Mu bihe bitandukanye by’imiterere, injeniyeri zishobora gukenera gusuzuma imbaraga z’ingingo zikorwa n’ibyuma bisudira n’ibifunga by’imashini. Muri iki gihe, ibifunga by’imashini akenshi biba ari bolts, ariko imiterere ya kera ishobora kuba ifite rivets.
Ibi bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo kuvugurura, kuvugurura, cyangwa kunoza umushinga. Igishushanyo gishya gishobora gusaba ko bolti na suider bikorana mu gice cy’aho ibikoresho bigomba guhuzwa bibanza guhuzwa hamwe hanyuma bigasukwa kugira ngo bitange imbaraga zose ku gice cy’inyongera.
Ariko, kumenya ubushobozi bwose bw'umutwaro w'ingingo ntabwo byoroshye nko guteranya igiteranyo cy'ibice byayo (ibyuma bisudira, imigozi, na rivets). Gutekereza gutyo bishobora guteza ingaruka mbi.
Imiyoboro y'amabati isobanurwa muri American Institute of Steel Structures (AISC) Structural Joint Specification, ikoresha amabati ya ASTM A325 cyangwa A490 nk'urufunguzo rwo gushyiramo, gushyiramo mbere, cyangwa gukurura.
Kangura imiyoboro ikomeye cyane ukoresheje icyuma gifatana cyangwa umufundi w'ingufuri ukoresheje icyuma gisanzwe gifite impande ebyiri kugira ngo urebe neza ko imiterere y'imiyoboro ifatanye cyane. Mu miyoboro ifatanye, imigozi ishyirwaho ku buryo ishyirwamo imitwaro ikomeye, kandi ibyuma bishyirwamo imitwaro ikomeye.
1. Hindura umutobe. Uburyo bwo gukingura umutobe bukubiyemo gukaza umutobe hanyuma ugakingura umutobe w'inyongera, bitewe n'umurambararo n'uburebure bw'umutobe.
2. Gupima urufunguzo. Uburyo bwo gupima umuvuduko ujyanye no gukaza umuvuduko w'amaboliti.
3. Bolt yo guhindura umuvuduko wo mu bwoko bwa Torsion. Bolt zo gushyushya umuvuduko zifite utubuto duto ku mpera y'umuvuduko uteganye n'umutwe. Iyo umuvuduko ukenewe ugeze ku gipimo, umuvuduko urakurwa.
4. Icyitegererezo cyo gukurura gigororotse. Ibimenyetso by'umuvuduko utaziguye ni ibikoresho byihariye byo kumesa bifite utubati. Ingano y'umuvuduko ku gikoresho igaragaza urwego rw'umuvuduko ushyirwa kuri bolt.
Mu magambo y’abantu basanzwe, imigozi ikora nk'udupira mu ngingo zikomeye kandi zamaze gufungana, nk'agapira k'umuringa gafata umurundo w'impapuro zifite imyobo hamwe. Ingingo zikomeye zigenda zihindagurika zikora hakoreshejwe gufungana: gushyiramo imbaraga mbere y'uko umugozi utangira gukoranaho bituma habaho gucika intege, kandi gufungana hagati y'ubuso bukoranaho bikorana kugira ngo birinde gucika kw'ingingo. Ni nk'icyuma gifata umurundo w'impapuro hamwe, atari ukubera ko imyobo ikubiswe mu mpapuro, ahubwo ni ukubera ko icyo gifunga gikanda impapuro hamwe maze gufungana bigafata umurundo hamwe.
Udupira twa ASTM A325 dufite imbaraga zo gukurura nibura zigera kuri kg 150 kugeza 120 kuri santimetero kare imwe (KSI), bitewe n'umurambararo wa bolt, mu gihe utwo dupira twa A490 tugomba kugira imbaraga zo gukurura zigera kuri KSI 150 kugeza 170. Udupira twa rivet dukora nk'udupira duto, ariko muri iki gihe, utwo dupira ni udupira duto dusanzwe dufite imbaraga zingana na kimwe cya kabiri cya bolt ya A325.
