Mubihe bitandukanye byubatswe, injeniyeri zirashobora gukenera gusuzuma imbaraga zingingo zakozwe na weld na feri ya mashini.Muri iki gihe, imashini ifata imashini isanzwe, ariko ibishushanyo bishaje bishobora kuba bifite imirongo.
Ibi birashobora kubaho mugihe cyo kuzamura, kuvugurura, cyangwa kuzamura umushinga.Igishushanyo gishya gishobora gusaba guhindagura no gusudira kugirango bikorere hamwe aho ibikoresho bigomba guhuzwa byabanje guhuzwa hamwe hanyuma bigasudwa kugirango bitange imbaraga zuzuye kubufatanye.
Ariko, kugena ubushobozi bwimitwaro yose hamwe ntabwo byoroshye nko kongeramo igiteranyo cyibigize (weld, bolts, na rivets).Igitekerezo nk'iki gishobora gutera ingaruka mbi.
Ihuza ryahinduwe ryasobanuwe mu kigo cy’abanyamerika gishinzwe ibyuma byubaka (AISC) Imiterere ihuriweho, ikoresha ASTM A325 cyangwa A490 nka bolts ikomeye, ibanziriza, cyangwa urufunguzo rwo kunyerera.
Kenyera cyane guhuza imiyoboro hamwe ningaruka zifatika cyangwa umufunga ukoresheje ibisanzwe bisanzwe byimpande zombi kugirango umenye neza ko ibice bihuza.Mumuhuza uzwi, bolts yashyizweho kuburyo ikorerwa imitwaro iremereye, kandi amasahani akorerwa imitwaro yo kwikuramo.
1. Hindura ibinyomoro.Uburyo bwo guhindura ibinyomoro bikubiyemo kwizirika kuri bolt hanyuma ugahindura ibinyomoro amafaranga yinyongera, biterwa na diameter n'uburebure bwa bolt.
2. Hindura urufunguzo.Uburyo bwa Calibrated wrench uburyo bupima torque ifitanye isano na bolt tension.
3. Ubwoko bwa Torsion ihindagurika.Twist-off tension bolts ifite udusimba duto kumpera ya bolt ahateganye numutwe.Iyo itara risabwa rigeze, sitidiyo idacukuwe.
4. Igipimo gikurura.Ibipimo byerekana impagarara ni isabune idasanzwe hamwe na tabs.Ingano yo kwikuramo kuri lug yerekana urwego rwimpagarara zikoreshwa kuri bolt.
Mu magambo y’abalayiki, bolts ikora nkibinini mu ngingo zifatanye kandi zabanje guhagarikwa, cyane nkumuringa wumuringa ufashe igipapuro cyasobekeranye hamwe.Ihuriro ryingenzi ryo kunyerera rikorana no guterana amagambo: preload itera imbaraga, kandi guterana hagati yimikoranire ikorana kugirango irwanye kunyerera.Ninkaho binder ifata igipande cyimpapuro hamwe, ntabwo ari ukubera ko umwobo wakubiswe mu mpapuro, ahubwo ni ukubera ko igitereko gikanda impapuro hamwe kandi guterana bifashe hamwe.
Bolt ya ASTM A325 ifite imbaraga byibura zingana na kg 150 kugeza 120 kuri santimetero kare (KSI), bitewe na diameter ya bolt, mugihe A490 igomba kuba ifite imbaraga zingana na 150 kugeza 170-KSI.Ihuriro rya Rivet ryitwara cyane nkurugingo rukomeye, ariko muriki gihe, pin ni imirongo isanzwe hafi kimwe cya kabiri gikomeye nka A325.
Kimwe mu bintu bibiri gishobora kubaho mugihe urugingo rukomatanyirijwe hamwe rukoreshwa ningufu zogosha (mugihe ikintu kimwe gikunda kunyerera hejuru yikindi kubera imbaraga zikoreshwa).Bolt cyangwa imirongo irashobora kuba kumpande zumwobo, bigatuma ibimera cyangwa imirongo byogosha icyarimwe.Ikintu cya kabiri gishoboka nuko ubushyamirane buterwa ningufu zo gufatana kwizirika zishobora kwihanganira imizigo.Nta kunyerera biteganijwe kuriyi sano, ariko birashoboka.
Ihuza rifatika ryemewe kuri porogaramu nyinshi, kuko kunyerera bidashobora kugira ingaruka mbi kubiranga isano.Kurugero, suzuma silo yagenewe kubika ibikoresho bya granular.Hashobora kubaho kunyerera mugihe cyo gupakira bwa mbere.Iyo kunyerera bibaye, ntibizongera kubaho, kuko imizigo yose ikurikiraho ifite imiterere imwe.
Guhindura imitwaro bikoreshwa mubisabwa bimwe, nkigihe ibintu bizunguruka bikorerwa guhinduranya imitwaro iremereye kandi ikomeretsa.Urundi rugero ni ikintu kigoramye gikorerwa imitwaro yose.Mugihe hari impinduka zikomeye mubyerekezo byumutwaro, ihuza ryateganijwe rishobora gusabwa gukuraho kunyerera.Iyi kunyerera amaherezo iganisha ku kunyerera cyane mu mwobo muremure.
