Ibi bisa nkaho ari byiza cyane ku buryo bitashoboka, none ikibazo ni ikihe? Ubusanzwe gusudira bisaba gukora ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose ukoresheje bumwe mu bwoko bw'ibyuma birenga 150 bitagira umugese. Gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese ni akazi katoroshye. Bimwe muri ibyo bibazo birimo kuba hari chromium oxyde, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gusudira bukoreshwa, uburyo bwo gufata chromium hexavalent n'uburyo bwo kubikora neza.
Nubwo bigoye gusudira no kurangiza iki gikoresho, ibyuma bitagira umuze biracyari amahitamo akunzwe kandi rimwe na rimwe ni byo byonyine ku nganda nyinshi. Kumenya uburyo bwo kubikoresha mu mutekano n'igihe cyo kubikoresha buri gikorwa cyo gusudira ni ingenzi kugira ngo gusudira bigire icyo bigeraho. Ibi bishobora kuba urufunguzo rw'umwuga mwiza.
None se kuki gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese ari akazi katoroshye? Igisubizo gitangirana n'uko byakozwe. Ibyuma bitagira umugese, bizwi kandi ku izina ry'ibyuma bitagira umugese, bivangwa na chromium nibura 10.5% kugira ngo bikore ibyuma bitagira umugese. Chromium yongewemo ikora urwego rwa chromium oxyde ku buso bw'icyuma, ibi bikarinda ubwoko bwinshi bwa ingese n'ingese. Abakora bongera ingano zitandukanye za chromium n'ibindi bintu mu cyuma kugira ngo bahindure ubwiza bw'umusaruro wa nyuma, hanyuma bagakoresha sisitemu y'imibare itatu kugira ngo batandukanye amanota.
Ibyuma bikunze gukoreshwa birimo 304 na 316. Ihendutse muri ibi ni 304, birimo 18% bya chromium na 8% bya nickel kandi bikoreshwa mu bintu byose kuva ku bikoresho by'imodoka kugeza ku bikoresho byo mu gikoni. Ibyuma bitagira umugese 316 birimo chromium nkeya (16%) na nickel nyinshi (10%), ariko kandi birimo 2% bya molybdenum. Iki kintu gitanga ibyuma bitagira umugese 316 byiyongeraho ubudahangarwa ku bijyanye na chloride na chlorine, bigatuma biba amahitamo meza ku bidukikije byo mu mazi no ku nganda zikora imiti n'imiti.
Urusobe rwa chromium oxyde rushobora kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'icyuma kitagira umugese, ariko ibi nibyo bituma abasudira bahungabana cyane. Iyi mbogamizi y'ingirakamaro yongera imbaraga z'ubuso bw'icyuma, bigatinda gukora ikidendezi cy'amazi. Ikosa rikunze kubaho ni ukongera ubushyuhe, kuko ubushyuhe bwinshi bwongera amazi mu kidendezi. Ariko, ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku byuma bitagira umugese. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutera oxidation ikabije no gushonga cyangwa gutwika icyuma cyo hasi. Bihujwe n'icyuma gikoreshwa mu nganda nini nka exhaust y'imodoka, ibi biba iby'ingenzi cyane.
Ubushyuhe bwangiza neza uburyo icyuma kidashonga neza. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bukoreshwa iyo icyuma gisudira cyangwa agace kagikikije gafite ubushyuhe bwinshi (HAZ) gahindutse nk'urumuri. Icyuma kidashonga gifite okiside gitanga amabara atangaje kuva kuri zahabu y'umukara kugeza ku bururu bwijimye n'umuhengeri. Aya mabara ni ishusho nziza, ariko ashobora kwerekana ibyuma bishobora kudahuza n'ibisabwa mu gusudira. Ibisobanuro bihamye cyane ntibikunda ibara rya icyuma gisudira.
Muri rusange byemewe ko ubushuhe bwa tungsten arc bukingira gazi (GTAW) bukwiriye cyane ibyuma bitagira umugese. Mu mateka, ibi byabayeho muri rusange. Ibi biracyari ukuri iyo tugerageza kuzana ayo mabara akomeye mu bushorishori bw'ubugeni kugira ngo yuzuze amahame meza mu nganda nka za kirimbuzi n'indege. Ariko, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gusudira inverter ryatumye ubushuhe bwa gaz metal arc (GMAW) buba igipimo ngenderwaho mu gukora ibyuma bitagira umugese, atari sisitemu zikora cyangwa za roboti gusa.