Kimwe mu bintu bibiri gishobora kubaho iyo igice gifatanye gikozwe mu buryo bwa mekanike gishyizwemo imbaraga zo gukata (iyo ikintu kimwe gikunda kunyerera hejuru y'ikindi bitewe n'imbaraga zikoreshejwe). Amaboliti cyangwa amariveti ashobora kuba ku mpande z'imyobo, bigatuma amaboliti cyangwa amariveti bicika icyarimwe. Icya kabiri gishoboka ni uko gukururana guterwa n'imbaraga zo gukata kw'ibifunga byashyizweho bishobora kwihanganira imitwaro yo gukata. Nta gucika kw'ibi bifitanye isano biteganijwe, ariko birashoboka.
Guhuza neza birakwiye gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byinshi, kuko kunyerera gato bidashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku miterere y'imikoranire. Urugero, tekereza ku gikoresho cyagenewe kubika ibikoresho by'ibinyabutabire. Hashobora kubaho kunyerera gato mu gihe cyo gupakira ku nshuro ya mbere. Iyo kunyerera bibaye, ntibizongera kubaho ukundi, kuko imitwaro yose ikurikiraho iba imwe.
Guhindura imizigo bikoreshwa muri bimwe mu bikorwa, urugero nk'igihe ibintu bizenguruka bishyirwamo imitwaro isimburana n'imitwaro ikandamiza. Urugero, ni ikintu gihindagurika gishyirwamo imitwaro isubira inyuma burundu. Iyo habayeho impinduka zikomeye mu cyerekezo cy'imitwaro, hashobora kuba ngombwa guhuza imizigo mbere kugira ngo hakurweho kunyerera kw'uruziga. Uku kunyerera amaherezo gutuma habaho kunyerera kwinshi mu myobo miremire.
Hari ingingo zigira imikorere myinshi ishobora gutera umunaniro. Izi ngingo zirimo imashini zikanda, ibyuma bishyigikira icyuma n'imiyoboro mu biraro. Imiyoboro y'ingenzi irakenewe iyo iyo ihuriro rihuye n'imitwaro y'umunaniro mu cyerekezo gitandukanye. Kuri ubwo bwoko bw'indwara, ni ngombwa cyane ko ingingo idacika, bityo ingingo zicikamo ibice zirakenewe.
Imiyoboro isanzweho ishobora gutegurwa no gukorwa hakurikijwe ayo mahame. Imiyoboro ya rivet ifatwa nk'aho ikomeye.
Imigozi ishongeshejwe irakomeye. Imigozi ishongeshejwe iragoye. Bitandukanye n'imigozi ikomeye, ishobora kunyerera munsi y'umutwaro, imigozi ntigomba kurambura no gukwirakwiza umutwaro ukoreshejwe ku rugero runini. Kenshi na kenshi, imigozi ishongeshejwe n'iy'ubwoko bwa mashini ishongeshejwe ntihinduka kimwe.
Iyo ibikoresho byo gusudira bikoreshejwe n'ibikoresho byo gufunga by'imashini, umutwaro wimurirwa mu gice gikomeye, bityo ibikoresho byo gusudira bishobora gutwara hafi umutwaro wose, aho bike cyane bisangiwe n'umugozi. Niyo mpamvu hagomba kwitonderwa mu gihe cyo gusudira, gufunga no gufunga. Ibisobanuro. AWS D1 ikemura ikibazo cyo kuvanga ibikoresho byo gusudira by'imashini n'ibikoresho byo gusudira. Ibisobanuro 1:2000 ku byuma byo gusudira by'imiterere - icyuma. Igika cya 2.6.3 kivuga ko ku bikoresho byo gusudira cyangwa imigozi bikoreshwa mu migozi yo gupfunyika (ni ukuvuga aho umugozi cyangwa umugozi bikora nk'agapira), ibikoresho byo gusudira by'imashini ntibigomba gufatwa nk'aho bisangiwe umutwaro n'umugozi. Niba hakoreshejwe gusudira, bigomba gutangwa kugira ngo bitware umutwaro wose mu migozi. Ariko, guhuza ibintu bihujwe n'ikintu kimwe no gufunga cyangwa gufunga ku kindi kintu byemewe.