Ihuriro rimwe rifite inzinguzingo nyinshi zishobora gutera umunaniro.Harimo imashini, crane ishyigikira hamwe nibihuza mubiraro.Kunyerera guhuza bikomeye birasabwa mugihe ihuriro ryatewe numunaniro mwinshi muburyo bwinyuma.Kuri ubu bwoko bwibihe, ni ngombwa cyane ko ingingo itanyerera, bityo ingingo-kunyerera irakenewe.
Ihuriro rihari rishobora gushushanywa no gukorwa kuri kimwe muribi bipimo.Imiyoboro ya Rivet ifatwa nkigufi.
Ihuriro risudira rirakomeye.Guhuza ibicuruzwa biragoye.Bitandukanye no gufatana hamwe, gushobora kunyerera munsi yumutwaro, gusudira ntibigomba kurambura no gukwirakwiza umutwaro washyizwe kumurongo munini.Mubihe byinshi, gusudira no gutwara ubwoko bwimashini zifata ntabwo zihinduka muburyo bumwe.
Iyo gusudira gukoreshwa hamwe no gufatisha imashini, umutwaro wimurwa unyuze mugice gikomeye, bityo gusudira birashobora gutwara hafi imitwaro yose, hamwe na bike cyane bisangiwe na bolt.Niyo mpamvu hagomba kwitonderwa mugihe cyo gusudira, guhindagura no kuzunguruka.Ibisobanuro.AWS D1 ikemura ikibazo cyo kuvanga imashini zikoreshwa na weld.Ibisobanuro 1: 2000 byo gusudira byubatswe - ibyuma.Igika cya 2.6.3 kivuga ko kuri rivets cyangwa bolts zikoreshwa mugutwara ubwoko bwingingo (ni ukuvuga aho bolt cyangwa rivet ikora nka pin), ibyuma bifata imashini ntibigomba gufatwa kugirango bisangire umutwaro na weld.Niba gusudira byakoreshejwe, bigomba gutangwa kugirango bitware umutwaro wuzuye mugace.Ariko, guhuza gusudira kubintu bimwe hanyuma bigahinduka cyangwa bigahinduka ikindi kintu biremewe.
Iyo ukoresheje imashini ifata imashini kandi ukongeramo gusudira, ubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro ya bolt ahanini birengagizwa.Ukurikije iyi ngingo, gusudira bigomba kuba byarateguwe kugirango bimure imitwaro yose.
Ibi mubyukuri ni kimwe na AISC LRFD-1999, ingingo J1.9.Nyamara, Kanada isanzwe CAN / CSA-S16.1-M94 nayo yemerera gukoresha wenyine mugihe imbaraga za mashini yihuta cyangwa bolt irenze iyo gusudira.
Muri iki kibazo, ibintu bitatu birahuye: ibishoboka byo gufatisha imashini yubwoko bwo gutwara hamwe nibishoboka byo gusudira ntabwo byiyongera.
Igice cya 2.6.3 cya AWS D1.1 kivuga kandi ku bihe aho bolts na weld bishobora guhurizwa hamwe mubice bibiri, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1. Weld ibumoso, ihindagurika iburyo.Imbaraga zose zo gusudira na bolts zirashobora kwitabwaho hano.Buri gice cyihuza cyose gikora cyigenga.Rero, iyi code ni idasanzwe ku ihame rikubiye mu gice cya mbere cya 2.6.3.
Amategeko tumaze kuganira akoreshwa ku nyubako nshya.Kubintu biriho, ingingo 8.3.7 D1.1 ivuga ko mugihe ibarura ryimiterere ryerekana ko rivet cyangwa bolt bizaremerwa numutwaro mushya wose, gusa umutwaro uhagaze ugomba guhabwa.
Amategeko amwe arasaba ko niba rivet cyangwa bolt iremerewe gusa nu mutwaro uhagaze cyangwa ugakorerwa imitwaro ya cyclicale (umunaniro), ibyuma fatizo bihagije hamwe na weld bigomba kongerwaho kugirango bishyigikire umutwaro wose.
Ikwirakwizwa ryumutwaro hagati yubukanishi na weld biremewe niba imiterere yabanjirijwe, muyandi magambo, niba kunyerera byabaye hagati yibintu bihujwe.Ariko imitwaro ihamye yonyine irashobora gushyirwa kumashanyarazi.Imizigo nzima ishobora kuganisha kunyerera igomba kurindwa no gukoresha gusudira gushobora kwihanganira umutwaro wose.