Kubera ko GMAW ari uburyo bwo kongerera umuriro insinga bukoresha ikoranabuhanga risanzwe, itanga ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo umuriro mu buryo bworoshye, bifasha kugabanya ubushyuhe. Bamwe mu bahanga bavuga ko byoroshye gukoresha kurusha GTAW kuko idashingiye cyane ku buhanga bw'umusudi ahubwo ishingiye ku buhanga bw'isoko y'amashanyarazi yo gusudira. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye, ariko ibikoresho byinshi by'amashanyarazi bya GMAW bigezweho bikoresha imirongo yateguwe mbere. Izi porogaramu zigenewe gushyiraho ibipimo nk'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi, bitewe n'icyuma cyuzuza cyinjiyemo n'umukoresha, ubunini bw'ibikoresho, ubwoko bwa gaze n'umurambararo w'insinga.
Inverters zimwe na zimwe zishobora guhindura arc mu gihe cyose cyo gusudira kugira ngo zikore arc ihamye, zigafata icyuho kiri hagati y'ibice, kandi zikomeze umuvuduko mwinshi w'ingendo kugira ngo zihuze n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'umusaruro n'ubuziranenge. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane ku gusudira mu buryo bwikora cyangwa mu buryo bwa roboti, ariko kandi binareba no gusudira mu buryo bw'intoki. Ingufu zimwe na zimwe ku isoko zitanga uburyo bwo gukoraho ecran hamwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura amatara kugira ngo byoroshye gushyiraho.
Gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese ni akazi katoroshye. Bimwe muri ibyo bibazo birimo kuba hari chromium oxyde, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe, uburyo bwo gusudira bukoreshwa, uburyo bwo gufata chromium hexavalent n'uburyo bwo kubikora neza.
Guhitamo gazi ikwiye GTAW akenshi biterwa n'uburambe cyangwa ikoreshwa ry'ikizamini cyo gusudira. GTAW, izwi kandi nka tungsten inert gas (TIG), mu bihe byinshi ikoresha gazi idafite ishingiro gusa, akenshi argon, helium, cyangwa uruvange rwa byombi. Gutera gazi cyangwa ubushyuhe nabi bishobora gutuma isudi iyo ari yo yose ihinduka nk'umugozi, kandi ibi bizayirinda kuvanga n'icyuma kiyikikije, bigatuma isudi itagira isura nziza cyangwa idakwiye. Kumenya uruvange rwiza kuri buri sudi bishobora gutuma habaho igerageza n'amakosa menshi. Imirongo ihuriweho ya GMAW ifasha kugabanya igihe cyatakaye mu mikoreshereze mishya, ariko iyo hakenewe ubwiza bukomeye, uburyo bwo gusudira GTAW bukomeza kuba bwo buryo bwiza.
Gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese biteza akaga ku buzima bw'abafite itoroshi. Akaga gakomeye gaterwa n'imyotsi iva mu gihe cyo gusudira. Chromium ishyushye ikora ikintu cyitwa hexavalent chromium, kizwiho kwangiza imyanya y'ubuhumekero, impyiko, umwijima, uruhu n'amaso kandi bigatera kanseri. Abasudira bagomba kwambara ibikoresho birinda indwara, harimo n'icyuma gihumeka, kandi bakareba neza ko icyumba gifite umwuka mwiza mbere yo gutangira gusudira.
Ibibazo by'icyuma kidashonga ntibirangira nyuma yo gusudira birangiye. Icyuma kidashonga nacyo gisaba kwitabwaho cyane mu kurangiza. Gukoresha uburoso bw'icyuma cyangwa agapira ko gusukura byandujwe n'icyuma cya karuboni bishobora kwangiza urwego rwa chromium oxide rurinda. Nubwo ibyangiritse bitagaragara, ibi bintu bishobora gutuma ikintu kirangiye gishobora kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika.
Terrence Norris ni Injeniyeri Mukuru muri Fronius USA LLC, 6797 Fronius Drive, Portage, IN 46368, 219-734-5500, www.fronius.us.
Rhonda Zatezalo ni umwanditsi wigenga wa Crearies Marketing Design LLC, 248-783-6085, www.crearies.com.
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