Izi zikumveka bwino kwambiri kuti sizingakhale zoona, ndiye vuto ndi chiyani? Kuwotcherera nthawi zambiri kumafunika kuti munthu apange chilichonse kuchokera ku chimodzi mwa mitundu yoposa 150 ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kuwotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi ntchito yovuta. Zina mwa mavutowa ndi monga kukhalapo kwa chromium oxide, momwe mungayang'anire kutentha, njira yowotcherera yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito chromium ya hexavalent ndi momwe mungachitire bwino.
Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zolumikiza ndi kumaliza zinthuzi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhalabe chodziwika bwino ndipo nthawi zina chimakhala njira yokhayo m'mafakitale ambiri. Kudziwa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mosamala komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito njira iliyonse yolumikizira ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mulumikizane bwino. Ichi chingakhale chinsinsi cha ntchito yabwino.
Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani kuwotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kuli kovuta chonchi? Yankho limayamba ndi momwe linapangidwira. Chitsulo chofatsa, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chitsulo chofatsa, chimasakanizidwa ndi chromium yosachepera 10.5% kuti chipange chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chromium yowonjezerayo imapanga wosanjikiza wa chromium oxide pamwamba pa chitsulo, chomwe chimaletsa mitundu yambiri ya dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri. Opanga amawonjezera chromium ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana kuchitsulo kuti asinthe mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza, kenako amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya manambala atatu kuti asiyanitse magiredi.
Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 304 ndi 316. Zotsika mtengo kwambiri mwa izi ndi 304, zomwe zili ndi 18 peresenti ya chromium ndi 8 peresenti ya nickel ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonse kuyambira zokongoletsera zamagalimoto mpaka zida za kukhitchini. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316 chili ndi chromium yochepa (16%) ndi nickel yambiri (10%), komanso chili ndi 2% ya molybdenum. Chosakaniza ichi chimapatsa 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kukana ma chloride ndi chlorine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri m'malo am'madzi komanso m'makampani opanga mankhwala ndi mankhwala.
Chigawo cha chromium oxide chingatsimikizire ubwino wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, koma ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa odulira zitsulo kusokonezeka kwambiri. Chotchinga chothandizachi chimawonjezera mphamvu ya pamwamba pa chitsulo, ndikuchepetsa kupanga kwa dziwe lodulira madzi. Cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kutentha, chifukwa kutentha kwambiri kumawonjezera kusinthasintha kwa madzi m'madzi. Komabe, izi zitha kuwononga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kukhuthala kwina ndikupotoza kapena kutentha kudzera mu chitsulo choyambira. Kuphatikiza ndi chitsulo cha pepala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu monga utsi wamagalimoto, izi zimakhala zofunika kwambiri.
Kutentha kumawononga bwino kukana dzimbiri kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Kutentha kwambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene chosungunula kapena malo ozungulira omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ) akusintha kukhala owala. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopangidwa ndi okosijeni chimapanga mitundu yodabwitsa kuyambira golide wotumbululuka mpaka buluu wakuda ndi wofiirira. Mitundu iyi imapanga chithunzi chabwino, koma ikhoza kusonyeza zosungunula zomwe sizingakwaniritse zofunikira zina zosungunula. Mafotokozedwe okhwima kwambiri sakonda mtundu wa zosungunula.
Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti kulumikiza kwa tungsten arc wotetezedwa ndi gasi (GTAW) ndikoyenera kwambiri pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. M'mbuyomu, izi zakhala zoona m'lingaliro lonse. Izi zimakhala zoonabe tikamayesa kubweretsa mitundu yolimba imeneyo mu ulusi waluso kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri m'mafakitale monga mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi ndege. Komabe, ukadaulo wamakono wolumikizira wa inverter wapangitsa kuti kulumikiza kwa gasi metal arc (GMAW) kukhale muyezo wopanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, osati makina odzipangira okha kapena a robotic.
Popeza GMAW ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito waya wodzipangira yokha, imapereka mphamvu zambiri zoyikamo, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutentha. Akatswiri ena amati ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuposa GTAW chifukwa imadalira kwambiri luso la wowotcherera koma luso la gwero la mphamvu yowotcherera. Izi ndi mfundo yosamveka, koma magetsi ambiri amakono a GMAW amagwiritsa ntchito mizere yolumikizana yomwe yakonzedwa kale. Mapulogalamuwa amapangidwira kukhazikitsa magawo monga mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi, kutengera chitsulo chodzaza chomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalowetsa, makulidwe a zinthu, mtundu wa gasi ndi kukula kwa waya.
