Lokhu kuzwakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuba kube yiqiniso, manje yini inkinga? Ukushisela ngokuvamile kudingekile ukwenza cishe noma yini enye yezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150 zensimbi engagqwali. Ukushisela insimbi engagqwali kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zihlanganisa ukuba khona kwe-chromium oxide, indlela yokulawula okokufaka ukushisa, iyiphi inqubo yokushisela okufanele isetshenziswe, indlela yokusingatha i-chromium ene-hexavalent kanye nendlela yokuyenza kahle.
Naphezu kobunzima bokushisela nokuqeda le nto, insimbi engagqwali ihlala idumile futhi ngezinye izikhathi iyona kuphela inketho yezimboni eziningi. Ukwazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ngokuphepha nokuthi kufanele usebenzise nini inqubo yokushisela ngayinye kubalulekile ekushiseleni okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kungaba ukhiye womsebenzi ophumelelayo.
Pho kungani ukushisela insimbi engagqwali kuwumsebenzi onzima kangaka? Impendulo iqala ngokuthi yadalwa kanjani. Insimbi ethambile, eyaziwa nangokuthi insimbi ethambile, ihlanganiswa ne-chromium okungenani engu-10.5% ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi engagqwali. I-chromium eyengeziwe yenza ungqimba lwe-chromium oxide ebusweni bensimbi, oluvimbela izinhlobo eziningi zokugqwala nokugqwala. Abakhiqizi bengeza amanani ahlukahlukene e-chromium nezinye izakhi ensimbi ukuze bashintshe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina, bese besebenzisa isistimu enezinhlamvu ezintathu ukuhlukanisa amabanga.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici ezisetshenziswa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa u-304 no-316. Eshibhe kakhulu kulezi yi-304, equkethe amaphesenti angu-18 e-chromium namaphesenti angu-8 we-nickel futhi isetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela ekusikeni kwemoto kuya ezintweni zikagesi zasekhishini. 316 insimbi engagqwali iqukethe chromium kancane (16%) kanye nickel ngaphezulu (10%), kodwa futhi iqukethe 2% molybdenum. Le nhlanganisela inika insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ukumelana okwengeziwe nama-chloride nezixazululo ze-chlorine, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu kwezindawo zasolwandle kanye nezimboni zamakhemikhali nezemithi.
Ungqimba lwe-chromium oxide lungaqinisekisa ikhwalithi yensimbi engagqwali, kodwa yilokhu okwenza abashiseli bacasuke. Lesi sivimbelo esiwusizo sandisa ukushuba kwesimo sensimbi, sinciphisa ukwakheka kwechibi le-weld eliwuketshezi. Iphutha elivamile ukukhulisa okokufaka kokushisa, njengoba ukushisa okwengeziwe kwandisa uketshezi lwe-puddle. Nokho, lokhu kungase kuthinte kabi insimbi engagqwali. Ukushisa okukhulu kakhulu kungabangela okunye ukuxutshwa kwe-oxidation nokujika noma kushise isisekelo sensimbi. Kuhlanganiswe neshidi lensimbi elisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezinkulu ezifana ne-exhaust yezimoto, lokhu kuba yinto ehamba phambili.
Ukushisa kuqeda ngokuphelele ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali. Ukushisa okukhulu kusetshenziswa lapho i-weld noma indawo ethintekile ekushiseni (HAZ) iphenduka i-iridescent. Insimbi engagqwali ene-oxidized ikhiqiza imibala emangalisayo kusukela kugolide eliphaphathekile ukuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama nokunsomi. Le mibala yenza umfanekiso omuhle, kodwa ingase ibonise ukushisela okungenzeka kungahlangabezani nezimfuneko ezithile zokushisela. Ukucaciswa okuqinile kakhulu akuthandi umbala we-weld.
Kuyavunywa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi i-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) evikelekile ngegesi iyifanele kakhulu insimbi engagqwali. Ngokomlando, lokhu bekuyiqiniso ngomqondo ojwayelekile. Lokhu kuseyiqiniso uma sizama ukuletha leyo mibala egqamile ekulukeni kobuciko ukuze ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana namandla enuzi kanye ne-aerospace. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokushisela i-inverter buye benza i-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) yaba indinganiso yokukhiqiza insimbi engagqwali, hhayi nje izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo noma zamarobhothi.
