei roto i te American Institute of Steel Structures (AISC) Structural Joint Specification te whakaahuatanga o ngā hononga pūtu, e whakamahi ana i ngā pūtu ASTM A325, A490 rānei hei mau pūtu piri, hei utaina mua, hei kī reti rānei.
Whakakīkīhia ngā hononga kia piri mā te whakamahi i te kī pānga, i te kaimahi raka rānei, mā te whakamahi i te kī taha-rua noa kia piri ai ngā paparanga. I roto i te hononga kua whakamātauhia, ka tāutahia ngā pūtu kia pāngia e ngā kawenga kume nui, ā, ka pāngia ngā pereti e ngā kawenga pēhi.
1. Tahurihia te nati. Ko te tikanga huri i te nati ko te whakau i te pūtu, kātahi ka huri i te nati kia nui ake, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whānui me te roa o te pūtu.
2. Whakatikatikahia te kī. Mā te tikanga kī kua whakatikatikahia ka ine i te taipana e pā ana ki te kume o te pūtu.
3. Pūtu whakatikatika kume momo takahuri. He iti ngā titi o ngā pūtu takahuri i te pito o te pūtu ki tērā taha o te pane. Ina tae ki te taipana e hiahiatia ana, ka wetekina te titi.
4. Taupū kume tika. Ko ngā tohu kume tika he mīhini horoi motuhake me ngā ripa. Ko te nui o te pēhanga i runga i te pūmau e tohu ana i te taumata o te kume e pā ana ki te pūtu.
Ki te kīanga māmā noa iho, he rite te mahi a ngā pūtu ki ngā pine i roto i ngā hononga piripono kua whakatōngia kētia, he rite tonu ki te pine parahi e pupuri ana i te puranga pepa kua pokaia. Ka mahi ngā hononga reti nui mā te waku: ka hangaia e te utaina mua te kaha ki raro, ā, ka mahi tahi te waku i waenga i ngā mata pa ki te ātete i te paheke o te hononga. He rite ki te here e pupuri ana i te puranga pepa, ehara i te mea nā te mea kua pokaia ngā kōhao ki roto i te pepa, engari nā te mea ka pēhi te here i ngā pepa kia piri, ā, ka pupuri te waku i te puranga kia piri.
Ko te kaha kume iti rawa o ngā pūtu ASTM A325 he 150 ki te 120 kg ia inihi tapawha (KSI), i runga i te diameter o te pūtu, ko te kaha kume ia o ngā pūtu A490 me 150 ki te 170-KSI. He rite te mahi a ngā hononga rivet ki ngā hononga piri, engari i tēnei take, he rivet ngā pine, he haurua te kaha o te pūtu A325.
E rua ngā mea ka puta ina pāngia te hononga kua herea ā-mīhini e ngā kaha kutikuti (ina paheke tetahi huānga ki runga i tētahi atu nā te kaha kua pāngia). Ka taea e ngā pūtu, ngā rivet rānei te noho ki ngā taha o ngā kōhao, ka pakaru ngā pūtu, ngā rivet rānei i te wā kotahi. Ko te tuarua o ngā mea ka taea ko te waku i puta mai i te kaha piri o ngā here kua whakaroahia ka taea te tu atu i ngā kawenga kutikuti. Kāore e tumanakohia he paheke mō tēnei hononga, engari ka taea.
He pai te hononga piripono mō ngā mahi maha, nā te mea kāore e pā kino te paheke iti ki ngā āhuatanga o te hononga. Hei tauira, whakaarohia he silo i hangaia hei penapena rauemi kirikiri. Tērā pea ka paheke iti i te wā e utaina ana mō te wā tuatahi. Kia paheke, e kore e puta anō, nā te mea he rite tonu te āhua o ngā uta katoa e whai ake nei.
Ka whakamahia te whakahuri kawenga i roto i ētahi mahi, pērā i te wā e pāngia ana ngā huānga hurihuri e ngā kawenga kume me ngā kawenga pēhi. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te huānga piko e pāngia ana e ngā kawenga whakahuri katoa. Ina he huringa nui o te ahunga kawenga, me whai hononga utaina mua hei whakakore i te paheke hurihuri. Ka mutu, ka nui ake te paheke i roto i ngā kōhao roa nā tēnei paheke.
He maha ngā huringa kawenga ka pā ki ētahi hononga, ā, ka taea e rātou te arahi ki te ngenge. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā pēhi, ngā tautoko kerēni me ngā hononga i roto i ngā piriti. Me whakamahi hononga reti reti ina pāngia te hononga e ngā kawenga ngenge i te taha whakamuri. Mō ēnei momo āhuatanga, he mea tino nui kia kaua te hononga e paheke, nō reira me whakamahi hononga reti reti.