Mu gihe ukoresha ibifunga by'imashini byo mu bwoko bwa bearing-type no kongeramo imashini zo gusudira, ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo bw'imashini yo gusudira bwitabwaho cyane. Dukurikije iyi ngingo, imashini yo gusudira igomba kuba igenewe kwimura imizigo yose.
Ibi ni kimwe na AISC LRFD-1999, ingingo ya J1.9. Ariko, CAN/CSA-S16.1-M94 isanzwe yo muri Kanada nayo yemerera gukoreshwa ukwayo iyo imbaraga z'icyuma gifunga cyangwa bolt zirenze iz'ubusudizi.
Muri iki kibazo, ibintu bitatu birahuye: ubushobozi bwo gufatanya ibintu mu buryo bwa mekanike n'ubushobozi bwo gusudira ntabwo bingana.
Igice cya 2.6.3 cya AWS D1.1 kinavuga ku bihe aho imigozi n'imigozi bishobora guhurizwa hamwe mu gice cy'ibice bibiri, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Imigozi ibumoso, imigozi iburyo. Ingufu zose z'imigozi n'imigozi zishobora kwitabwaho hano. Buri gice cy'umuyoboro wose gikora ukwacyo. Bityo, iyi kode ni ikintu kidasanzwe ku ihame riri mu gice cya mbere cya 2.6.3.
Amategeko aherutse kuvugwaho areba inyubako nshya. Ku nyubako zisanzweho, ingingo ya 8.3.7 D1.1 ivuga ko iyo imibare y’inyubako igaragaza ko rivet cyangwa bolt bizarengerwa n’umutwaro mushya, umutwaro usanzweho gusa ni wo ugomba gushyirwaho.
Amategeko amwe asaba ko niba rivet cyangwa bolt byuzuyemo imizigo idahinduka cyangwa bikorerwa imizigo ihoraho (inaniza), ibyuma by'ibanze n'ibyuma byo gusudira bihagije bigomba kongerwamo kugira ngo bishyigikire umuzigo wose.
Gukwirakwiza umutwaro hagati y’ibifunga bya mekanike n’ibisudira byemerwa iyo inyubako yashyizwemo mbere, mu yandi magambo, niba habayeho kunyerera hagati y’ibintu bihujwe. Ariko imitwaro idahinduka ni yo yonyine ishobora gushyirwa ku bifunga bya mekanike. Imitwaro mizima ishobora gutuma inyerera cyane igomba kurindwa hakoreshejwe ibisudira bishobora kwihanganira umutwaro wose.
Udukoresho two gusudira tugomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo twihanganire imitwaro yose ikoreshwa cyangwa ihinduka. Iyo ibifunga bya mekanike byamaze kuremererwa, gusangira imitwaro ntibyemewe. Mu gihe cyo gusimbuza imizigo, gusangira imitwaro ntibyemewe, kuko umutwaro ushobora gutuma isudi itemba burundu kandi ikaremererwa.
Ishusho. Tekereza ku gice cyo ku ruhande cyari gifatanye neza mbere (reba Ishusho ya 2). Imiterere yongera imbaraga, kandi imiyoboro n'ibihuza bigomba kongerwamo kugira ngo bikubye kabiri imbaraga. Ku ishusho ya 3 hagaragazwa gahunda y'ibanze yo gukomeza ibintu. Imiyoboro igomba gukorwa ite?