Ma inverter ena amatha kusintha arc panthawi yonse yolumikizira kuti apange arc yolondola nthawi zonse, kusamalira mipata pakati pa zigawo, ndikusunga liwiro lalikulu loyenda kuti likwaniritse miyezo yopanga ndi yapamwamba. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pakulumikiza kwa automated kapena robotic, komanso zimagwiranso ntchito pakulumikiza kwamanja. Magetsi ena pamsika amapereka mawonekedwe a touch screen ndi zowongolera torch kuti zikhale zosavuta kukhazikitsa.
Kuwotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi ntchito yovuta. Zina mwa mavutowa ndi monga kukhalapo kwa chromium oxide, momwe mungayang'anire kutentha, njira yowotcherera yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito chromium ya hexavalent komanso momwe mungachitire bwino.
Kusankha mpweya woyenera wa GTAW nthawi zambiri kumadalira luso kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso owetera. GTAW, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti tungsten inert gas (TIG), nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wosagwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri argon, helium, kapena kusakaniza zonse ziwiri. Kulowetsa mpweya woteteza kapena kutentha molakwika kungayambitse weld iliyonse kukhala yozungulira kwambiri kapena yofanana ndi chingwe, ndipo izi zidzaletsa kusakanikirana ndi chitsulo chozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa weld yosawoneka bwino kapena yosayenera. Kudziwa kusakaniza komwe kuli bwino pa weld iliyonse kungayambitse kuyesa ndi zolakwika zambiri. Mizere yogawana ya GMAW imathandizira kuchepetsa nthawi yotayika mu ntchito zatsopano, koma pamene khalidwe lolimba kwambiri likufunika, njira yowetera ya GTAW imakhalabe njira yabwino kwambiri.
Kuwotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kumabweretsa chiopsezo pa thanzi la anthu omwe ali ndi tochi. Choopsa chachikulu chimabwera chifukwa cha utsi womwe umatuluka panthawi yowotcherera. Chromium yotentha imapanga mankhwala otchedwa hexavalent chromium, omwe amadziwika kuti amawononga dongosolo la kupuma, impso, chiwindi, khungu ndi maso komanso amachititsa khansa. Owotcherera ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera nthawi zonse, kuphatikizapo chopumira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chipindacho chili ndi mpweya wabwino asanayambe kuwotcherera.
Mavuto a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri samatha pambuyo poti kuwotcherera kwatha. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimafunikanso chisamaliro chapadera pomaliza. Kugwiritsa ntchito burashi yachitsulo kapena pepala lopukuta lomwe laipitsidwa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni kungawononge gawo loteteza la chromium oxide. Ngakhale kuwonongeka sikukuwoneka, zodetsa izi zingapangitse kuti chinthu chomalizidwa chikhale chosavuta kugwidwa ndi dzimbiri kapena dzimbiri lina.
Terrence Norris ndi Senior Applications Engineer ku Fronius USA LLC, 6797 Fronius Drive, Portage, IN 46368, 219-734-5500, www.fronius.us.
Rhonda Zatezalo ndi wolemba payekha wa Crearies Marketing Design LLC, 248-783-6085, www.crearies.com.
Ukadaulo wamakono wothira ma inverter wapangitsa kuti GMAW ya gasi ikhale muyezo wopanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, osati makina odzipangira okha kapena a robotic okha.
WELDER, yomwe kale inkatchedwa Practical Welding Today, ikuyimira anthu enieni omwe amapanga zinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito komanso zomwe timagwira ntchito nazo tsiku lililonse. Magaziniyi yakhala ikutumikira anthu osokera ku North America kwa zaka zoposa 20.
Tsopano popeza muli ndi mwayi wopeza zonse zokhudza buku la digito la The FABRICATOR, mutha kupeza mosavuta zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makampani.
Magazini ya digito ya The Tube & Pipe Journal tsopano ikupezeka mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makampani zipezeke mosavuta.
Pezani mwayi wokwanira wa digito ku STAMPING Journal, yokhala ndi ukadaulo waposachedwa, njira zabwino kwambiri komanso nkhani zamakampani pamsika woponda zitsulo.
Tsopano popeza muli ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zonse za digito ku The Fabricator en Español, mutha kupeza mosavuta zinthu zamtengo wapatali zamakampani.