Weld igomba gukoreshwa kugirango ihangane ibintu byose byakoreshejwe cyangwa bikora.Iyo imashini zifatika zimaze kuremerwa, kugabana imizigo ntibyemewe.Munsi yikizunguruka, kugabana imizigo ntibyemewe, kubera ko umutwaro ushobora kuganisha kumurongo uhoraho no kurenza urugero rwa weld.
ingero.Reba uruziga rufunitse rwahinduwe neza (reba Ishusho 2).Imiterere yongeramo imbaraga zinyongera, kandi ihuza nabahuza bigomba kongerwaho kugirango bitange imbaraga ebyiri.Ku mutini.3 yerekana gahunda yibanze yo gushimangira ibintu.Ni mu buhe buryo guhuza bigomba gukorwa?
Kubera ko ibyuma bishya byabaye ngombwa ko bihuzwa nicyuma gishaje hamwe nudusimba twuzuye, injeniyeri yahisemo kongeramo udusimba twuzuye.Kubera ko ibimera byari bikiriho, igitekerezo cyambere kwari ukongeramo gusa gusudira gukenewe kugirango wimure ingufu ziyongera mubyuma bishya, utegereje ko 50% yumutwaro uzanyura mumashanyarazi na 50% yumutwaro kugirango unyure muri weld nshya.Biremewe?
Reka tubanze dufate ko nta mizigo ihagaze ikoreshwa kuri connexion.Muri uru rubanza, igika cya 2.6.3 cya AWS D1.1 kirakurikizwa.
Muri ubu bwoko bwo kwishyiriraho, gusudira na bolt ntibishobora gufatwa nkigabana umutwaro, bityo ubunini bwerekanwe bugomba kuba bunini bihagije kugirango bushyigikire umutwaro uhagaze kandi ufite imbaraga.Ubushobozi bwo kwifata bwa bolts mururugero ntushobora kwitabwaho, kuko udafite umutwaro uhagaze, ihuriro rizaba ryoroshye.Weld (yagenewe gutwara kimwe cya kabiri cyumutwaro) ubanza guturika iyo umutwaro wuzuye ushyizwe mubikorwa.Noneho bolt, nayo yagenewe kwimura igice cyumutwaro, igerageza kwimura umutwaro no kumeneka.
Ongera utekereze ko umutwaro uhagaze.Mubyongeyeho, hafatwa ko ihuza rihari rihagije gutwara umutwaro uhoraho.Muri uru rubanza, igika cya 8.3.7 D1.1 kirakurikizwa.Abasudira bashya bakeneye gusa kwihanganira kwiyongera kwimiterere nuburemere rusange.Imizigo ihari irashobora gushyirwaho imashini isanzwe.
Munsi yumutwaro uhoraho, ihuriro ntirigabanuka.Ahubwo, bolts yamaze kwikorera umutwaro wabo.Habayeho kunyerera muguhuza.Kubwibyo, gusudira birashobora gukoreshwa kandi birashobora kohereza imizigo ifite imbaraga.
Igisubizo cyikibazo “Ibi biremewe?”Biterwa nuburyo ibintu byifashe.Mugihe cyambere, mugihe habuze umutwaro uhagaze, igisubizo kizaba kibi.Mubihe byihariye bya kabiri, igisubizo ni yego.
Kuberako umutwaro uhagaze ushyizwe mubikorwa, ntabwo buri gihe bishoboka gufata umwanzuro.Urwego rwimitwaro ihagaze, ihagije ryimikorere ihari, hamwe nimiterere yimitwaro yanyuma - yaba ihagaze cyangwa izunguruka - irashobora guhindura igisubizo.
Duane K. Miller, MD, PE, 22801 Mutagatifu Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, Umuyobozi w'ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Welding, Isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi ya Lincoln, www.lincolnelectric.com.Amashanyarazi ya Lincoln akora ibikoresho byo gusudira hamwe nogukoresha ibikoresho byo gusudira kwisi yose.Abashoramari n'abatekinisiye b'ikigo cya Welding bafasha abakiriya gukemura ibibazo byo gusudira.
Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika yo gusudira, 550 NW LeJeune Umuhanda, Miami, FL 33126-5671, telefone 305-443-9353, fax 305-443-7559, urubuga www.aws.org.
ASTM Intl., 100 Barr Harbour Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, terefone 610-832-9585, fax 610-832-9555, urubuga www.astm.org.
Ishyirahamwe ryimyubakire yabanyamerika, imwe E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, terefone 312-670-2400, fax 312-670-5403, urubuga www.aisc.org.
FABRICATOR nicyo kinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika ya ruguru kiza imbere mu guhimba ibyuma no gukora ikinyamakuru.Ikinyamakuru gisohora amakuru, ingingo za tekiniki ninkuru zitsinzi zituma ababikora bakora akazi kabo neza.FABRICATOR iri mu nganda kuva 1970.
Noneho hamwe nubushobozi bwuzuye kuri FABRICATOR integuro ya digitale, byoroshye kubona umutungo winganda zingirakamaro.
Igitabo cya Digitale y'Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe ubu kiragerwaho rwose, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'inganda bifite agaciro.
Shakisha uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale kubinyamakuru STAMPING, byerekana ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, imikorere myiza namakuru yinganda kumasoko ya kashe.
Noneho hamwe na digitale yuzuye kuri Fabricator en Español, ufite uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho byinganda bifite agaciro.