Ka taea te hoahoa me te hanga i ngā hononga pūtu o nāianei kia rite ki tētahi o ēnei paerewa. E kiia ana he piri ngā hononga rivet.
He pakari ngā hononga whakarewa. He uaua ngā hononga whakarewa. Kāore i rite ki ngā hononga pūmau piri, ka taea te paheke i raro i te kawenga, kāore e hiahiatia kia totoro, kia tohatohahia hoki te kawenga e ngā whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e rite te āhua o ngā here ā-ringa whakarewa me ngā here whāriki.
Ina whakamahia ngā whakapiripiri me ngā whakapiripiri ā-ringa, ka tukuna te kawenga mā te wāhanga pakeke, kia taea ai e te whakapiripiri te kawe i te nuinga o te kawenga, me te iti noa o te kawenga e tohaina ana ki te pūtu. Koia te take me āta tupato i te wā e whakapiripiri ana, e whakapiripiri ana, e whakapiripiri ana hoki. Ngā Whakatakotoranga. Ka whakatauhia e te AWS D1 te raruraru o te whakaranu i ngā whakapiripiri ā-ringa me ngā whakapiripiri. Whakatakotoranga 1:2000 mō te whakapiripiri hanganga – maitai. E kī ana te Paraka 2.6.3 mō ngā whakapiripiri, ngā pūtu rānei e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hononga momo-whatunga (arā, ko te pūtu, ko te whakapiripiri rānei te mahi hei pine), kaua e whakaarohia ngā whakapiripiri ā-ringa hei tohatoha i te kawenga ki te whakapiripiri. Mena ka whakamahia te whakapiripiri, me whakarato hei kawe i te kawenga katoa i roto i te hononga. Heoi, ka whakaaetia ngā hononga e whakapiripiri ana ki tētahi huānga me te whakapiripiri, te whakapiripiri rānei ki tētahi atu huānga.
Ina whakamahia ngā whakapiringa ā-ringa momo-peera me te tāpiri i ngā whakapiringa, ka warewarehia te kaha o te pūtu ki te kawe kawenga. E ai ki tēnei whakaritenga, me hoahoa te whakapiringa kia taea te whakawhiti i ngā kawenga katoa.
He rite tonu tēnei ki te AISC LRFD-1999, rarangi J1.9. Heoi, ka taea hoki e te paerewa Kānata CAN/CSA-S16.1-M94 te whakamahi takitahi ina teitei ake te mana o te whakapiri miihini, te pūtu rānei i tō te whakarewa.
I tēnei take, e toru ngā paearu e ōrite ana: kāore e ōrite ngā āheinga o ngā herenga ā-mīhini o te momo peera me ngā āheinga o ngā whakarewa.
Kei te Wāhanga 2.6.3 o te AWS D1.1 anō hoki ngā āhuatanga ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā pūtu me ngā whakarewa ki roto i tētahi hononga wāhanga-rua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. Ngā whakarewa kei te taha maui, he pūtu kei te taha matau. Ka taea te whakaaro ki te mana katoa o ngā whakarewa me ngā whakarewa i konei. Ka mahi takitahi ia wāhanga o te hononga katoa. Nō reira, he rerekē tēnei waehere ki te mātāpono kei roto i te wāhanga tuatahi o te 2.6.3.
E pā ana ngā ture i kōrerotia ake nei ki ngā whare hou. Mō ngā hanganga o nāianei, e kī ana te rarangi 8.3.7 D1.1, ina whakaatuhia e ngā tātaitanga hanganga ka taumaha rawa te rivet, te pūtu rānei i tētahi kawenga katoa hou, ko te kawenga pumau o nāianei anake me tuku ki reira.
Ko ngā ture anō e kī ana, mēnā he taumaha rawa te rivet, te pūtu rānei i ngā kawenga tūmau, i ngā kawenga hurihanga (ngenge rānei), me tāpiri he konganuku turanga me ngā whakarewa hei tautoko i te kawenga katoa.
E whakaaetia ana te tohatoha o te kawenga i waenga i ngā whakapiringa ā-ringa me ngā whakapiringa mēnā kua utaina mua te hanganga, arā, mēnā kua puta he paheke i waenga i ngā wāhanga hono. Engari ko ngā kawenga pūmau anake ka taea te whakanoho ki ngā whakapiringa ā-ringa. Ko ngā kawenga ora ka nui ake te paheke me tiaki mā te whakamahi i ngā whakapiringa ka taea te tu atu i te kawenga katoa.