Njengoba i-GMAW iyinqubo yokuphakelayo kwezintambo ezizenzakalelayo, ihlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokubeka, elisiza ukwehlisa okokufaka ukushisa. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kune-GTAW ngoba incike kancane ekhonweni le-welder futhi kakhulu ekhonweni lomthombo wamandla wokushisela. Leli yiphuzu elilula, kodwa izinto eziningi zamandla kagesi zesimanje ze-GMAW zisebenzisa imigqa ye-synergy ehlelwe ngaphambilini. Lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukusetha imingcele efana neyamanje kanye ne-voltage, kuye ngokuthi insimbi yokugcwalisa efakwe umsebenzisi, ukushuba kwezinto ezibonakalayo, uhlobo lwegesi kanye nobubanzi bocingo.
Amanye ama-inverter angakwazi ukulungisa i-arc kuyo yonke inqubo yokushisela ukuze akhiqize ngokungaguquki i-arc enembile, abambe izikhala phakathi kwezingxenye, futhi agcine isivinini sokuhamba esiphezulu ukuze ahlangabezane namazinga okukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ekushiseleni okuzenzakalelayo noma kwe-robotic, kodwa kuyasebenza nasekushiseleni okwenziwa ngesandla. Ezinye izinsiza zamandla emakethe zinikeza isixhumi esibonakalayo sesikrini sokuthinta kanye nezilawuli zethoshi ukuze kusethwe kalula.
Ukushisela insimbi engagqwali kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zihlanganisa ukuba khona kwe-chromium oxide, indlela yokulawula okokufaka ukushisa, iyiphi inqubo yokushisela okufanele isetshenziswe, indlela yokusingatha i-chromium ene-hexavalent kanye nendlela yokuyenza kahle.
Ukukhetha igesi efanele ye-GTAW ngokuvamile kuncike kokuhlangenwe nakho noma ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kokushisela. I-GTAW, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-tungsten inert gas (TIG), ezimweni eziningi isebenzisa kuphela igesi engasebenzi, ngokuvamile i-argon, i-helium, noma ingxube yakho kokubili. Umjovo ongafanele wegesi evikelayo noma ukushisa ungabangela noma iyiphi i-weld ukuthi ibuswe ngokwedlulele noma ifane nentambo, futhi lokhu kuzoyivimbela ukuthi ingahlangani nensimbi ezungezile, okuholela ekushiseleleni okungathandeki noma okungafaneleki. Ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi ingxube engcono kakhulu ye-weld ngayinye kungasho ukuzama okuningi namaphutha. Imigqa yokukhiqiza eyabiwe ye-GMAW isiza ukunciphisa isikhathi esichithwayo ezinhlelweni ezintsha, kodwa uma ikhwalithi eqinile idingeka, indlela yokushisela ye-GTAW ihlala iyindlela ethandwayo.
Ukushisela insimbi engagqwali kuba yingozi empilweni kulabo abanethoshi. Ingozi enkulu kakhulu ibangelwa umusi okhishwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela. I-Chromium eshisayo ikhiqiza inhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi i-hexavalent chromium, eyaziwa ukuthi ilimaza isimiso sokuphefumula, izinso, isibindi, isikhumba namehlo futhi ibangele umdlavuza. Abashiselayo kumelwe bahlale begqoke izinto zokuzivikela, kuhlanganise nemishini yokuphefumula, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi igumbi linomoya omuhle ngaphambi kokuqala ukushisela.
Izinkinga ngensimbi engagqwali azipheli ngemva kokuqeda ukushisela. Insimbi engagqwali nayo idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ekuqedeni inqubo. Ukusebenzisa ibhulashi lensimbi noma iphedi yokupholisha engcoliswe insimbi ye-carbon kungalimaza isendlalelo se-chromium oxide esivikelayo. Ngisho noma umonakalo ungabonakali, lokhu kungcola kungenza umkhiqizo osuphelile uthonywe ukugqwala noma okunye ukugqwala.
U-Terrence Norris ungunjiniyela Omkhulu Wezicelo kwa-Fronius USA LLC, 6797 Fronius Drive, Portage, IN 46368, 219-734-5500, www.fronius.us.
U-Rhonda Zatezalo ungumbhali ozisebenzelayo we-Crearies Marketing Design LLC, 248-783-6085, www.crearies.com.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-inverter welding buye benza igesi i-GMAW yaba indinganiso yokukhiqiza insimbi engagqwali, hhayi nje izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo noma zamarobhothi.
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