Kubera ko icyuma gishya cyagombaga guhuzwa n'icyuma cya kera hakoreshejwe imashini zisudira, injeniyeri yahisemo kongeramo imashini zisudira ku gice cyo hagati. Kubera ko imashini zisudira zari zigihari, igitekerezo cya mbere cyari icyo kongeramo imashini zisudira gusa zikenewe kugira ngo imbaraga z'inyongera zishyirwe ku cyuma gishya, yiteze ko 50% by'umutwaro binyura muri imashini zisudira na 50% by'umutwaro binyura muri imashini zisudira nshya. Ese biremewe?
Reka tubanze dufate ko nta mitwaro idahinduka ikoreshwa kuri iyi connection. Muri iki gihe, paragarafu ya 2.6.3 ya AWS D1.1 irakurikizwa.
Muri iyi ihuriro ry’ubwoko bw’umutwaro, umutwaro n’umutwaro ntibishobora gufatwa nk’ibisangiza umutwaro, bityo ingano yabigenewe igomba kuba nini bihagije kugira ngo ishyigikire umutwaro wose udahinduka kandi uhindagurika. Ubushobozi bw’umutwaro w’umutwaro muri uru rugero ntibushobora kwitabwaho, kuko hatabayeho umutwaro udahinduka, umuyoboro uzaba uri mu mimerere yo gucika intege. Umutwaro (wagenewe gutwara igice cy’umutwaro) utangira gucika iyo umutwaro wose ushyizwemo. Hanyuma umutwaro, wagenewe kandi kwimura igice cy’umutwaro, ugerageza kwimura umutwaro hanyuma ukavunika.
Byongeye kandi, dufate ko hashyizweho umutwaro udahinduka. Byongeye kandi, bifatwa ko umuyoboro uhari uhagije kugira ngo wikorere umutwaro uhoraho uhari. Muri iki gihe, hakurikizwa igika cya 8.3.7 D1.1. Ibyuma bishya byo gusudira bigomba gusa kwihanganira umutwaro uhoraho n'uw'ubuzima rusange. Imitwaro isanzwe yapfuye ishobora gushyirwa ku byuma bifatanya ibyuma bihari.
Iyo umutwaro uhoraho ukomeje, umuyoboro ntugwa. Ahubwo, imigozi yamaze kwikorera umutwaro wayo. Hari aho umuyoboro wacitse. Kubwibyo, imiyoboro ishobora gukoreshwa kandi ishobora kohereza imitwaro ihindagurika.
Igisubizo cy'ikibazo "Ese ibi byemewe?" giterwa n'imiterere y'umutwaro. Mu rubanza rwa mbere, iyo nta mutwaro uhoraho uhari, igisubizo kizaba ari kibi. Mu bihe byihariye by'ikibazo cya kabiri, igisubizo ni yego.
Kuba hari umutwaro udahinduka, si ko buri gihe bishoboka gufata umwanzuro. Urwego rw'imitwaro idahinduka, uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu busanzwe, n'imiterere y'imitwaro yo ku mpera—yaba ihoraho cyangwa ihoraho—bishobora guhindura igisubizo.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Saint Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Umuyobozi w'Ikigo cy'Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gusudira, Lincoln Electric Company, www.lincolnelectric.com. Lincoln Electric ikora ibikoresho byo gusudira n'ibikoresho byo gusudira ku isi yose. Injeniyeri n'abatekinisiye b'Ikigo cy'Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gusudira bafasha abakiriya gukemura ibibazo byo gusudira.
Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe gusudira, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126-5671, terefone 305-443-9353, fakisi 305-443-7559, urubuga rwa interineti www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, hamagara 610-832-9585, fakisi 610-832-9555, urubuga rwa interineti www.astm.org.
Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Ibyuma, One E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, terefone 312-670-2400, fakisi 312-670-5403, urubuga rwa interineti www.aisc.org.
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