Me whakamahi ngā whakarewa hei tu atu i ngā kawenga katoa e pā ana, e pā ana rānei ki ngā kawenga hihiri. Mēnā kua taumaha rawa ngā hononga mīhini, kāore e whakaaetia te tiritiri kawenga. Mēnā he kawenga hurihuri, kāore e whakaaetia te tiritiri kawenga, nā te mea ka taea e te kawenga te arahi i te paheke pumau me te taumaha rawa o te whakarewa.
whakaahua. Whakaarohia he hononga porowhita i whakapūmauhia i te tīmatanga (tirohia te Pikitia 2). Ka tāpirihia e te hanganga he mana tāpiri, ā, me tāpirihia ngā hononga me ngā hononga kia rua te kaha. Kei te pikitia 3 te mahere taketake mō te whakapakari i ngā huānga. Me pēhea te hanga hononga?
Nā te mea me hono te maitai hou ki te maitai tawhito mā te whakamahi i ngā hononga whakapiri, ka whakatau te miihini ki te tāpiri i ētahi hononga whakapiri ki te hononga. Nā te mea kei te mau tonu ngā pūtu, ko te whakaaro tuatahi ko te tāpiri noa i ngā hononga e hiahiatia ana hei whakawhiti i te mana tāpiri ki te maitai hou, me te tumanako kia 50% o te kawenga ka haere mā roto i ngā pūtu, ā, kia 50% o te kawenga ka haere mā roto i ngā hononga whakapiri hou. He pai?
Tuatahi, me kī tātou kāore he kawenga tūmau e pā ana ki te hononga i tēnei wā. I tēnei wā, ka pā te pararāfu 2.6.3 o AWS D1.1.
I roto i tēnei hononga momo whāriki, kāore e taea te whakaaro ko te hononga whakarewa me te pūtu he kawenga tahi, nō reira me nui te rahi o te hononga whakarewa kua tohua hei tautoko i te kawenga pūmau me te kawenga hihiri katoa. Kāore e taea te whakaaro ki te kaha whāriki o ngā pūtu i tēnei tauira, nā te mea ki te kore he kawenga pūmau, ka ngoikore te hononga. Ka pakaru tuatahi te hononga whakarewa (i hangaia hei kawe i te haurua o te kawenga) ina whakamahia te kawenga katoa. Kātahi ka ngana te pūtu, i hangaia hoki hei whakawhiti i te haurua o te kawenga, ki te whakawhiti i te kawenga, ā, ka whati.
Me kī anō kei te whakamahia he kawenga pumau. Hei tāpiri, e whakaarohia ana he rawaka te hononga o nāianei hei kawe i te kawenga pumau o nāianei. I tēnei take, ka pā te pararāfu 8.3.7 D1.1. Me tu atu noa ngā whakarewa hou ki ngā kawenga pumau me ngā kawenga ora whānui kua piki ake. Ka taea te tuku i ngā kawenga mate o nāianei ki ngā whakapiringa miihini o nāianei.
I raro i te kawenga pumau, kāore te hononga e piko. Engari, kua mau kē ngā pūtu i tā rātou kawenga. Kua paheke te hononga. Nō reira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa, ā, ka taea e rātou te tuku kawenga hihiri.
Ko te whakautu ki te pātai "E whakaaetia ana tēnei?" e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te kawenga. I te tuatahi, ki te kore he kawenga pumau, ka kore te whakautu. I raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te tuarua o ngā āhuatanga, ko te whakautu he āe.
Ahakoa he kawenga tūmau te mea e pā ana, kāore e taea te whakatau i ngā wā katoa. Ko te taumata o ngā kawenga tūmau, te rawaka o ngā hononga miihini o nāianei, me te āhua o ngā kawenga mutunga—ahakoa he tūmau, he huringa rānei—tērā pea ka huri i te whakautu.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Saint Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Kaiwhakahaere Pokapū Hangarau Whakarewa, Kamupene Hiko Lincoln, www.lincolnelectric.com. He kaihanga taputapu whakarewa me ngā mea pau whakarewa a Lincoln Electric puta noa i te ao. Ka āwhina ngā miihini me ngā tohunga hangarau o te Pokapū Hangarau Whakarewa i ngā kiritaki ki te whakaoti rapanga whakarewa.
American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126-5671, waea 305-443-9353, waea whakaahua 305-443-7559, paetukutuku www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, waea 610-832-9585, waea whakaahua 610-832-9555, paetukutuku www.astm.org.
Te Rōpū Hanganga Rino o Amerika, One E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, waea 312-670-2400, waea whakaahua 312-670-5403, paetukutuku www.aisc.org.
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